Petrochemical industry

Nowadays, decreasing the amount of natural resources and increasing the price of it, motivates to consider energy conservation as a main concern of many process industries, especially oil, refinery and petrochemical plants.
Pinch Analysis (PA) is a powerful method for identifying and selecting technical solution to improve efficiencies and provide an optimum procedure for energy saving.
This paper analyses, the effectiveness of applying PA to optimize energy consumption for a given set of process streams in a Petrochemical Company in Iran. In this study, firstly, the interested process streams have been selected, maximum heating and cooling load are computed, and then composite curves have been drawn - by Matlab code - which provides a visual profile of the availability of heating or cooling from the process streams. Secondly, the cost of recovered heat is computed in terms of fuel saving, which confirms applying PA could save significant amount of fuel expenses for the company. Finally, the corresponded Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) has been designed, and the investment costs for heat exchangers have been computed in order to find out payback time of the investment costs which is approximately 17 months for this case study.

An extensive background overview on the use of agricultural residues (wastes) for production of paper, board, binderless board, energy, different types of fuels by pyrolysis (solid, liquid and gaseous fuel), many petrochemicals substitutes, charcoal (activated carbon), dissolving pulps and rayon. It includes both scientific and industrial data, case studies, current status, sustainability of paper and sugar industries, green nanotechnology, and future prospects.
Keywords: Agricultural Residues (Wastes); Paper and Board manufacture; Sustainability of Paper and Sugar Industries; Green Nanotechnology; Future Prospects

A number of countries have recently discovered and are developing oil and gas reserves. Policy makers in such countries are anxious to obtain the greatest benefits for their economies from the extraction of these exhaustible resources by designing appropriate policies to achieve desired goals. One important theme of such policies is the so-called local content created by the sector—the extent to which the output of the extractive industry sector generates further benefits to the economy beyond the direct contribution of its value-added, through its links to other sectors. The use of industrial policy in the petroleum sector to support broad-based economic growth is hardly a new trend in the oil and gas sector. Local content policies (LCPs) were first introduced in the North Sea in the early 1970s and ranged from restrictions on imports to direct state intervention in the oil sector. Over time the aim of LCPs has evolved from creating backward links (that is, supplying input to the local economy through transfer of technology, the generation of value-added in domestic supply sectors, the creation of local employment opportunities, and increasing local ownership and control) to creating forward links link (that is, processing the sector’s output prior to export through, for example, the establishment of refineries, petrochemical industry, and the production of fertilizers). While LCPs have the potential to stimulate broad-based economic development, which is necessary to alleviate poverty and achieve the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), their application in petroleum-rich countries has achieved mixed results. The use of specialized inputs and the technological complexity of the petroleum sector often limit the possibility of developing backward and forward links into the local economy. An economy that is very limited can hardly be expected to quickly supply services (let alone build forward links). A fast-growing petroleum sector coupled with too ambitious local content targets may exacerbate supply bottlenecks arising from increased aggregate final demand. This would ultimately affect employment and output trends in other sectors of the economy, create distortions and inefficiencies, and in some cases even promote corruption. Furthermore, the size and location of petroleum projects also affect the type of potential links, and the speed at which they can efficiently develop. The use of LCPs raises a number of questions:

What exactly is “local content”?
What is the extent of local content in the oil and gas sectors?
Why is increasing local content good for development?
What types of policies can be used to encourage an increase in local content?
What are the costs and benefits of introducing such policies?
How can the implementation of such policies be monitored and how can their impacts be measured?
What are the lessons to be learned from oil- and gas-producing countries that have implemented policies to increase local content?
This study serves to introduce the topic by describing policies and practices meant to foster the development of economic links from the petroleum sector, as adopted by a number of petroleum-producing countries both in and outside the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).