Ecopath

Analizar críticamente al creciente problema del consumismo como una práctica humana contraria a la racionalidad y a la sustentabilidad, difundiendo algunas ideas exitosas utilizadas y proponiendo otras nuevas para contrarrestarlo: es el objetivo de esta investigación de tinte filosófico, realizada mediante revisión de literatura, la casuística y la aplicación de métodos propios de la lógica y de la hermenéutica. El trabajo  recurrió a la analogía crítica y a la ironía con el fin de mostrar las irracionalidades o errores en los que los seres humanos caen en relación al consumismo, en especial con prácticas como la obsolescencia programada, el materialismo, el inmediatismo consumista y el deseo de lucro desmedido. Se analizó, asimismo, cómo el consumismo se ha convertido en una especie de culto moderno. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se propusieron alternativas válidas: el consumerismo, la actuación desde el conocimiento de los ciclos de vida de los productos, la práctica de las 6R o 7R, y la ecopaz o paz Gaia, es decir una mejor relación con la Naturaleza.

Three Ghanaian reservoirs (Tono, Bontanga and Golinga) were compared through a food web modelling approach (Ecopath with Ecosim) to assess production characteristics and food web structures. The lakes differ in size and morphology, generating specific conditions for fish growth and production. While the two top fishery target species were Sarotherodon galilaeus (L.) and Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in all reservoirs, the mean trophic level of the catch was lowest in the largest and deepest reservoir (Tono) due to higher trophic level species occupying less accessible deep “refuge” habitats. The smallest lake had the highest fish production under optimal conditions of water supply (17.1 compared with 15.5 and 10.1 t/km2/year for lakes Bontanga and Tono), but it appears to be most vulnerable under conditions of drought. For the planning and construction of adequately sized reservoirs used for fishery and irrigation purposes, the water budget (ratio of inflow and evaporation) needs to be estimated.

A mass balanced ecosystem model was constructed for Vellayani freshwater lake in India using Ecopath with Ecosim software. Both grazing and detrital food chains were found to be equally important. Highest omnivory index was recorded for the Indian major carps, stocked recently, indicating their effective utilization of the available niches. The ecological efficiency of the Vellayani Lake was found to be low, attributed to the lower ecotrophic efficiencies of primary producers and detritus. Quantification of Odum's attributes of ecosystem maturity showed immaturity of the lake system, which is still in development phase. Energy transfer efficiency of the lake was relatively high, which may be due to higher fishery activity on lower trophic levels, indicating fishing down the food web phenomenon. Mixed trophic impact analysis showed strong positive impact of primary producers on most of the other groups at higher trophic levels. Relatively lower overhead value obtained suggested that the lake is less resistant to perturbations including anthropogenic interferences. The present study forms a basis for future research on the changing trophic interactions within the lake in light of recent experimental introduction of Indian major carps for enhancing fish stock.

Three Ghanaian reservoirs (Tono, Bontanga and Golinga) were compared through a food web modelling approach (Ecopath with Ecosim) to assess production characteristics and food web structures. The lakes differ in size and morphology, generating specific conditions for fish growth and production. While the two top fishery target species were Sarotherodon galilaeus (L.) and Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in all reservoirs, the mean trophic level of the catch was lowest in the largest and deepest reservoir (Tono) due to higher trophic level species occupying less accessible deep “refuge” habitats. The smallest lake had the highest fish production under optimal conditions of water supply (17.1 compared with 15.5 and 10.1 t/km2/year for lakes Bontanga and Tono), but it appears to be most vulnerable under conditions of drought. For the planning and construction of adequately sized reservoirs used for fishery and irrigation purposes, the water budget (ratio of inflow and evaporation) needs to be estimated.

If justice is an orderly relationship between different elements of society, it is conspicuously lacking in Canada's east and west coast fisheries. Creative justice is seen as a means and process to facilitate communication and information-sharing between different knowledge systems represented by the traditional knowledge of Aboriginal and long-standing fishing communities, such as east coast outports. Distributive justice, manifested as genuine partnerships in stewardship and the perception of fairness in allocation, is the desired outcome. The chapter traces the changing pattern of resource ownership in the light of our changing relationship with the sea, which has been, throughout human existence, a metaphor for vastness, terror, fecundity, and the unknown. We now have to come to terms with a depleted ocean and the fact that fishers and other interests, although not natural enemies, have been forced into an adversarial relationship. A new collaborative process called "Back to the Future" is described that combines science, the traditional knowledge of Aboriginal peoples, information from commercial fishers, history, and archaeology to reconstruct ecosystems as they might have been prior to depletion by modern industrial fishing. Analysis of the ecological, social, and economic benefits of restoration to some level of this "forgotten abundance" then serves as the incentive to adopt restoration rather than sustainability as the goal and to replace old hierarchies with a new collaborative relationship among fishers, scientists, and government.

