Education and social sciences

This study investigates the impact of �five determinants of the rewards system on employee's motivation in the context of private schools. A sample of 310 respondents is drawn from the private school teachers of Karachi. The rewards system was measured through �ve independent variables including salary o�ffered, recognition, promotion, working content, and working conditions. By using exploratory factor and regression analyses, the results show that except salary o�er, rests of the four variables have been found statistically signifi�cant to predict teacher's motivation. However, the recognition of eff�orts followed by working conditions have revealed the greatest impact on teacher's motivation. Thus, the management of the private schools should not only recognize the e�fforts of their teaching staff� but also concentrate on revising and enriching their working conditions to increase their level of motivation. A major contribution of this paper from the theoretical point...

Human fears may lead to anxiety and students’ extreme fear to socialize may be leading to social
anxiety disorder (SAD). The main goal of this study is to identify and explain the prospective socio-phobic
experiences of students in Baruya High School, Lubao, Pampanga during the School Year 2013-2014. The
researcher utilized the mixed method of research, quota sampling technique, standardized inventory test, surveyquestionnaire,
documentary analysis, structured interview, and observation to gather all the needed data to
complete the study. The data gathered were processed using the PASW Statistics 18 and interpreted using
weighted mean, percentage, frequency counts, ANOVA, Independent Samples T-test, and Pearson (r). The
researcher concluded that there is no significant relationship on the profile of the students, their type of social
phobia and socio-phobic experiences, except on the significant relationship existed between specific type of
social phobia and the profiles of sex and GPA and between social phobia experienced and the specific type of
social phobia. Moreover, there is no significant relationship on the perception of the students and teachers in
relation to socio-phobic experiences and types of social phobia experienced, except on the significant
relationship existed on the generalized type of social phobia.

El Qhapaq Ñan o Sistema Vial Andino es un itinerario cultural declarado Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad en junio de 2014. Como parte de su sistema de gestión integral basado en la noción de "sumak kausay" o buen vivir, el equipo Qhapaq Ñan Colombia ha generado un plan de manejo en función del trabajo con comunidades locales en el departamento de Nariño, de la mano de un grupo de trabajo interdisciplinar. En el área educativa han desarrollado una propuesta innovadora de educación patrimonial llamada "Escuelas Qhapaq Ñan". A través de la etnografía multisituada es posible describir y analizar cómo funciona este proyecto, cómo asimilan el conocimiento los estudiantes y cuáles son las posibilidades y limitaciones de la educación patrimonial en contextos escolares. Se verá que los resultados van mucho más allá de los niños y niñas a quienes va dirigido, y que más que exponer contenidos culturales al interior de las aulas de clase, se trabaja a favor del fortalecimiento de la identidad cultural de los habitantes del departamento de Nariño.

How to cite: Syroyid Syroyid, B. (2021). El síndrome de la cámara apagada y la participación en la docencia telemática: Beneficios de las líneas de tiempo. En M. A. Martín López y C. Soria Rodríguez (Eds.) Cuestiones transversales en la innovación de la docencia y la investigación de las Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas (pp. 696-713). Dykinson (ISBN 978-84-1377-591-3).
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La pandemia del COVID-19 obligó a que una importante cantidad de estancias de investigación y docencia se vieran canceladas, pospuestas u obligadas a trasladarse a un formato telemático. La mayor parte de los estudios se muestran bastante optimista hacia el aumento de la presencia de las herramientas TIC en el aula y su consecuente impulso en la participación del alumnado. No obstante, la docencia telemática provocada por el COVID-19 también tiene sus retractores. El ordenador, las tablets y los smartphones son una fuente inagotable de distracciones, pasatiempos y entretenimientos. Si se desea que estos dispositivos se conviertan en herramientas de trabajo efectivas, se ha de producir un cambio de actitud radical con relación a cómo se utiliza internet y los dispositivos digitales. Además, la docencia telemática puede contribuir a que el aprendizaje se realice de forma más autónoma y aislada, al no existir un espacio físico colectivo, la clase. Un aspecto que adquirió bastante debate con la retransmisión de las clases mediante videollamada es el “síndrome de la cámara apagada” (Ledesma de Castro, 2020) o el fenómeno de la “pantalla oscura” (Palavecino, 2021). En otras palabras, un gran número de alumnos pueden estar conectados a la videollamada, pero prácticamente ninguno enciende su cámara.

