Filters

Box filter is simple and well known technique for image resizing. This technical paper describes an algorithm for image downscaling (shrinking) using box filter with subpixel accuracy, based on color space rescaling, which avoids oating point arithmetics. All operations in accompaniment C++ code are completely integer based, which signicantly improves image shrinking speed and quality.

This paper presents a frame work for hardware acceleration for post video processing system implemented on FPGA. The deblocking filter algorithms ported on SOC having Altera NIOS-II soft core processor.SOC designed with the help of SOPC builder .Custom instructions are chosen by identifying the most frequently used tasks in the algorithm and the instruction set of NIOS-II processor has been extended. Deblocking filter new instruction added to the processor that are implemented in hardware and interfaced to the NIOS-II processor. New instruction added to the processor to boost the performance of the deblocking filter algorithm. Use of custom instructions the implemented tasks have been accelerated by 5.88%. The benefit of the speed is obtained at the cost of very small hardware resources.

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This work presents a compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on stub-loaded rectangular loop stepped impedance resonator (SLRLSIR). The proposed SLRLSIR consists of two outer open-circuited and two inner open-circuited stubs, which are designed to the central sides of the rectangular loop resonator. Owing to its symmetry, even-and odd-mode analysis methods are applied to deduce the equivalent-circuit equations and to justify the structural design. The second passband can be easily tuned by changing the two inner open-circuited stubs when the first passband is fixed at a desirable frequency. The upper stopband is improved by a pair of additional open-circuited stubs stepped impedance resonators at the I/O ports. Transmission zeros are generated between passbands and stopbands. A SLRLSIR prototype dual-band BPF with central frequencies of 2.42/4 GHz is fabricated and systematically studied. The measurement results agreed well with the simulation results. KEYWORDS Bandpass filter (BPF), Bended microstrip feed line (BMFL), Dual-band, Stub-loaded rectangular loop stepped impedance resonator (SLRLSIR), Transmission zero (TZ)

Τα αντιρρυπαντικά φίλτρα ως διατάξεις που ανακαλύφθηκαν στα αρχαία χρόνια ανήκαν στην επιστήμη της ιατρικής καθώς τέτοιες διατάξεις χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την καθαριότητα νερού προς την βελτίωση της ανθρώπινης υγείας,μετά τον μεσαίωνα ανήκαν στις επιστήμες της χημείας και χημικής μηχανικής όπου πολλοί χημικοί χρησιμοποίησαν διατάξεις για την κατακράτηση ιζημάτων και χημικών ουσιών που αλλοίωναν τα προς παρασκευή χημικά διαλύματα.
Από το 1940 και μετά τα αντιρρυπαντικά φίλτρα συμμετέχουν και στον καθαρισμό του αέρα και ανήκουν πλέον στον ευρύτερο εξειδικευμένο επιστημονικό τομέα της αντιρρυπαντικής ή περιβαλλοντικής τεχνολογίας και μηχανικής καθώς αποτελούν έναν μηχανικό τρόπο κατακράτησης των ρύπων χωρίς αυτό να σημαίνει ότι δεν χρησιμοποιούνται σε εφαρμογές της ιατρικής και της χημείας/βιοχημείας. Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας είναι να αποτελέσει μια πηγή πληροφόρησης αποκλειστικά για όλα τα είδη αντιρρυπαντικών φίλτρων που υπάρχουν σήμερα.

A novel wideband bandpass filter (WBPF) using planar technology with compact size and sharp cutoff frequency is proposed. The presented microstrip filter consists of a three parallel coupled lines (TPCL) with a radial open stub. To validate the designed filter in term of compactness, insertion loss, return loss, and transmission zeros, a high meshing density is applied in two electromagnetic solvers Advanced Design System (ADS) and CST-Microwave Studio. The proposed filter is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and 1.58mm of substrate thickness and fed by a two 50Ω microstrip lines. Further, the filter is measured which exhibits a return and insertion losses of 20dB and 0.49dB, respectively, with a center frequency around 3.5 GHz and an operating bandwidth (2.1 GHz to 5.22 GHz) of about 85 %. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results demonstrates the proposed filter design. The overall circuit size of the filter was taken to be 23.24 X 40 mm 2 .

