Eco-Industrial Parks

Есть много различий между частными и общественными индустриальными парками-маркетинговая часть у частных обычно организована лучше, чем у публичных. Но публичные парки не меньше частных нуждаются в маркетинговых стратегиях. Маркетинговые действия для эко-индустриальных парков часто недооцениваются, тогда как четкий стратегический маркетинговый подход крайне важен и цели устойчивого развития парка должны подчиняться маркетинговым целям. При этом они должны соответствовать региональной политике, не идти с ними вразрез. Маркетинговая активность может проводиться как непосредственно менеджерами парка, так и может быть делегирована специальным организационным подразделениям. План действий при правильной маркетинговой политики:

This new edition of the Handbook for Development of Eco-Industrial Parks presents a comprehensive means of applying Cleaner Production and Industrial Ecology in Asian developing countries. It is still relevant to EIP projects in other regions, including the USA and Europe.
The Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) concept and methods enable real estate developers, industrialists, policy makers, regulators, investors, and communities to collaborate in the vital search for sustainable development.

An eco-industrial park is a set of businesses that share resources in  order  to  increase  profitability  and  reduce  environmental impact.  The  implementation  of  eco-industrial  parks  may significantly  contribute  to  the  creation  of  a  sustainable economy. Despite this prospect, the actual development of ecoindustrial  parks  is  challenging,  as  a  variety of factors must be considered.  Not  only  technical,  economic,  and  environmental factors  are  relevant  but  numerous  stakeholder  relationships as well,  such  as  between  firms,  governmental  bodies,  and  local communities. This paper presents a conceptual framework that is used  to  capture  these  diverse  aspects  and  the  relationships between them. The Unified Modeling Language (UML)  is used for  modeling  its  concepts  and  relationships.  First,  based  on  a literature  survey,  relevant  concepts  of  eco-industrial  parks  are identified.  One  central  concept  is  “industrial  symbiosis”.  A novel  value-based  interpretation  of  industrial  symbiosis  is
presented.  Second,  the  park’s  economic,  local  and  regional
development  context,  as  well  as  its  internal  technical
components  and  their  relationships  are  modeled.  Finally,  the framework  is  used for modeling  a concrete eco-industrial park, in this case part of the Kalundborg eco-industrial park.

In the spring of 2008, the Golden Leaf Foundation supported a study to examine the feasibility of developing a “green” industrial park in Camden County, North Carolina. This project, administered by the Institute for the Environment (IE) of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), was designed to provide information to local leaders that would enable them to: 1) attract industries to Camden County, bringing new jobs and linking the County’s economic activity to the vibrant economy of the region; 2) provide state, regional and national examples of best practices in the design, development and operation of green industrial parks and supporting services; and 3) stimulate the development of related economic activities such as mixed-use residential and commercial development, and ecotourism and its associated development, that could draw on the attraction of a green industrial park.
Research was conducted by UNC teams focused in three areas—environmental quality, business opportunities/regional development, and governance/finance. In addition, a community engagement team focused on determining the interests and concerns of a full range of potential stakeholders for a green industrial park in Camden County. To solicit input, the study team interviewed 39 local leaders and residents, held a local planning session, and conducted a local, half-day workshop. Over 30 community members representing various stakeholder groups in the County participated in the workshop and collectively guided the feasibility analysis, as well as identified resources that might be used in the development of a future industrial park. Results of all project activities are summarized here and presented in detail in the attached report.

Circular Economy identifies a set of practices that could reduce the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources, thus contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions in order to limit the rise in average terrestrial temperature as set by the
COP21 Conference in Paris. Circularity metrics are useful for empirically assessing the
degree of circularity in specific products, eco-industrial parks, cities and even nations.
In this paper, a method based on material flow analysis, the Ellen McArthur Foundation
Material Circularity Index (MCI), is applied to the production of an intermediate product, elastomer, an elastic polymer which constitutes the basic chemical component of synthetic rubber used mainly in tyres. The circularity of the elastomer production cycle of an Italian industry, Versalis S.p.A., is assessed. Some suggestions on how to increase it are discussed and quantified, in particular through the contribution of biobased materials. The present Material Circularity Index value is determined to be 0.23 in a 0-to-1 scale. The introduction of bio-based materials could increase this value up to about 0.66.
Limits are identified in the loss of material due to treat wearing.