The aim of the current study was to examine Swedish and Turkish teachers’ perspectives on values education. Qualitative interviews with 52 teachers were conducted and analyzed. Values education was mostly about compliance with societal values and norms. The learning goals or values in values education were mainly on how to treat others and on self-responsibility. Teachers did not take a critical approach. A main method of values education reported by the teachers was to be a good role model in everyday interactions with students. Values education was largely described as an everyday practice embedded in the stream of social interactions. Furthermore, an everyday language was used when the teachers described values and values education. There was a lack of professional knowledge in this domain.

Consultation is an important feature of research and, increasingly, researchers are required to work in partnership with stakeholders to increase the impact of their work. Our aim is to demonstrate what can be learned from the scholarship on, and practice of, member checking to facilitate productive knowledge exchange. Using dialogical analysis we explore three member check interactions from three different qualitative psychology projects focusing our analysis on difficult moments between researchers and participants conceptualised here as ‘sore spots’. We identify two major genres in these sequences: participant ambivalence and participant challenge. We then consider passages that allow us to explore a more theoretical understanding of these two genres in terms of the metaphor of portraits and mirrors. Overall, we outline how implicit epistemologies and theories of subjectivity (uncomplicated, blank, and complex) may be linked to the way in which stakeholders approach research. We also provide a map with regard to the theories within which member checks can be undertaken, associated research practices in terms of a range of researcher responses to stakeholder ambivalence and challenge, and implications of these moments for knowledge exchange for qualitative research but also for psychological science as a whole. We conclude that sore spots in knowledge exchange process can be productive opportunities of transformational validity.

Keywords: member check; knowledge exchange; research impact; dialogical analysis; participant validation

The purpose of this study was to establish how students’ family socio-economic status influenced their participation in public secondary schools in Siaya County. The researcher used mixed methods approach and descriptive data was collected. The target population was 21,017 comprised of 276 school principals, 6 subcounty directors of education and 20,735 form IV students with a sample size of 2,160. The researcher adopted stratified simple random sampling technique to get respondents from categories of the schools. Data collection instruments were questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. Both descriptive and inferential data analysis methods were used in analyzing data. The study findings established that students’ family socio-economic status had a significant influence on students’ participation in public secondary school in Siaya County. Introduction A home is a place where one lives permanently as a member of a family or household. According to Hawes & Plourdes ...

RESUMO: O artigo discute a inserção estratégica da educação a distância na educação básica. Aposta na formação docente a partir da relação educação, saúde e tecnologia. Vê a educação e a saúde como direitos, a educação como emancipação; a saúde como produção social e tema transversal à práxis pedagógica; e a tecnologia como recurso didático, ressaltando a visão crítica sobre sua não neutralidade ante as potencialidades, diferentes intencionalidades dos diferentes atores técnicos. Traz como base teórica a noção de educação cidadã segundo o pensamento de Paulo Freire, a produção social da saúde como a concebem Ana Laurel, Jaime Breilh e Juan Samaja e a tecnologia sob os olhares de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e Andrew Feenberg. Para concretizar a discussão apresenta o curso fruto da parceria instersetorial entre o Ministério da Saúde por meio da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz e a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal (CAPES)-Ministério da Educação a partir da qual localiza a reflexão na esfera pública. O trabalho destaca a tecnologia como recurso potencializador da aprendizagem, mas conclui que nela não pode residir as metas da formação. Um país onde as iniquidades ainda marcam a sociedade requer mais investimentos públicos na formação cidadã da população, presencial ou a distância. Palavras-chave: Tecnologia educacional, ensino da saúde, educação a distância, educação básica, políticas de saúde. ABSTRACT: The article discusses the strategic insertion of distance education in basic education. He emphasizes the teacher education based on the relationship between education, health and technology. He sees education and health as rights, education as emancipation; health as a social production and a transversal theme to pedagogical praxis; and technology as a didactic resource, emphasizing criticism about its non-neutrality in view of the potentialities and different intentionalities of the different technical actors. It brings as a theoretical basis the notion of citizen education according to the thought of Paulo Freire, the social production of health as conceived by Ana Laurel, Jaime Breilh and Juan Samaja and technology under the 1 Pesquisadora titular em Saúde Pública (aposentada), Doutora em Ciências em Sistemas Computacionais, Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica, Especialista em Planejamento e Gestão da EAD e MBA em Gestão do Conhecimento. 2 Pesquisadora em saúde pública da Escola Nacional de Saúde/ Fiocruz. Atua como docente e pesquisadora no grupo de pesquisa "Educação, Saúde e Cidadania" e Análise de determinantes biológicos e sociais das endemias".

