Correctness

The International Journal of Software Engineering & Applications (IJSEA) is a bi-monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Software Engineering & Applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern software engineering concepts & establishing new collaborations in these areas.

The field of English for specific purposes (ESP), which addresses the communicative needs and practices of particular professional or occupational groups, has developed rapidly in the past forty years to become a major force in English language teaching and research. ESP draws its strength from an eclectic theoretical foundation and a commitment to research-based language education which seeks to reveal the constraints of social contexts on language use and the ways learners can gain control over these. In this chapter, I will briefly point to some of the major ideas and practices that currently influence ESP, focusing on needs analysis, ethnography, critical approaches, contrastive rhetoric, social constructionism, and discourse analysis. I then go on to look briefly at some of the effects ESP has had on language teaching and research, arguing that it has encouraged teachers to highlight communication rather than language, to adopt a research orientation to their work, to employ collaborative pedagogies, to be aware of discourse variation, and to consider the wider political implications of their role. Together these features of ESP practice emphazise a situated view of literacy and underline the applied nature of the field.

Рассматривается теоретико-типовое понятие доказательства корректности компьютерных программ. Исследуются особенности этого понятия, а также ряд связанных с ним теоретико-познавательных проблем. Особое внимание уделяется проблеме обозримости и связи априорного и апостериорного. Настоящая статья является первой в серии о понятии теоретико-типового доказательства.

According to moderate truth pluralism, there is a single property that qualifies as truth for any (truth-apt) domain whatsoever. However, propositions concerning different domains may possess this single truth property in virtue of different properties. Empirical propositions may be true in virtue of corresponding to reality while legal propositions may be true in virtue of cohering with the body of law. Moderate pluralists claim that truth is a completely general doxastic norm: for any p, the belief that p is correct if and only if p is true—regardless of what domain p pertains to. Moderate pluralists additionally claim that domain-specific properties are local doxastic norms which serve as standards of correctness within their respective domains, and that they do so because they are ways of being true and truth is a general, doxastic norm. This paper offers a grounding-theoretic account of the metaphysics of moderate pluralism and uses it as platform for developing a criticism of the moderate pluralist’s account of doxastic normativity. Two strategies are explored as potential responses to the criticism, but are ultimately dismissed.

This paper presents the design and preliminary implementation of MpPVM, a software system that supports process migration for PVM application programs in a non-dedicated heterogeneous computing environment. New concepts of migration point as well as migration point analysis and necessary data analysis are introduced. A preliminary implementation of MpPVM and its experimental results are also presented, showing the correctness and promising performance of our process migration mechanism in the scalable non-dedicated heterogeneous computing environment

Das hermeneutische Problem, das ich bearbeiten möchte, lässt sich in drei Sätzen charakterisieren:
- Eine Interpretation eines Textes kann unter bestimmten Umständen als falsch erkannt werden.
- Oft kann mehr als eine Interpretation als nicht falsch angenommen werden.
- Wie ist zu entscheiden, wenn in einem gegebenen Deutungszusammenhang mehrere Interpretationen als nicht falsch in Frage kommen?
Der Vorschlag, den ich in sechs Thesen zur Diskussion stelle, folgt dem Anliegen einer philologischen Hermeneutik der Angemessenheit. Die Frage der Geltung einer Textinterpretation kann sich an der Unterscheidung von Sprache und Rede orientieren. Meine Grundthese lautet: Betreffend Grammatik und Wortschatz einer Sprache können wir die Korrektheit einer Interpretation prüfen; was pragmatische Aspekte der Rede betrifft, erwägen wir ihre Angemessenheit.

Program Robustness is now more important than before, because of the role software programs play in our life. Many papers defined it, measured it, and put it into context. In this paper, we explore the different definitions of program robustness and different types of techniques used to achieve or measure it. There are many papers about robustness. We chose the papers that clearly discuss program or software robustness. These papers stated that program (or software) robustness indicates the absence of ungraceful failures. There are different types of techniques used to create or measure a robust program. However, there is still a wide space for research in this area.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the normativity of meaning was thought to be more-or-less 'incontestable.' But in the last 25 years, many philosophers of mind and language have contested it in several seemingly different ways. This, however, is somewhat illusory. There is an unappreciated commonality among most anti-normativist arguments, and this commonality, I argue, poses a problem for anti-normativism. The result, however, is not a wholesale rejection of anti-normativism. Rather, an insight from the anti-normativist position can be harnessed to reveal an unappreciated position in the normativity of meaning debate.

Work on the formal description and analysis of realtime systems has followed two paths. On one side, it has considered the specification of realtime systems, the design of language constructs for realtime programming, and semantic models to describe the properties of realtime ...