This experiment is about the study of the characteristics of some common filters. In this experiment, there are three types of filter that had been looked on which are low-pass filter, high-pass filter and band-pass filter. Here the frequency response of each of the filters are being studied to understand the characteristics of their cutoff frequencies and the insertion loss. All the values are being measured and recorded in the following section.

Selamat datang di situs Pusat Filter Udara dan Filter Industri. distributor filter, filter udara, filter industri,bahan filter udara,bahan filter industri,jual filter udara,jual filter industri, Filter Udara Filter Udara atau lazim disebut 'Air Filter' adalah bagian dari perangkat kendaraan bermotor yang bertugas menyuplai oksigen ke ruang bakar di sebuah mesin. 'Air Filter' juga memiliki tugas menjaga kualitas udara agar tetap bersih, bebas dari debu dan material kasar (Padat). Saringan udara berbahan selat halus yang tahan terhadap perubahan suhu, memiliki kerapatan pori pori yang cukup ideal untuk menyaring kotoran, serta dilengkapi dengan minyak khusus yang berfungsi sebagai penahan dan menangkap partikel debu yang lebil kecil, sehingga filter bekerja maksimal. 'Air Filter' tidak berfungsi baik dan normal apabila kondisinya sudah kotor. Banyak ditemui kotoran yang menempel di permukaan filter dengan ciri-ciri kusam dan banyak endapan. Saringan udara juga dirancang cukup efektif agar bisa berfungsi maksimal, maka dari itu konstruksi dan desain dibuat untuk sekali pakai. Karena material tersebut sudah terakumulasi dengan kotoran yang sudah menempel. Pori pori saringan bekerja menahan kotoran sekaligus mengendapkan kotoran dibantu dengan minyak fiter agar kotoran yang sudah menempel tidak lepas. Maka dari itu filter udara yang sudah digunakan tidak dapat dibersihkan baik dengan pencucian maupun peniupan di karenakan endapan akan tetap di dalam serat filter dan akan menutupi seluruh pori pori sehingga filter tersebut tidak bisa dilalui udara (mampet).

A novel wideband bandpass filter (WBPF) using planar technology with compact size and sharp cutoff frequency is proposed. The presented microstrip filter consists of a three parallel coupled lines (TPCL) with a radial open stub. To validate the designed filter in term of compactness, insertion loss, return loss, and transmission zeros, a high meshing density is applied in two electromagnetic solvers Advanced Design System (ADS) and CST-Microwave Studio. The proposed filter is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 4.4 and 1.58mm of substrate thickness and fed by a two 50Ω microstrip lines. Further, the filter is measured which exhibits a return and insertion losses of 20dB and 0.49dB, respectively, with a center frequency around 3.5 GHz and an operating bandwidth (2.1 GHz to 5.22 GHz) of about 85 %. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results demonstrates the proposed filter design. The overall circuit size of the filter was taken to be 2...

Dust collector is an equipment that is being used in any industrial or commercial sectors to improve the quality of air released from its zone, by undergoing various stages of filtration. This equipment has two portions the upper half and the lower half, the lower half is generally conical in shape and collects the large size dust particles and the upper half is cylindrical portion containing filter bags collects finer particles. A common discharge port is provided to communicate the upper half, a collected dust recovery box is fixed at the lower space of the cyclone body and discharge blower is connected to a discharge port of the cyclone body.

This study aimed mainly to develop effective mathematical equations to determine the expected target levels of Japanese candlestick patterns, depending on patterns confirmation filters. To achieve the objectives of the study, a stratified random sample of 42 companies’ shares were selected, based on the Financial Times Global 500 Ranking Report (FT 500, 2014). Afterwards, the cases were determined according to the conditions of the study, over a period of 11 years, including 111,469 trading days (from 31-08-2003 to 31-08-2014) where the number of cases in the first phase of was 7,481 cases, and in the second phase was 6,353 cases.
The study concluded that the most effective cases are the cases that contain 4 and 6 and 5 and 7 candles inside filters, respectively, where the percentage of success in accessing one of the target levels was 88.71%, with a profit rate ranging from +1.45% to +12.44%. On the other hand, the failure rate of accessing one of the target levels was 11.29%, with a loss rate ranging from -3.99% to -4.01%. The study also concluded that for the cases that contain 4 and 5 and 6 and 7 candles inside filters, generally the most effective mathematical equations to determine the expected target levels are 100% and 61.8% and 50%, respectively, where the rate of success in accessing one of these levels is equal to 62.32%, with the profit rate ranging from +5.10% to +12.44%. On the other hand, the failure rate in accessing one of these levels is equal to 37.69%, with loss rate ranging from -3.99% to -4.01%.
Keywords: Japanese candlesticks, Japanese candlestick patterns, confirmation filters, patterns confirmation filters, target levels.