Why are marine species where they are? The scientific community is faced with an urgent need to understand aquatic ecosystem dynamics in the context of global change. This requires development of scientific tools with the capability to predict how biodiversity, natural resources, and ecosystem services will change in response to stressors such as climate change and further expansion of fishing. Species distribution models and ecosystem models are two methodologies that are being developed to further this understanding. To date, these methodologies offer limited capabilities to work jointly to produce integrated assessments that take both food web dynamics and spatial-temporal environmental variability into account. We here present a new habitat capacity model as an implementation of the spatial-temporal model Ecospace of the Ecopath with Ecosim approach. The new model offers the ability to drive foraging capacity of species from the cumulative impacts of multiple physical, oceanographic, and environmental factors such as depth, bottom type, temperature, salinity, oxygen concentrations, and so on. We use a simulation modeling procedure to evaluate sampling characteristics of the new habitat capacity model. This development bridges the gap between envelope environmental models and classic ecosystem food web models, progressing toward the ability to predict changes in marine ecosystems under scenarios of global change and explicitly taking food web direct and indirect interactions into account.

<p>Trophic spectra on the dependency of the Mauritanian EEZ ecosystem to the Banc d’Arguin: A. proportion of the production originating directly or indirectly from the Banc; B. portion of the biomass by level of dependency of the various Ecopath groups to the Banc; C. current fishing mortalities (year<sup>−1</sup>) for these groups (B and C are referring to the base model only).</p

A trophic structure model of the rocky coastal ecosystem in Bahia Tortugas, Mexico was constructed using Ecopath software to represent the main biomass flows in the system. Data for the model came from field observations (biomass estimates, stomach contents, and ecological observations for sea snails, abalones, lobster, some demersal finfishes, and macroalgae) carried out through ten field trips from 2006 to 2008. The results provide a snapshot of how the ecosystem operates. The model considers 23 functional groups. The ...

Aim A large body of knowledge exists on individual anthropogenic threats that have an impact on marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, although we know little about how these threats accumulate and interact to affect marine species and ecosystems. In this context, we aimed to identify the main areas where the interaction between marine biodiversity and threats is more pronounced and to assess their spatial overlap with current marine protected areas in the Mediterranean.

Structural and functional changes in a sandy beach ecosystem in the southwestern Atlantic (Barra del Chuy, Uruguay) were assessed by contrasting four Ecopath trophic models and performing temporal dynamic simulations using Ecosim. Each model (1982, 1989, 1996 and 2012) represents a historical period of a clam fishery in which regulatory structure, management tools and resource status varied substantially. The results showed that this land-ocean interface experienced significant changes reflected at the population and ecosystem levels, owing to a combined effect of fishing and climate variability. Most system biomass (excluding phytoplankton and detritus) consisted of benthic invertebrates. Phytoplankton increased significantly over time, whereas the biomass of benthic macrofaunal components varied among the periods due to bottom-up processes, mass mortalities of the harvested clams and fishing intensity. Major fishing impacts on the targeted clam and mass mortalities occurred concur...

An ecotrophic model of the neritic ecosystem of southern Brazil was developed and some strategies for elasmobranch fishes exploitation were analyzed using Ecopath with Ecosim. Fisheries policy optimization analysis showed that the elasmobranchs are badly affected by almost all fishing fleets, thus management and conservation actions must take this fact into account. The dynamic simulations showed that applying Maximum Sustainable Yield fishing strategies to several species (multi-species MSY) would cause the decrease in abundance of top predators, including some elasmobranchs groups, although the simulated changes were not as dramatic as we expected. The model analysis also revealed that the available data on biomass and on exploitation need to be reviewed and new studies must be conducted in order to assess the state of these elasmobranch populations in the area. Resumo. Explorando estratégias de RMS para peixes elasmobrânquios desde uma perspectiva ecossistêmica. Foi construído um...

