Comparative Analysis of Financial Inclusion

Abstract
The heterogeneity in view about the financial inclusion prevails across the globe. Since the need of financial
products varies from individual to individual and country to country (Kempson and Whyley, 1999; Regan
and Paxton, 2003; Speak and Graham, 2000). But, majority of researchers and thinkers opine that ‘financial
inclusion is the easy availability of all banking services at an affordable cost, reasonable time & adequate
quantity to all needy people and which should also be available in appropriate forms’ (broader sense);
‘financial inclusion includes the easy access of all people to the minimum basic financial services’ (narrow
sense). The determinants and impacts of financial inclusion are main ingredients of the article. The depth
ratio emerged as leading contributor in the value of financial inclusion index among all the three variables—
depth or penetration, availability and usage—across the world, including Indian states, through the loglinear
regression model. The study further indicated that a 1 per cent increase in the financial inclusion led
to on an average 0.142 per cent increase in the value of human development index (cross-country data);
while in case of Indian states, it resulted into 0.139 per cent increase in the index. The depth, availability
and usages ratios were found to be inversely associated to the poverty. The study found only three states
of India in between high financial inclusion position, while remaining 90 per cent states belong to very low/
weak financial inclusion status. On the basis of findings of the study, it is suggested that the policy makers
around the globe should strive to surge the level of financial inclusion for an optimal, sustainable, inclusive
economic growth and development of the economies by focusing on removing the regional imbalances.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic development in various districts of Jharkhand by compiling an index for financial inclusion that includes different aspects of financial inclusion. Design/methodology/approach: Panel data is a combined cross-sectional and time-series data. Findings:. The analytical study is also performed to investigate the dynamic relationship between indicators of financial inclusion such as credit flows to Jharkhand districts, bank deposit and presence of bank branches per 1,000 sq km, and development indicators such as Jharkhand gross domestic product (GDP). Limitation/implications: The report has targeted only one state out of twenty nine states of India. Practical implications: This data analysis quantitatively evaluates the empirical effect of financial inclusion Originality/value: The study is to explore the district-wise level of financial inclusion in Jharkhand by compiling the IFI index.

ABSTRACT
Classic and fundamental issues in rural development in Indonesia is the lack of coordination between the various parties involved in these activities, thus resulting in approach and objectivity activities less clear. This paper attempts to examine some of the key issues in rural development in Indonesia, moved from the experience that was, and comparisons between the implementation of the program with the pattern of the approach used by the Chinese in rural development. This study examines in some parts of the approaches used in the Department of Agriculture rural development through the Rural Agribusiness Development approach (PUAP) were implemented beginning in 2008 within the framework of the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM Mandiri). PUAP is a program of the Department of Agriculture breakthrough in reducing poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As ever implemented similar programs, this program is more dominant as a centralized effort to organize agriculture and rural development in Indonesia. In this approach, the mechanism of implementation is highly dependent on the structure of the bureaucracy, so many decisions made by the managers of the various levels of government. Rural communities still often positioned as an object. PUAP approach is top-down in its implementation and decision-making is still dominant government officials as administrators and experts. Unlike the Chinese who have a clear time targets and the creation of the financial system due to the creation of added value that can confine the flow of capital flows into the city center,allowing the back in the form of investment in the countryside.

Key words : rural development, agribusiness, farmers' income

The connecting rod is the intermediate member between the piston and the Crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to the crank pin, thus converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crank. This thesis describes designing and Analysis of connecting rod. Currently existing connecting rod is manufactured by using material. In this drawing is drafted from the calculations. A parametric model of Connecting rod is modeled using NX 10.0 software and to that model, analysis is carried out by using ANSYS 16.0 Software. Finite element analysis of connecting rod is done by considering the materials Aluminum 360, Forged Steel, Titanium Alloy, Mild Steel, and Magnesium Alloy. The best combination of parameters like Von misses Stress and strain, Deformation, Factor of safety and weight reduction for four wheelers Connecting Rod were done in ANSYS software.

District Chamba is one among the backward districts of Himachal Pradesh. The present
study covered whole of the area of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh. It studied all the aspects of
financial inclusion in this particular district with population residing on hilly and tough terrines.
Largely, the study is based on the observation through direct interviews with stakeholders ranging
from district/tehsil/block level Govt. Officials, Bank officials, office bearers of Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Technical hands and the labourers i.e. beneficiaries working under MNREGS. Study was
based on primary data and it was collected through a well structured schedule of questions. Study
shows that to improve the financial inclusion position of the district, the banking system needs to be
improved more.

Financial inclusion is an excellent tool for empowerment of farmers. The current study examines the level of financial inclusion and study the association between various demographical variables and financial inclusion among the farmers. A survey of 360 farmers across Prayagraj district was conducted, this survey found that 71.4% of farmers had his bank accounts while 23.6% of farmers were actively using their bank accounts in past 3 months and only 10.6 % of farmers were taken loan from banks or other formal financial institutions. The survey shows that farmers were financially inclusion: as 72.8% have poor financial inclusion, 19.2% have fair financial inclusion, and only 8.1% have sound financial inclusion. The farmers had not sufficient financial literacy. Further analysis shows that gender is not associated with degree of financial inclusion while other demographic variables i.e. education qualification, family income, age group and size of landholding is closely associated wit...