The aim of this thesis is to define a perceptual scale for the ‘Time-Frequency’ analysis of music signals. The equal tempered ‘Bach’ scale is a suitable scale, since it covers most of the genres of music and the error is equally distributed for each semi-tone. However, it may be necessary to allow a tolerance of around 50 cents or half the interval of the Bach scale, so that the interval can accommodate other common intonation schemes. The thesis covers the formulation of the Bach scale filter-bank as a time-varying model. It makes a comparative study with other commonly used perceptual scales. Two applications for the Bach scale filter-bank are also proposed, namely automated segmentation of speech signals and transcription of singing voice for query-by-humming applications.

Even though this filter-bank is suggested with a motivation from music, it could also be applied to speech. A method for automatically segmenting continuous speech into phonetic units is proposed. The results, obtained from the proposed method, show around 82% accuracy for the English and 85% accuracy for the Hindi databases. This is an improvement of around 2 - 3% when the performance is compared with other popular methods in the literature. Interestingly, the Bach scale filters perform better than the filters designed for other common perceptual scales, such as Mel and Bark scales.

‘Musical transcription’ refers to the process of converting a musical rendering or performance into a set of symbols or notations. A query in a ‘query-by-humming system’ can be made in several ways, some of which are singing with words, or with arbitrary syllables, or whistling. Two algorithms are suggested to annotate a query. The algorithms are designed to be fairly robust for these various forms of queries. The first algorithm is a frequency selection based method. It works on the basis of selecting the most likely frequency components at any given time instant. The second algorithm works on the basis of finding time-connected contours of high energy in the ‘Time-Frequency’ plane of the input signal. The time domain algorithm works better in terms of instantaneous pitch estimates. It results in an error of around 10 - 15%, while the frequency domain method results in an error of around 12 - 20%.

A song rendered by two different people will have quite a few different properties. Their absolute pitches, rates of rendering, timbres based on voice quality and inaccuracies, may be different. The thesis discusses a method to quantify the distance between two different renderings of musical pieces. The distance function has been evaluated by attempting a search for a particular song from a database of a size of 315, made up of songs sung by both male and female singers and whistled queries. Around 90 % of the time, the correct song is found among the top five best choices picked.

Thus, the Bach scale has been proposed as a suitable scale for representing the perception of music. It has been explored in two applications, namely automated segmentation of speech and transcription of singing voices. Using the transcription obtained, a measure of the distance between renderings of musical pieces has also been suggested.

Narrow Band-pass filtering techniques have been a challenging task since the inception of audio and telecommunication applications. The challenge involves keeping quality factor, gain and mid-frequency of the filter independent of each other. The critical applications require a design that ensures mid-frequency immune to the circuit component tolerances. It becomes increasingly difficult for low-frequency applications where the shift in few Hz in mid-frequency would cause desired frequencies to fall outside the filter’s bandwidth and go undetected. The selection of right topology of the filter for the best performance is the key to successful design. This book objectively compares the relative performance of none popular narrow band-pass filter topologies. The filter topologies are evaluated using a real-world practical example of designing an extremely narrow band-pass filter. The book provides guidelines for selecting the right topology for the low-frequency narrow band-pass filter.

Signal & Image Processing : An International Journal is an Open Access peer-reviewed journal intended for researchers from academia and industry, who are active in the multidisciplinary field of signal & image processing. The scope of the journal covers all theoretical and practical aspects of the Digital Signal Processing & Image processing, from basic research to development of application.

Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Signal & Image processing.

—This paper presents a prototype design of a small form factor microcontroller-based Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) platform for integration with health monitoring systems. Existing EIS systems are expensive and relatively large in size to be integrated with wearable medical devices. The focus of this paper is to present prototype based on a hardware software co-design to be conceived as a stand-alone module for easy integration with medical devices. Currently, the system is able to analyze samples within the frequency range of 0.02 Hz to 200 kHz or measurements of impedance phase and magnitude. The platform is tested with cell impedance models and is able to calculate the magnitude and phase of the complex impedance with a percentage error of less than 5%.

The widespread use of variable frequency drives (VFD) in industry has raised serious concerns about power quality in electrical distribution systems. VFDs are nonlinear loads that cause harmonic voltages across the system impedance by injecting harmonic currents into the power system. The performance of other sensitive loads in the system may be harmed as a result of this harmonic distortion.
This study presents a method for designing and specifying low voltage harmonic filters for VFDs. An electrical distribution system feeding a group of variable frequency drives is analyzed using the proposed methodology. To carry out this research Matlab coding will be used.
The minimum value of the filter's var and its specifications are determined using an iterative technique. To validate the proposed method, a number of case studies are presented. The results demonstrate that the method is effective.

The development of microarray technology has supplied a large volume of data to many fields. The gene microarray analysis and classification have demonstrated an effective way for the effective diagnosis of diseases and cancers. In as much as the data achieving from microarray technology is very noisy and also has thousands of features, feature selection plays an important role in removing irrelevant and redundant features and also reducing computational complexity. There are two important approaches for gene selection in microarray data analysis, the filters and the wrappers. To select a concise subset of informative genes, we introduce a hybrid feature selection which combines two approaches. The fact of the matter is that candidate's features are first selected from the original set via several effective filters. The candidate feature set is further refined by more accurate wrappers. Thus, we can take advantage of both the filters and wrappers. Experimental results based on 11 microarray datasets show that our mechanism can be effected with a smaller feature set. Moreover, these feature subsets can be obtained in a reasonable time.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

This paper presents mitigation of power quality problems introduced by nonlinear loads. Through the expansion of modern industrial technology enormous number of non-linear loads are used in power system, which causes harmonic distortion. At the same time the power quality and safe operation becomes substandard. Therefore alleviation of harmonics is very essential under this situation. A Hybrid power filter constituting a series active filter and a passive filter coupled in parallel with the load is proposed to improve the power quality. To validate the developed theoretical analysis, the control strategy is verified by means of an experimental prototype using Multisim software. Shunt, hybrid and series active power filters are described showing their compensation characteristics and principles of operation. The results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is presented.

Image Denoising is an important part of diverse image processing and computer vision problems. The important property of a good image denoising model is that it should completely remove noise as far as possible as well as preserve edges. One of the most powerful and perspective approaches in this area is image denoising using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In this paper comparative analysis of filters and various wavelet based methods has been carried out. The simulation results show that wavelet based Bayes shrinkage method outperforms other methods in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error(MSE) and also the comparison of various wavelet families have been discussed in this paper.

Cleanrooms are the key technological factor in the overall contamination control strategy of pharmaceutical and healthcare facilities. Cleanrooms are designed to protect products, personnel and equipment from being adversely affected by contaminants, through creating clean and controlled areas.

Cleanrooms are used in a variety of different sectors including microelectronics, semiconductor manufacture, industries undertaking micromedical work, optical applications, biotechnological applications, pharmaceutical manufacturing, certain food and beverage industries, operating theatres and other healthcare applications.

The development and use of cleanrooms cannot be considered without reference to these other industrial sectors.

This article outlines the history of cleanrooms or ‘clean rooms’ (until the 1980s ‘clean room’ as two separate words was more common, whereas from the 1980s the portmanteau word ‘cleanroom’ became generally accepted and this is the term used throughout the international cleanroom standard ISO 14644).