Moderate pluralists claim to be in a position to offer an elegant, straightforward story concerning the normativity of truth. In particular, they claim that truth’s normativity for belief flows directly from their preferred network analysis of the truth concept and the characterization of the property of generic truth in terms of the features of that concept. In this paper I argue that the moderate pluralist story is not as straightforward as it first seems. I develop my argument against the background of a characterization of generic truth and an account of the metaphysics of moderate pluralism. I use these as a platform to contest the rather one-sided focus on unity and generic truth adopted by moderate pluralists and the accompanying claim that they alone are relevant to truth-related explanations. In particular, I argue that doxastic normativity inherits the structure of truth. All instances of truth and all instances of doxastic correctness are ultimately grounded by atomic propositions’ standing vis-à-vis quasi-truth properties.

This short research paper is intended to summarize Ellen White’s English language skills from the information contained in her own autobiographic and personal comments which she made at different times in her life, and from information contained in the biographic book that her nephew, Arthur L. White wrote, and offers some possible explanation for the radical and implausible distance between Ellen White’s non-existent language skills and the well-written documents that were published under her name and for which she took credit.

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This is the third and final bit of writing on providing some introductory thoughts and comments to a conversation about representation and verification.

The first ‘introduction’ was intended to suggest where we might take our cue from        and there are already many conversations about that, but I presented an opinion                    to start another conversation. The universe as  a whole can be represented as             
a spectrum of fundamental components and forces and at this level there is a usual (normal) distribution of all things in it, at any given point in space-time.

Secondly, all our coming to know has had several source origins and currently more weight has been put on the substance of something, on the just being of something and its behaviour, than it has on the substance and behaviour to be seen in all the activity with all the other, on the belonging of something. There are already a lot of conversations about all that but I presented an opinion to start another conversation. The way to achieve a common understanding is a combined one with a correct representation that has verification.

All the current models of our understandings have something missing. There is some unity and some separateness in what we all say, but there is also a lack of correctness. The notion of correctness can be assisted by representing everything as a spectrum, but only if we have first identified the fundamental components and forces of both our just being and our belonging.

This third bit of writing builds on the expression of the correctness  to be found in ethics. There are already many conversations about that, but ethics can be viewed as a combination of who or what we are, what we believe in, our ‘just being’; together with the resultant behaviour toward or with all the other, ‘the belonging’ of everything ….because  of that.

Nearly 3.5 billion humans have oral health issues, including dental caries, which requires dentist-patient exposure in oral examinations. The automated approaches identify and locate carious regions from dental images by localizing and processing either colored photographs or X-ray images taken via specialized dental photography cameras. The dentists’ interpretation of carious regions is difficult since the detected regions are masked using solid coloring and limited to a particular dental image type. The software-based automated tools to localize caries from dental images taken via ordinary cameras requires further investigation. This research provided a mixed dataset of dental photographic (colored or X-ray) images, instantiated a deep learning approach to enhance the existing dental image carious regions’ localization procedure, and implemented a full-fledged tool to present carious regions via simple dental images automatically. The instantiation mainly exploits the mixed datase...

In this paper we formally verify that the Uniform Candy Distribution Puzzle is self-stabilizing: Given a valid start configuration, eventually the Puzzle will evolve to a 'sta- ble' situation in which it will remain. In terms of verifica- tion, the Uniform Candy Distribution Puzzle forms a scal- able parametrized distributed system: The Puzzle comes in various sizes, for each size

Dynamic software updating (DSU) techniques show great promise in allowing vital software services to be upgraded without downtime, avoiding dropped connections and the loss of critical program state. For multithreaded programs, DSU systems must balance correctness and timeliness. To simplify reasoning that an update is correct, we could limit updates to take place only when all threads have blocked at well-defined update points. However, several researchers have pointed out that this approach poses the risk of delaying an update for too long, even indefinitely, and therefore have developed fairly complicated mechanisms to mitigate the risk. This paper argues that such mechanisms are unnecessary by demonstrating empirically that many multithreaded programs can be updated with minimal delay using only a small number of manually annotated update points. Our study of the time taken for all of the threads in six real-world, event-driven programs to reach their update points ranged from 0.155 to 107.558 ms, and most were below 1 ms.

A prevalent assumption is that normativity is a unity. In this paper I argue against this assumption by demonstrating the problems it poses to a well known answer to a well known problem for taking rationality to be normative. John Broome's normative requirement relation does indeed avoid that problem, but insofar as the relation is supposed to offer a general characterisation of the normativity of rationality, it fails. It fails because it cannot capture an important aspect of the normativity of rationality, that it is available to guide us. I show that if we distinguish two kinds of normativity it need not fail in this way.