Data Encryption

Abstract—Quantum computing offers immense speedup in performing tasks such as data encryption and searching. The quantum algorithms can be modeled using classical computing devices, however classical computer simulations cannot deal efficiently with the parallelism ...

Internet and networks applications are growing very fast, so the needs to protect such applications are increased. Encryption algorithms play a main role in information security systems. On the other side, those algorithms consume a significant amount of computing resources such as CPU time, memory, and battery power. This paper provides evaluation of six of the most common encryption algorithms namely: AES (Rijndael), DES, 3DES, RC2, Blowfish, and RC6. A comparison has been conducted for those encryption algorithms at different settings for each algorithm such as different sizes of data blocks, different data types ,battery power consumption, different key size and finally encryption/decryption speed. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of each algorithm. .

Multi-player online games (MOGs) have become increasingly popular on today’s Internet. Meanwhile, the IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) wireless networks have been widely used. We study how well an underlying 802.11g network supports a first-person-shooter (FPS) game, often considered the most demanding MOG in terms of network performance. We measure the latency and loss ratio performance experienced by the game traffic; these network-layer metrics were shown to have large impact on the gaming quality experienced at the application layer. The effect on performance of the following factors were examined: the number of game clients, the distance between game clients and the wireless access point, the enabling of data encryption, and the inclusion of FTP and video streaming background traffic. Our experimental results show that FTP and video streaming traffic significantly affect the game traffic performance, whereas the distance and the use of data encryption have rather minimal impact. We also obs...

It is not secret that the algorithms and methods used to encrypt messages in Arabic language are few and old, there are no modern encryption algorithms to encrypt the Arabic letters along the lines as the encryption algorithms of the letters in English, though they are few and uncommon use. On this basis, has been developed a way to encrypt the Arabic character letters by using a symmetric encryption system, XOR logical function, and binary & decimal encoding schemes to convert letters to decimal ambiguous numbers does not indicate the content of the message. Been using an encryption key length (15) digits, five of them to encode the character that the letter start with it, and the remaining parts are used with the XOR function. Possible to include or not include the key within the message, according to what was agreed upon between the parties. Encrypt each two symbols together and thus eliminating the problem of the most frequent letters in the Arabic language and by which they can predict the original text of the message. The encrypted text figures twice the size of the original text.

This paper introduces a real-time data compression and transmission algorithm between e-health terminals for a periodic ECGsignal. The proposed algorithm consists of five compression procedures and four reconstruction procedures. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the algorithm was applied to all 48 recordings of MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, and the compress ratio (CR), percent root mean square difference (PRD), percent root mean square difference normalized (PRDN), rms, SNR, and quality score (QS) values were obtained. The result showed that the CR was 27.9:1 and the PRD was 2.93 on average for all 48 data instances with a 15% window size. In addition, the performance of the algorithm was compared to those of similar algorithms introduced recently by others. It was found that the proposed algorithm showed clearly superior performance in all 48 data instances at a compression ratio lower than 15:1, whereas it showed similar or slightly inferior PRD performance for a data compression ratio higher than 20:1. In light of the fact that the similarity with the original data becomes meaningless when the PRD is higher than 2, the proposed algorithm shows significantly better performance compared to the performance levels of other algorithms. Moreover, because the algorithm can compress and transmit data in real time, it can be served as an optimal biosignal data transmission method for limited bandwidth communication between e-health devices.

This article provides a general introduction to the subject of Cryptology, Crytography and Crytoanalysis and explains the terminology and the practical application of security techniques… In recorded History , technological innovations have revolutionized societies. The printing press is an often-cited example of the great impact one humble person’s invention can have on ruling dynasties, world religions, and personal life.. Quantum encryption could rival Guttenberg’s printing press in its impact. Cryptology has a fascinating History., In Warfare Cryptography is a broad, sticky, and mathematically complex, but interesting subject and an integral part of the evolution of warfare. So let’s get some definitions out of the way first. Cryptology is the study of codes, both creating and solving them. Cryptography is the art of creating codes. Cryptanalysis is the art of surreptitiously revealing the contents of coded messages, breaking codes, that were not intended for you as a recipient....