Sandle, T. (2021) History and development of cleanrooms: An updated review, Pharmig News, Issue 84, pp21-30
 

The finished fabrics need to be bleached, dyed, and printed and these processes require at least 100 liters of water for each ton of fabric. The recycle of industrial wastewater is one of the solutions for efficient use of water resources. In this work, designed filter unit was suggested to be used for the filtration of the wastewater from textile dyeing and finishing mill. Three designs were manufactured using yarns and yarns covered with nanofibers layers were introduced. The results of testing different designs indicate the improvement in the filtration efficiency. Moreover, a case study in the dyeing and finishing textile mill designated that the treatment of the wastewater by the designed filters advanced the filtration efficiency. Unit performance of wastewater treatment was: COD decreased to 52 mg/L, TSS decreased to 300 mg/L, and Turbidity to 70 NTU. The designed filtration unit is suitable to be used, in particular in textile dyeing and finishing SME with small discharge, and can produce treated effluent satisfying the standards regulating wastewater.

This paper presents a comprehensive non-exhaustive comparative study of hard disk drive read-channel equalization techniques used in the readback process of magnetically stored information. The main read channel architectures: partial-response maximum likelihood (PRML) and decision feedback equalization (DFE) based systems, are compared in power consumption, layout area, data signalling rate and data density. This work focuses on the key component of the read channel, presenting a continuous-time analog solution for the pulse-slimming equalizer capable of reducing power consumption and die area by a factor of ten, whilst showing equivalent response to a FIR filter implementation

Digital Decimation process plays an important task in communication system. It mostly is applied in transceiver when the frequency reduction is required. However, the decimation process for sigma delta modulator is considered in this research work. The proposed design was simulated using MATLAB software and implemented by hardware description language in Xilinx environment. Furthermore, the proposed advance arithmetic unit is applied to improve the system efficiency.

Business cycle theory has fascinated economists ever since the beginning of economics as a science. The analysis of empirical facts has often been used as basis for the testing and formulation of theoretical models of the business cycle. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the principal macroeconomic series of business cycle in Greece using relevant econometric techniques over the time period 1960-2008. We adopt a definition according to which business cycles are regarded as fluctuations around a trend, i.e. deviation cycles. The type of trend has serious implications considering it determines the propagation of shocks. We investigate the stationarity properties of time series for basic macroeconomic variables and their first differences using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test. Next, we use five different de-trending methods to

ÖZETÇE Direkt radyatörlü hoparlör sistemi; huni veya daha baş ka akustik empedans dönüştürücü araç kullanmaksızın, akustik enerjiyi doğrudan doğruya havaya yayan hoparlör sistemidir. Hoparlör sürücüsü; bir transdüser mekanizması olup elektriksel enerjiyi mekanik enerjiye ve/veya akustik enerjiye dönüştürmektedir. En çok bilinen hoparlör sürücüsü, devingen bobinli (elektrodinamik) sürücü olup, daimi mık natıslı hava aralığı içine yerleştirilen ve asılı diyaframa tutturulmuş bir ses bobininden oluşmuştur. Hoparlör Kutusu (veya Hoparlör Kabini) ses yaymak üzere sürücünün yerleştirildiği kutuya denir. "Direkt Radyatörlü Hoparlör Sistemi" deyişi ile genellikle elektrodinamik hoparlör kullanana) Kapalı Hoparlör Kabini , Oluklu Hoparlör Kabini, Pasif Radyatörlü Hoparlör Kabin, anlaşılmakta dır.].***) Direkt radyatörlü hoparlör sistemlerinde alçak frekans lardaki güç dönüştürme verimi (= hoparlör kabinleri çı kışındaki akustik gücün, hoparlör ses bobinine uygula nan elektriksel güce oranı), doğrudan doğruya sistemin (kapalı ve oluklu hoparlör kabininin) frekans yanıtsamasının (responsunun) 3dB düştüğü kesim frekansına, kabin tipine (kapalı veya oluklu kabin olmasına) ve kabin hacmine bağlıdır. Yazıda verilen grafikler oluklu ve kapalı kabinlerde verimin; kabin hacmi ve sistemin kesim fre kansı arasındaki bağıntıyı göstermektedir. Neticede, oluk lu kabinlerin belirgin bir performans üstünlüğü taşıdığı belirmiştir. Hoparlör sistemleri tasarımı genellikle üç önemli teknik öğeye (spesifikasyona) dayanmaktadır. Bu üç önemli öge (spesifikasyon); 'Kabinin hacmi, kabinin güç dönüştür me verimi ve kabinin frekans yanıtsaması (responsu)" olmaktadır. Mühendisler epeyce zamandan beri bu spesifikasyonlar arasında karşılıklı bir ilişkinin varolduğunun farkında idiler.Bu yazıda direkt radyatörlü hoparlör sistemlerinde verimden bahsedilmektedir.
Bu yazı dünyaca ünlü elektroakustikçi Dr.Richard H. SMAL tarafından kaleme alınmıştır.Türkçeye tercümesi Eren Başaran tarafından yapılmıştır.
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Ekleme : 14.05.2022
SÖZLÜKÇE =LÛGATÇE = GLOSSARY
Sesin perdeşimi = the pitch of sound
sesin gürlüğü = the loudness of sound
sesin tınısı = the timbre of sound = the quality of sound
eşgürlük eğrileri= equal loudness curves
reverberation time =çınlama süresi
sesin şiddeti = the intensity of sound