Financial inclusion is an excellent tool for empowerment of farmers. The current study examines the level of financial inclusion and study the association between various demographical variables and financial inclusion among the farmers. A survey of 360 farmers across Prayagraj district was conducted, this survey found that 71.4% of farmers had his bank accounts while 23.6% of farmers were actively using their bank accounts in past 3 months and only 10.6 % of farmers were taken loan from banks or other formal financial institutions. The survey shows that farmers were financially inclusion: as 72.8% have poor financial inclusion, 19.2% have fair financial inclusion, and only 8.1% have sound financial inclusion. The farmers had not sufficient financial literacy. Further analysis shows that gender is not associated with degree of financial inclusion while other demographic variables i.e. education qualification, family income, age group and size of landholding is closely associated with degree of financial inclusion.

The current study examines the financial inclusion of Indian states by developing a financial inclusion index (FII). The study develops a composite FII using demand and supply-side indicators of financial inclusion. To measure the level of financial inclusion, principal component analysis (PCA) is used as a tool to develop FII by assigning appropriate weights. The study builds an FII for a more extended period from 2006 to 2019. The study finds that most Eastern and North-Eastern states correspond to low financial inclusion ranks from both supply and demand-side. Further, Western and Southern states perform better in terms of financial inclusion from both supply and demand-side. Also, FII demonstrated a positive relationship with HDI. The examination recommends that financial inclusion related thoroughness needs a sensible technique that joins an essential update of the financial system strengthens and develops financial associations, and simultaneously taking care of digitalized training. Our current FII is easy to calculate and can compare economies in terms of financial inclusion over time. Notably, this approach helps overcome criticism about subjective weight determination.

The achievement of financial inclusion is deemed essential due to its positive linkage with economic development. Once the notion viewed as a means to alleviate poverty and reduce income inequality. Recently, the concept has developed into an essential prerequisite for financial stability and economic growth. Inclusive financial systems allow producers and households to smoothen their production and consumption of goods and services in the economy; and thus, generating more income in the society. Due to this constructive characteristic, financial inclusion mechanism is encouraged by the Islamic views on economic development and poverty alleviation. However, the implementation of this mechanism must refer to how Islam regulates the transaction and treat the risk. Hence, the implication and the result of the inclusive financial system will have distinctive features and quality compared to conventional financial inclusion. The core objective of this study is to explore and investigate how the financial inclusion process should be conducted and attained based on the Islamic finance concept and compares its implication with the conventional finance system. The study suggests that Islam has a different characteristic in achieving financial inclusion, and it was reflected on how the risk is discerned and the primary goal of spiritual and material balance being considered as the ultimate objective of economic development in Islamic finance perspective.

ABSTRACT
Classic and fundamental issues in rural development in Indonesia is the lack of coordination between the various parties involved in these activities, thus resulting in approach and objectivity activities less clear. This paper attempts to examine some of the key issues in rural development in Indonesia, moved from the experience that was, and comparisons between the implementation of the program with the pattern of the approach used by the Chinese in rural development. This study examines in some parts of the approaches used in the Department of Agriculture rural development through the Rural Agribusiness Development approach (PUAP) were implemented beginning in 2008 within the framework of the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM Mandiri). PUAP is a program of the Department of Agriculture breakthrough in reducing poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As ever implemented similar programs, this program is more dominant as a centralized effort to organize agriculture and rural development in Indonesia. In this approach, the mechanism of implementation is highly dependent on the structure of the bureaucracy, so many decisions made by the managers of the various levels of government. Rural communities still often positioned as an object. PUAP approach is top-down in its implementation and decision-making is still dominant government officials as administrators and experts. Unlike the Chinese who have a clear time targets and the creation of the financial system due to the creation of added value that can confine the flow of capital flows into the city center, allowing the back in the form of investment in the countryside.
Key words : rural development, agribusiness, farmers' income

Financial inclusion is an excellent tool for empowerment of farmers. The current study examines the level of financial inclusion and study the association between various demographical variables and financial inclusion among the farmers. A survey of 360 farmers across Prayagraj district was conducted, this survey found that 71.4% of farmers had his bank accounts while 23.6% of farmers were actively using their bank accounts in past 3 months and only 10.6 % of farmers were taken loan from banks or other formal financial institutions. The survey shows that farmers were financially inclusion: as 72.8% have poor financial inclusion, 19.2% have fair financial inclusion, and only 8.1% have sound financial inclusion. The farmers had not sufficient financial literacy. Further analysis shows that gender is not associated with degree of financial inclusion while other demographic variables i.e. education qualification, family income, age group and size of landholding is closely associated wit...

Financial inclusion is an excellent tool for empowerment of farmers. The current study examines the level of financial inclusion and study the association between various demographical variables and financial inclusion among the farmers. A survey of 360 farmers across Prayagraj district was conducted, this survey found that 71.4% of farmers had his bank accounts while 23.6% of farmers were actively using their bank accounts in past 3 months and only 10.6 % of farmers were taken loan from banks or other formal financial institutions. The survey shows that farmers were financially inclusion: as 72.8% have poor financial inclusion, 19.2% have fair financial inclusion, and only 8.1% have sound financial inclusion. The farmers had not sufficient financial literacy. Further analysis shows that gender is not associated with degree of financial inclusion while other demographic variables i.e. education qualification, family income, age group and size of landholding is closely associated wit...