Page 1. Symmetric Cryptosystem Based on Data Encryption Standard Integrating HMAC and Digital Signature Scheme Implemented in Multi-Cast Messenger Application Don Jomar S. Hombrebueno Ma. Gracia Corazon E. Sicat Jasmin D. Niguidula Enrico P. Chavez ...

In this paper, we propose a novel, secure, and intelligent IoT approach based on agent, we have implemented in the health care domain, where we developed an intelligent patient monitoring system for monitoring the patients heart rate automatically. Our system is more intelligent that can anticipate the critical condition before it even happens, send a message to the patient family, doctors, nurses, as well as hospital in-charge personal, and launch an alarm to be assisted by the nearest people in place. Also, our architecture ensures the authentication, authorization, and data sensing confidentiality. Hospitals and medical clinics can utilize our system to monitor their outpatients who are in danger of unpredictable health conditions. The approach presented in the paper can also be applied to other IoT domains.

The Hill cipher algorithm is one of the symmetric key algorithms that have several advantages in data encryption. However, a drawback of this algorithm is that the inverse of the matrix used for encrypting the plaintext does not always exist. So, if the matrix is not invertible, the encrypted text cannot be decrypted. This paper presents a variant of the Hill cipher that overcomes this disadvantage. The proposed technique adjusts the encryption key to form a different key for each block encryption. The proposed variant yields higher security compared to the original one. Also in this paper, a method of generating self-invertible matrix for Hill Cipher algorithm has been proposed. In the self-invertible matrix generation method, the matrix used for the encryption is itself self-invertible. So, at the time of decryption, we need not to find inverse of the matrix. Moreover, this method eliminates the computational complexity involved in finding inverse of the matrix while decryption.

The stream cipher A5/2 is used in GSM (Global System for mobile Communication) for authentication and data encryption. There have been numerous successful attacks that were launched on A5/2 hence breaking down its security. In this paper an evaluation of Cipher-text only attack is presented with an easy understanding of the equation solver; how the equations are generated and solved. Furthermore this paper also reviews that how hardware-only attacker can easily recover the initial states of A5/2 that is more than enough in decrypting all other frames without any pre-computation and storage of the information. It also tries to suggest corrections in the design, if any, based on the deeper analysis of the operations.

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With the major advancements in the field of technology and electronics, one persistent obstacle has proven to be one of the major challenges, namely : Data Security. To get connected securely and quickly through the electronic data transfer through the web, the data should be encrypted. Encryption is the process of transforming plain text into ciphered-text, which cannot be understood or altered easily by undesirable people. It can also be defined as the science that uses mathematics in data encryption and decryption operations. In this paper, we discuss several important algorithms used for the encryption and decryption of data in all fields, to make a comparative study for most important algorithms in terms of data security effectiveness, key size, complexity and time, etc. This research focused on different types of cryptography algorithms that are existing, like AES, DES, TDES, DSA, RSA, ECC, EEE and CR4…etc.