With the growth and advances in digital communication technologies, digital images have become easy to be delivered and exchanged. These forms of digital information can be easily copied and distributed through digital media. These concerns motivated significant researches in images watermarking [1]. New progress in digital technologies, such as compression techniques, has brought new challenges to watermarking. Various watermarking schemes that use different techniques have been proposed over the last few years [2-10]. To be effective, a watermark must be imperceptible within its host, easily extracted by the owner, and robust to intentional and unintentional distortions [7]. In specific, discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) has wide applications in the area of image watermarking. This is because it has many specifications that make the watermarking process robust. Some of these specifications are [4]: Space-frequency localization, Multi-resolution representation, Superior Human Visual system (HVS) modeling, and adaptively to the original image. A wavelet-based watermarking technique for ownership verification is presented by Y. Wang [11]. It uses orthonormal filter banks that are generated randomly to decompose the host image and insert the watermark in it.

Another transform technique that is used extensively in image coding is the pyramid transform which was first introduced by Burt and Adelson [12]. It can provide high compression rates and at the same time low complexity encoding. Like the DWT, pyramid transform provides multi-resolution representation of the images. These properties can be used in watermarking to establish a robust data hiding system.

In this chapter, our target is to develop an algorithm using optimal pyramid decomposition technique, and combine it with wavelet decompositions. The algorithm will be used for data hiding in digital images to meet the requirements of imperceptibility, robustness, storage requirements, security, and complexity.

This work presents a compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on stub-loaded rectangular loop stepped impedance resonator (SLRLSIR). The proposed SLRLSIR consists of two outer open-circuited and two inner open-circuited stubs, which are designed to the central sides of the rectangular loop resonator. Owing to its symmetry, even-and odd-mode analysis methods are applied to deduce the equivalent-circuit equations and to justify the structural design. The second passband can be easily tuned by changing the two inner open-circuited stubs when the first passband is fixed at a desirable frequency. The upper stopband is improved by a pair of additional open-circuited stubs stepped impedance resonators at the I/O ports. Transmission zeros are generated between passbands and stopbands. A SLRLSIR prototype dual-band BPF with central frequencies of 2.42/4 GHz is fabricated and systematically studied. The measurement results agreed well with the simulation results.

Introduction: In an effort to decrease the expense while increasing
the accuracy and availability of flexible cystoscopy world-wide, we
sought to replace standard sterile fluid irrigant and irrigation tubing
(cost of $9.00) with a novel air irrigant system using a bacterial filter
and a manual non-disposable, nonsterile squeeze bulb. As a first step
in this process, we performed a microbiological evaluation of the
filter’s integrity and durability in an in vitro study.