This article examines the concept of ‘circular economy’ by looking at its effects on recycling activities in China, in particular through the lens of e-waste or DEEE (discarded electrical and electronic equipment). It focuses on a case study of the recent changes in the globally notorious DEEE recycling hub of Guiyu since plans for the construction of a ‘circular economy industrial park’ unfolded. Drawing on fieldwork carried out by the authors annually since 2012, the article points to the highly disruptive character of changes operated by the Chinese state in the name of increased circularity. After more than two decades of severe pollution, environmental betterment in Guiyu was long overdue. But it came at a high price: a marked business slowdown that forced the majority of workshops to close down. As activities and discards started concentrating in the park, so did profits in the hands of the local elite. This leads us to argue that the circular economy in China, which is ostensibly about improving resource efficiency, can in practice have more to do with controlling who benefits economically from recycling activities.

Os parques eco-industriais (EIP) são o
resultado do Programa de Demonstração
Nacional de EIPs, uma iniciativa para
conter a disseminação de zonas de
desenvolvimento industrial que se
tornaram “paraísos da poluição” na China,
já que o setor industrial é responsável pela
maior parte do consumo de energia e das
emissões de carbono. Como as políticas de
desenvolvimento industrial verde
evoluíram na China? Em que medida o
programa EIP serve de modelo para a
China como um todo? Para responder
essas perguntas, o presente estudo analisa
o desenvolvimento dos EIPs na China e o
ciclo da sua política, tendo como estudo de
caso o Parque Industrial de Suzhou (SIP).
Além da localização privilegiada, o SIP
também conta com infraestrutura
adaptada para o desenvolvimento verde e
consenso sobre sua implementação. É
difícil replicar o modelo do SIP, mas
outras regiões devem tomá-lo como
exemplo e projetar políticas eficazes
próprias para a transição eco-industrial.

The ecologically efficient transformation of natural resources into economic output is a critical pathway to achieve urban and industrial sustainability. Eco-efficiency approach offers an effective tool to uncover both the status and trends of such a transformation. This paper applied a modified eco-efficiency approach in combination with data envelopment analysis, to analyze the sustainability transition of Ulsan metropolis, Korea, under a fifteen years' promotion (2000e2015) of eco-industrial development (EID). In the design for analysis, eco-efficiency change e both at industrial park level and the regional level e was investigated to analyze whether eco-efficiency improvements at the park level coincide with those at the regional level. Our main findings were highlighted as: At the regional level, from 2000 to 2015, eco-efficiency of industrial waste generation and energy use has improved by 35.0% and 21.4%, respectively, driven by a significant reduction in waste and energy intensities attributable to technological improvements ventative and regenerative approach to improve eco-efficiency at the regional and industrial park level, enlightening other regional and local initiatives towards urban sustainability.

Greece represents a very peculiar case of industrial development due to a series of historical evolutions. Hence, the present paper aims to discuss the shift from the unregulated and unplanned spatial development paradigm of productive activities to the one of modern “Business parks” (hereinafter BPs), expected to adapt to international standards the location and function of industrial activity, in the Greek territory. Inherent problems and constraints hampering the modernization of industrial development are presented and specific policy recommendations are formulated, with the aim of embedding the industrial parks in sustainable territorial development. This is done through a four-step methodology including (a) an inventory of BPs from the international milieu and the review of current trends in view of the green transition, (b) an analysis of the effects of Greek regulations on the development of the so-called “Organized Receptors of Manufacturing and Business Activities” (OYMEDs...

The main objective of this paper is a deeper analysis of the eco-innovation and eco-innovation parks potential to play a decisive and major role in the transition to a green economy in the European Union and in Romania, by implementing industrial symbiosis as a high form of circular economy. Therefore are analyzed some characteristics and relationships featuring the green economy, focusing on the concepts of circular economy, eco-innovation, eco-industrial parks, resource efficiency, industrial synergy. Special attention will be given to the concept of circular economy, as one of the revolutionary paradigms of sustainable economic development and a priority of the EU policy agenda. By emphasizing the features of the eco-innovation parks (EInvP) and their importance, there are highlighted some economic, ecologic and social advantages of restructuring and turning the economy and industry into a resource-efficient path, since this will bring increased competitiveness and better managem...