This article provides a general introduction to the subject of Cryptology, Crytography and Crytoanalysis and explains the terminology and the practical application of security techniques… In recorded History , technological innovations have revolutionized societies. The printing press is an often-cited example of the great impact one humble person's invention can have on ruling dynasties, world religions, and personal life.. Quantum encryption could rival Guttenberg's printing press in its impact. Cryptology has a fascinating History., In Warfare Cryptography is a broad, sticky, and mathematically complex, but interesting subject and an integral part of the evolution of warfare. So let's get some definitions out of the way first. Cryptology is the study of codes, both creating and solving them. Cryptography is the art of creating codes. Cryptanalysis is the art of surreptitiously revealing the contents of coded messages, breaking codes, that were not intended for you as a recipient.. Secondly, there are nomenclators and enciphers. Nomenclators are letters or numbers that represent words or phrases, like 103A means "meet me at 4PM". Ciphers are alphabetical letters or numbers that are encrypted using some sequential coding process and a key. For this essay, we will refer to both as codes. Also, enciphered, encrypted and encoded mean the same thing….Additionally, there is plain text. This is the original message that is readable and understandable, uncoded or unencrypted. Once it goes through the coding process and is encrypted, the output is readable but not understandable. There are a bunch of other terms like steganography, homophones, polyphones, digraphs, bigrams, and polygrams, but they are just variations of coding and decoding techniques. KEYWORDS Network Protocols, Mathematical Cryptology, encryption, decription 1. CRYPTOLOGY The study of cryptography and cryptanalysis. Cryptology is the mathematics, such as number theory, and the application of formulas and algorithms, that underpin cryptography and cryptanalysis. Since the cryptanalysis concepts are highly specialized and complex, we concentrate here only on some of the key mathematical concepts behind cryptography. cryptology is made up of cryptography and cryptanalysis. 1) Crytography-The art and science of making ciphers. Which concerns with the design of the cryptosystems and cryptography, is the actual securing, control, and identification of digital data. 2) Crytoanalysis-The art and science of breaking ciphers. In other words, the extraction of mm given cc, EE, DD, and possibly keke. which aims at studies relating to breaking of cryptosystems. cryptanalysis, is made up of all the attempts one might develop to undermine, circumvent, and/or break what the first part, cryptography, is attempting to accomplish. 3) Cryptosystems:-A particular suite of algorithms and protocols for encryption, decryption, and key generation. Examples: Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem, Rabin cryptosystem, Benaloh cryptosystem, RSA cryptosystem.

With the major advancements in the field of technology and electronics, one persistent obstacle has proven to be one of the major challenges, namely : Data Security. To get connected securely and quickly through the electronic data transfer through the web, the data should be encrypted. Encryption is the process of transforming plain text into ciphered-text, which cannot be understood or altered easily by undesirable people. It can also be defined as the science that uses mathematics in data encryption and decryption operations. In this paper, we discuss several important algorithms used for the encryption and decryption of data in all fields, to make a comparative study for most important algorithms in terms of data security effectiveness, key size, complexity and time, etc. This research focused on different types of cryptography algorithms that are existing, like AES, DES, TDES, DSA, RSA, ECC, EEE and CR4…etc.

With the increasing of the online applications and aggravation of dealing with official papers via the Internet that is send by images. It has become very necessary to add ways to make sure of the reliability of the transmitted image. The presented work is a design of algorithm for the integration and authentication of the image by adding it’s hash message authentication code (HMAC) of the original image after encryption code using triple DES to it. The proposed algorithm depends on applying the HMACSHA-512 for finding the 512-bit HMAC code of an input (secured and must be integrated) image, then encrypt the resultant hash code by 3DES algorithm , forming it as an icon (small) image and send the resultant image icon attached. The receiver will receive the original and icon image, he wants to insure that the original is integrated and authenticated, Therefore , the HMAC-SHA-512 will applied on the original, decrypt the icon image to obtain the hash code, then matching codes to check the integrity and make sure of the reliability of the transmitted image. Results proved high precision and reliable images whatever the size of the image slight change the image pixel affect the output code which increases the reliability of the image.

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NTRU is being considered as part of the NIST quantum resistant cryptography standard. While NIST has received substantial attention in the literature, more analysis is needed. This current study uses a unique approach. The team of researchers divided into-sub-teams. Each is using a separate analysis technique on NTRU. Then the diverse-sub-teams' work was brought together into a single cohesive statistical analysis to provide well-founded conclusions regarding NTRU.

The increase in number of smartphones and their applications generates new demands. Smartphones require a higher level of processing power and computation capability. Mobile devices use batteries so their capacity is limited and wireless connectivity also hinders the processing power. Thus, mobile devices being small tend to depend on the server-side support for larger computations and Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) becomes an emerging field. As mobile cloud computing and its security has become a major hurdle for its adaptability, we discuss the security environment and their issues in mobile cloud computing. We also talk about the diverse and emerging mobile cloud computing applications. Based on an analysis of existing trends, we propose a modified data encryption model for which can secure mobile cloud computing systems and environments efficiently. We conclude the paper by analyzing the advantages as well as limitations of the proposed model and comparing it with related models.