Methods: We constructed an air pump using a sterile Prime Flo
insufflation tube with filter (Cardinal Health, Placentia, CA) (cost of
$6.89). The tubing was cut to a length of 10 cm on either side of the
filter and a 40ml rubber bulb was attached to one end. We then
prepared 200 ml of Lennox Luria Broth (LB) (tryptone, NaCl, yeast
extract, distilled water) in an Erlenmeyer flask. This solution was
autoclaved following standard procedure. After sterilization the supply
end of the air pump was inserted into the Erlenmeyer flask containing
LB and air was pumped 100, 500 or 1000 times. The solution
was placed in a shaker at 37C at 220 rpm for 12 hours. Afterwards, a
sample of the solution was read three times by a SmartSpec Plus
spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) to measure
absorbance at 600 nm. 300 ll of the grown LB solution was transferred
onto LB-Agar plates using sterile technique and incubated at
37C for 24 hours. The total number of colony forming units was
recorded for each plate after the incubation period. This procedure
was repeated a total of ten times for each of the 100, 500 and 1000
pump groups with new, sterile filter and tubing.


Results: All samples obtained for the 100 and 500 pump groups
showed OD600 values much lower than 0.1 (Table 1); for the 1000
pump group in one case the OD600 exceeded (0.15). No visible
growth was seen in the LB broth or LB-agar plates for the 100 and 500
pump groups. Colony forming units were observed on two LB-agar
plates in the 1000 pump group (2 cfu, 8 cfu).


Conclusion: The filter provides for a safe inexpensive alternative
compared to standard sterile irrigant and tubing. Air cystoscopy in this
manner may provide a less expensive and more globally available alternative to standard bagged sterile irrigant and one time use irrigation tubing.

Document Analysis and Recognition (DAR) aims to extract automatically the information in the document and also addresses to human comprehension. The automatic processing of degraded historical documents are applications of document image analysis field which is confronted with many difficulties due to the storage condition and the complexity of the script. The main interest of enhancement of historical documents is to remove undesirable statistics that appear in the background and highlight the foreground, so as to enable automatic recognition of documents with high accuracy. This paper addresses pre-processing and segmentation of ancient scripts, as an initial step to automate the task of an epigraphist in reading and deciphering inscriptions. Pre-processing involves, enhancement of degraded ancient document images which is achieved through four different Spatial filtering methods for smoothing or sharpening namely Median, Gaussian blur, Mean and Bilateral filter, with different mask sizes. This is followed by binarization of the enhanced image to highlight the foreground information, using Otsu thresholding algorithm. In the second phase Segmentation is carried out using Drop Fall and WaterReservoir approaches, to obtain sampled characters, which can be used in later stages of OCR. The system showed good results when tested on the nearly 150 samples of varying degraded epigraphic images and works well giving better enhanced output for, 4x4 mask size for Median filter, 2x2 mask size for Gaussian blur, 4x4 mask size for Mean and Bilateral filter. The system can effectively sample characters from enhanced images, giving a segmentation rate of 85%-90% for Drop Fall and 85%-90% for Water Reservoir techniques respectively.

The arrival of augmented reality (AR) on social networks in the form of filters is generating new user experiences. Despite their potential as interactive marketing tools, previous research analyzing the impact of AR filters has focused mainly on shopping-based or personal-based variables. Conceiving AR filters to be entertainment products, this research follows the theory of uses and gratifications to examine the playability of AR filters, that is, the satisfaction that users derive from the experience and their making of electronic word-of-mouth recommendations. The results of two studies combining quantitative and qualitative techniques showed the key role played by perceived entertainment and, to a lesser extent, perceived interactivity, in the playability of AR filters. Perceived curiosity and compatibility also affected users' satisfaction. The findings contribute to the literature on AR filters by analyzing users' experiences from an entertainment perspective, examining a comprehensive set of hedonic, utilitarian, social and personal uses and gratifications that users might derive when interact with AR filters on social media. Practitioners should incorporate appropriate features when designing the filters so that users obtain fun and entertaining experiences, interact with others, and get fresh content. All these may foster the consumer's storytelling through images.