Greece represents a very peculiar case of industrial development due to a series of historical evolutions. Hence, the present paper aims to discuss the shift from the unregulated and unplanned spatial development paradigm of productive activities to the one of modern “Business parks” (hereinafter BPs), expected to adapt to international standards the location and function of industrial activity, in the Greek territory. Inherent problems and constraints hampering the modernization of industrial development are presented and specific policy recommendations are formulated, with the aim of embedding the industrial parks in sustainable territorial development. This is done through a four-step methodology including (a) an inventory of BPs from the international milieu and the review of current trends in view of the green transition, (b) an analysis of the effects of Greek regulations on the development of the so-called “Organized Receptors of Manufacturing and Business Activities” (OYMEDs...

Industrial symbiosis can be understood as the substitution of new resources used in an industrial process by another resource that would otherwise be discarded. Industrial symbiosis can thereby create new revenue streams and at the same time reduce environmental impact. The initial step in creating an industrial symbiosis is the identification of potential substation relationships between production plants. This step is challenging, as information about the companies is often not available. Several software tools have been developed in order to identify potential symbiosis opportunities. However, these tools have the shortcoming that they require extensive data input from companies owning the production plants. This requirement limits the number of companies for which symbiosis opportunities are identified. In this paper, we propose a data-driven methodology for identifying industrial symbiosis and generating eco-industrial park architectures. The methodology is based on meta-models of industrial plants for identifying plant attributes for certain types of plants, correlations that estimate the rough amount of resource supply and demand of a plant, and a rule-based system that identifies symbiosis opportunities based on knowledge from successful symbioses. Based on the symbiosis opportunities, approach generates eco-industrial park architectures that are optimal in terms of economic and environmental performance. Finally, we apply the methodology to a case study of the existing Kalundborg eco-industrial park to evaluate if the methodology is capable of finding existing symbioses. We conclude that the methodology can be applied to screening industrial zones with standard types of industrial plants. However, the results depend on the types of existing industrial plant meta-models in the database. Future work will focus on extending the data and knowledge base; and validating the methodology by its application to other existing eco-industrial parks. INTRODUCTION An industrial park can be defined as a set of businesses within a specific geographic area which share resources and thereby increase profitability, reduce environmental impact, and improve social performance (Lowe, 2001). An industrial symbiosis can be defined as " a flow of underutilised resource(s) (comprising substances and/or objects and/or energy), from an entity which would otherwise discard them, to another entity which uses them as a substitute for new resources. " (Deutz, 2014) An example for an industrial symbiosis is the use of waste cooling water from a refinery as cooling water for a power plant, depicted in Fig. 1 adapted from (Gertler, 1995). Without this symbiosis, the power plant would use more expensive surface water from a lake. The refinery saves the cost of constructing waste water treatment facilities and receives revenues for the waste water. The underutilized resource is therefore waste water. Without the symbiosis, it would be discarded and not further used. The power plant would use a new resource, the lake water. By establishing an industrial symbiosis, both symbiosis partners save costs and resources.

Greece represents a very peculiar case of industrial development due to a series of historical evolutions. Hence, the present paper aims to discuss the shift from the unregulated and unplanned spatial development paradigm of productive activities to the one of modern “Business parks” (hereinafter BPs), expected to adapt to international standards the location and function of industrial activity, in the Greek territory. Inherent problems and constraints hampering the modernization of industrial development are presented and specific policy recommendations are formulated, with the aim of embedding the industrial parks in sustainable territorial development. This is done through a four-step methodology including (a) an inventory of BPs from the international milieu and the review of current trends in view of the green transition, (b) an analysis of the effects of Greek regulations on the development of the so-called “Organized Receptors of Manufacturing and Business Activities” (OYMEDs...

Today, industry is under constant pressure to increase competitiveness and resource-efficiency. One possibility to cope with these challenges is industrial symbiosis. Industrial symbiosis is based on substituting a new resource by an undervalued resource such as waste. Thereby, industrial symbiosis reduces waste and saves resources. One of the practical challenges in developing industrial symbioses is the identification of symbiosis opportunities. In particular, the question how “new resource – substitute” combinations can be identified has not yet been addressed in the literature. This paper presents a modeling approach for industrial symbioses in industrial parks, based on design structure matrices (DSM), which intends to support the identification of substitution opportunities. The approach is applied to a sample industrial park. Combined with an optimization algorithm, the symbiosis model is used for identifying not only symbiosis opportunities but also the most attractive combination(s) of symbioses within the industrial park.