Aim A large body of knowledge exists on individual anthropogenic threats that have an impact on marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, although we know little about how these threats accumulate and interact to affect marine species and ecosystems. In this context, we aimed to identify the main areas where the interaction between marine biodiversity and threats is more pronounced and to assess their spatial overlap with current marine protected areas in the Mediterranean.

So it seems that the case of social and technological structure and scientific discovery is a case of emergence.-I think that Prigozine had made some investigations over the subject of bonds and chaos and emergence-can not stick my case in Prigozines memory though. If social structures are from the random movements of the systems atomics, to convergence and after that stability, then a social structure is an emergent property born form randomness and holding more energy-and complexity than the random order. Of course I am pro bono for the random order belonging to atomics, but as atomics are not longer atomics, since every condition is shared in the system, and most of the atomics, such as thought, (language) and shape (ex. human) is also shared, the consistency to pre atomics, and of order born from the atomics regulations in complexity and emergence and energy held in the bonds which form the social structure, would go for the social structure correct regulation since pre atomics is much harder to investigate. \ Cops do so My guess though is that as pre atomics have given shape to atomics, so the regulations of systems and forms is similar, so it seems that complexity chaos emergence and convergence and stability is the regulation. While chaos seems to be rulling the whole game, the understructure where stability is its oscillation. Is it? It seems that thought has also similar process in its regulation of discovery, it goes steadily into convergence from thoughts, as thoughts are given in a discreet series, and empty positions are filled for the order to be complete and a discovery to be made. What kind of discovery? The problem of history and plane investigation, as to our arrival in this plane and of the form we occupy, is a non-linear problem, as our position of the now needs through to learn of the position of the before, while the now is a position which is created by the before. That is a full non-linearity, of course for us who investigate systems, truth-false and non-linearities-analytics, having knowledge of and investigating area after area. Might there be a broken symmetry or can there be a broken structure which is symmetric, already there are bonds that regulate atomics and structure formation. Assymetry and bonds might seem as the results of a broken structure which functioned. Irregular and irrational.\ The thought of this is the system as machine being broken and each part being now self regulated, is the opposite of the emergence-)catastrophy. If such a whole was a operational what it was meant for, when it was created? Similar are the problems of a universe beginning and of God and of soul. Downward causality-Whole broken Upward causality-Chaos into stability and emergence Whole broken-emergence of time, separate forms, to reestablish whole again-other order of whole. Chaos as timeless and of time, breeding creation. Since the forms and the bonds already are, there final questions can not be reached but only can converge to the series of information input and the investigation of the bonds unit and reality. For the time being the writer uses, meta bonds, further from the original practice and belief of system scientists and investigates on the existence, formations, usage and stability of these bonds, following its,his own instinct, divergent or convergent, from applications on unity principle theory, which as the previous research has held is a fact. In a way the question of the universe, God, soul, are differentials each leading to a different integrity of answers. Chaos, and Whole, deal with the reasoning of Universe and God, while the soul as premises is still under explication and wonder into analytical description. So the universe is seen under the premises of chaos creation, or the whole of Godlike splitting demise, whereas the soul fathom can at the time being be ventured only as to the sum of C or G cases, and S as primal beginning formation is theoretically unstudied.

An ecotrophic model of the neritic ecosystem of southern Brazil was developed and some strategies for elasmobranch fishes exploitation were analyzed using Ecopath with Ecosim. Fisheries policy optimization analysis showed that the elasmobranchs are badly affected by almost all fishing fleets, thus management and conservation actions must take this fact into account. The dynamic simulations showed that applying Maximum Sustainable Yield fishing strategies to several species (multi-species MSY) would cause the decrease in abundance of top predators, including some elasmobranchs groups, although the simulated changes were not as dramatic as we expected. The model analysis also revealed that the available data on biomass and on exploitation need to be reviewed and new studies must be conducted in order to assess the state of these elasmobranch populations in the area. Resumo. Explorando estratégias de RMS para peixes elasmobrânquios desde uma perspectiva ecossistêmica. Foi construído um...

... available We thank the L supporting this. M Villy Christensen, Joe Buszowski, Robyn Forrest, Fang Gao, Carie Hoover, Joe Hui, Sherman Lai, Jeroen Steenbeek, William Walters and Carl Walters Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia Images courtesy of SCS software. ...