Digital microwave radio (DMR) applications require frequency sources with stable outputs and low phase noise. One possible solution is an Xband frequency synthesizer designed for use from 7.7 to 8.2 GHz. It is based on multiplying by three a reliable source operating from 2.56 to 2.74 GHz with outstanding phase-noise performance to achieve final output signals with -84 dBc/Hz phase noise offset 10 kHz from the carrier. The prototype synthesizer features a large tuning voltage range and low operating voltage requirements.
Low phase noise is critical to many wireless systems and radar.1 An X-band frequency
synthesizer, for example, in addition to supporting DMR systems, can be multiplied and mixed with local oscillator (LO) signals to cover multiple- frequency applications through 65.6 GHz.2 A variety of synthesizer architectures, such as direct-digital, direct-analog, and indirect-synthesis techniques can be used in modern transceivers, although they each have tradeoffs. Direct-analog synthesizers feature the lowest phase noise with fast switching speed, using mixers to translate the frequencies of surface-acoustic-wave (SAW), coaxial-resonator-oscillator (CRO), dielectric-resonator-oscillator (DRO) and other lower-frequency sources. Unfortunately, direct-analog synthesizers are complex and expensive to design.4 A DDS approach is not suitable
for wideband frequency generation since it follows Nyquist criteria, with a maximum frequency that is less than one-half that of the sampling frequency of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
A DDS provides high frequency resolution and fast switching speed for reasonable cost, but with poor spurious performance. Phase noise can determine the sensitivity of a receiver in the presence of an adjacent signal. For radar systems susceptible to noise offset 10 kHz from the carrier, the phase noise of a VCO is the dominant source of noise. One way to reduce phase noise is by reducing the bandwidth, although
this is not an option for applications requiring wide bandwidths. A divide-by-N module raises the phase noise of the initial frequency source since the signal and noise are both multiplied by N. For optimum phase noise, a synthesizer’s loop filter bandwidth must be wide enough to reject VCO noise. Because of the high phase noise from a divide-by-N module, replacing it with a  multiplier module can improve phase noise.5 Although frequency resolution will be compromised as a result, fine resolution can be achieved by means of a direct-digital-synthesizer (DDS) module. The inherent high spurious levels of the DDS module can be reduced by means of bandpass filtering.
There are many ways to assemble a wideband frequency synthesizer with phase-lock-loop (PLL) integrated circuits (ICs), narrowband frequency synthesizers, mixers, and multipliers. Mixing and multiplying are the most common methods for designing microwave and millimeter-wave frequency synthesizers not plagued by loop limitations. In a multiplier module, for example, the input frequency is multiplied by an integer coefficient to produce a higher output frequency.
Although multiplication results in phase-noise degradation, a typical method of producing high-frequency synthesizers with wide output bandwidths is by multiplying a fixed-frequency or narrowband low-frequency synthesizer. In a mixer frequency-synthesizer structure, the output phase noise will be 3 dB/Hz higher than the highest phase noise of the two mixed modulus sources:

—Visible Light Communication (VLC) as one of wireless technology must be able to offer a good capability as mobile communication system. The signal will be faded when the distance and angle of LED to photo-detector become higher at a certain distance. Other problem at VLC system is light interference noise which is caused by flicker effect from other light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, DC-lamp (i.e. flashlight) and the sunlight. Each of lights have specific carried signal characteristics and it can influences the VLC system. In this paper we offer design of mobile VLC system based on analog domain. We use Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) circuit using commercially available IC and it will be placed at analog front-end receiver side. AGC can self-adjust its gain according to the input signal amplitude. We also design ana-log filter to eliminate all interferences noise spectrum which is existed under 50 KHz. We design both circuits, analog filter and AGC in VLC receiver system with low-cost. The test data are obtained through the simulation and achieved good results in ideal condition.

Problems that have recently various countries in the world about the security of state borders, especially the green border, has done today many countries to think about the application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) for the green borderline surveillance. However the application of this technology along the green border is followed by many challenges, one of which is power supply. For optimization of energy consumption by the multimedia sensor nodes the conversion of captured images by the WMSN in black and white images is a very important factor. By converting the images to black and white, we can have a loss of details of image characteristics. To preserve the characteristics of the image, the edges detection of the image is a key factor. However, interfering noises from various sources in the image may affect the image edges damage. Therefore, it must first be realized removal of noise within the image and then the edge detection of the image. Today there are some algorithms and filters that are applied for noise removal from the image and the edges detection of the image. In this paper, we will present a new algorithm which enables that efficiently, initially noise removal when various types of noise are involved simultaneously in the image, and then the detection of pixels that correspond to the edges of the image captured by the WMSN.