Cremation Cemetery

INTRODUCTION 5
CHAPTER 1: WHAT IN CREMATION IS GOING ON? 7
CHAPTER 2: THE ORIGIN AND PRACTICE OF CREMATION 15
CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORIC JUDEO–CHRISTIAN VIEW ON CREMATION 27
CHAPTER 4: THE REASONS FOR CREMATION EXAMINED 39
CHAPTER 5: IS CREMATION A PROPER PRACTICE? 63
CHAPTER 6: WHAT ABOUT EMBALMING? 73
CHAPTER 7: WHAT ABOUT ORGAN DONATION? 82
CHAPTER 8: WHAT IS CYRONIC SUSPENSION? 87
CHAPTER 9: CANNIBALISM: ARE YOU SERIOUS? 93
CHAPTER 10: ANSWERS TO COMMON QUESTIONS 98
APPENDIX 1: CREMATION STATISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES 108
APPENDIX 2: VARIOUS RELIGIONS ON CREMATION 112
ANNOTATED SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 115
BIBLIOGRAPHY 117
GLOSSARY 128

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In 2018, during field surveys, near the village Ţufalău / Cófalva a Middle Bronze Age cemetery was identified. In the ploughing marks a total of 18 ceramic and bone densities were discovered, belonging to a disturbed cremation cemetery. The ceramics discovered in the cemetery belong entirely to the Wietenberg culture, very likely to the A‑B/I‑II periods. An important result of the present paper is a radiocarbon dating of one of the graves (G 2). The calibrated data has given a 68.2% probability for a dating between 1876 and 1698 BC, which corresponds to a 95.4% probability for a dating between 1882 and 1692 calBC.

Today, at least 300 cremation cemeteries from the Early Iron Age are known from Bornholm, but only a small part has been published. Bornholm has always - not least in Early Iron Age - been an obvious link between the Continent and Scandinavia. The newly established project "Bornholm - the island in the middle" aims to shed light on societies, contacts and alliance systems in the Baltic Sea region in the Early Iron Age, based on an analysis and presentation of Bornholm’s largest cremation cemetery, Store Frigård with 1256 graves. The article introduces the cemetery and two graves from the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age. One grave contains a T-fibula, a ball-fibula with wide spring and a belt hook of presumably Becker type F and is dated to the oldest part of Martens' IIB/Nørre Sandegård phase 2. The other grave is equipped with the bronze decoration for a fibula with wide true spring and is considered to be slightly older. The fibulas of both graves are types also found or closely related to types elsewhere in the Baltic Sea region, especially Gotland and Northern Poland.

With its representative sample of more than 300 excavated graves, the cemetery in Ljubljana is among the sites that are crucial in understanding the communities that inhabited central Slovenia in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Combining the analyses of funerary practices and individual attires with the chronological and spatial aspects of the cemetery allows us to trace the constants and the changes through the generations. Major changes in the funerary practices occurred in the transition from the 2nd to the 1st millennium BC, though they are restricted to the east half of the cemetery. At the same time, there are observable differences in the attire of the different groups of graves. Based on these observations, we propose an interpretation of the social structure of the community that buried its dead in the Ljubljana cemetery from the 11th to the 9th century BC.

In this paper a single structure known as “stone paved structure CPR-247” is presented. It is a small funerary concentration composed of a minimum of 11 tombs of simple morphology, which is covered by stones and occupies an irregular area of about 5 m2. Unfortunately, due to different anthropogenic and taphonomic processes that took place in the area, it is not possible to establish neither the morphology nor the original extension.