In computer networking, the Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique value associated with a network adapter. MAC addresses are also known as hardware addresses or physical addresses. TCP/IP and other mainstream networking architectures generally adopt the OSI model. MAC addresses function at the data link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model). They allow computers to uniquely identify themselves on a network at this relatively low level. In this paper, suggested data encryption technique is presented by using the MAC address as a key that is used to authenticate the receiver device like PC, mobile phone, laptop or any other devices that is connected to the network. This technique was tested on some data, visual and numerical measurements were used to check the strength and performance of the technique. The experiments showed that the suggested technique can be used easily to encrypt data that is transmitted through networks.

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This study presents a new alternative of steganalysis method in order to detect hidden messages in text steganalysis called Evolution Detection Steganalysis System (EDSS) based on the evolution algorithm approach under Java Genetic Algorithms Package (JGAP). The result of the EDSS can be divided into two groups based on fitness values which are good fitness and bad fitness. Hopefully, this study can produce a good idea to other researchers for understanding the text steganalysis in order to develop a steganalysis system that can contribute a better performance in other domains.

In this paper, an efficient and scalable technique for computer network security is presented. On one hand, the decryption scheme and the public key creation used in this work are based on a multi-layer neural network that is trained by backpropagation learning algorithm. On the other hand, the encryption scheme and the private key creation process are based on Boolean

In this paper we encrypt textual data with symmetric key cryptography based on irrational numbers, an improved scheme that enhances the randomness of sub-Key is proposed, in which the permutation is controlled by irrational number. DES (the Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher developed by IBM. The algorithm uses a 56-bit key to encipher/decipher a 64-bit block of data. The key is always presented as a 64-bit block, every 8th bit of which is ignored. However, it is usual to set each 8th bit so that each group of 8 bits has an odd number of bits set to 1. DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a cryptographic standard. However, the applications of it are limited because of the small key space.

The concept of sharing of personal health data over cloud storage in a healthcare-cyber physical system has become popular in recent times as it improves access quality. The privacy of health data can only be preserved by keeping it in an encrypted form, but it affects usability and flexibility in terms of effective search. Attribute-based searchable encryption (ABSE) has proven its worth by providing fine-grained searching capabilities in the shared cloud storage. However, it is not practical to apply this scheme to the devices with limited resources and storage capacity because a typical ABSE involves serious computations. In a healthcare cloud-based cyber-physical system (CCPS), the data is often collected by resource-constraint devices; therefore, here also, we cannot directly apply ABSE schemes. In the proposed work, the inherent computational cost of the ABSE scheme is managed by executing the computationally intensive tasks of a typical ABSE scheme on the blockchain network. Thus, it makes the proposed scheme suitable for online storage and retrieval of personal health data in a typical CCPS. With the assistance of blockchain technology, the proposed scheme offers two main benefits. First, it is free from a trusted authority, which makes it genuinely decentralized and free from a single point of failure. Second, it is computationally efficient because the computational load is now distributed among the consensus nodes in the blockchain network. Specifically, the task of initializing the system, which is considered the most computationally intensive, and the task of partial search token generation, which is considered as the most frequent operation, is now the responsibility of the consensus nodes. This eliminates the need of the trusted authority and reduces the burden of data users, respectively. Further, in comparison to existing decentralized fine-grained searchable encryption schemes, the proposed scheme has achieved a significant reduction in storage and computational cost for the secret key associated with users. It has been verified both theoretically and practically in the performance analysis section.

This paper presents a novel authentication and encryption method for an RFID system. In this paper, DES (Data Encryption Standard), algorithm will be used to encrypt and verify accuracy data within an RFID tag. The new DES algorithm use permutation box with assigned a permutation pattern keeps changing in time. The proposed technique increase the difficulties for any hackers behave. The proposed algorithm measured and evaluated the time to read/write encrypted data and compared that with the time to read/write unencrypted data. Also, this study measured and analyzed the effect of encryption, on the accuracy of the read/write function in an RFID infrastructure. Experimental results show that proposed method has more efficient performance with the encryption data group, since the encryption time is less than 1 ms, it is negligible compared to the transmission time. KEYWORDS