A. Pendahuluan Pendidikan dan pelatihan (Diklat) adalah salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Salah satu tujuan utama dari diadakannya Diklat adalah untuk mengembangkan kemampuan intelektual dan kepribadian manusia. Diklat yang baik seharusnya mampu membawa perubahan pada peserta diklat terkait dengan sikap, tingkah laku, pengetahuan, dan skill yang diperlukan dalam menjalankan tugas dan tanggung jawabnya. Menurut Jan Bella yang dikutip oleh Hasibuan (2007 : 70) menyatakan bahwa pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan proses peningkatan keterampilan kerja baik teknis maupun manajerial. Pendidikan berorientasi pada teori, dilakukan di dalam kelas berlangsung lama sedangkan pelatihan berorientasi pada praktik. Salah satu model yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan sebuah diklat yaitu model ADDIE. Model ADDIE memiliki beberapa tahapan yaitu Analisis (Analysis), Desain (Design), Pengembangan (Development), Implementasi (Implementation), dan Evaluasi (Evaluation). Tahap analisis merupakan tahap awal dalam model pengembangan rancangan diklat model ADDIE. Tahap analisis ini perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan kebutuhan perusahaan atau instansi yang dapat dijawab melalui penyelenggaraan program Diklat. Karena salah satu masalah utama yang terjadi dalam perusahaan atau instansi sehingga butuh dilaksanakan diklat adalah adanya kesenjangan antara sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang ada dengan kebutuhan perusahaan atau instansi yang semakin berkembang. Kompetensi yang dimiliki SDM perusahaan atau instansi sudah tidak relevan dengan kebutuhan perusahaan/instansi tersebut. Maka dari itu, untuk merancang sebuah program diklat, perlu diawali dengan tahapan analisis agar dapat menentukan kompetensi yang tepat untuk dilatihkan kepada SDM perusahaan atau instansi melalui program Diklat. B. Pembahasan Analisis kebutuhan diklat atau Training Need Analysis (TNA) adalah menganalisis kebutuhan pengembangan pelatihan berdasarkan hasil analisis pada komponen lingkungan dilaksanakannya program. Menurut Alison Roselt (1982) training needs analysis adalah suatu studi sistematis terhadap suatu perubahan atau inovasi dengan cara mengumpulkan data, opini dari berbagai sumber guna mengambil keputusan yang efektif. Salah satu manfaat yang diperoleh setelah melakukan analisis kebutuhan diklat yaitu kegiatan diklat yang akan

Berdasarkan teras keenam Pelan Strategik Pengajian Tinggi Negara (PSPTN) iaitu membudayakan Pembelajaran Sepanjang Hayat (PSH) dengan meningkatkan mekanisme dan prasarana dalam menambah ilmu dan kemahiran mengikut kehendak masyarakat. Penyertaan pelajar pendidikan khas bersama guru Program Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (PPKI) sangat memberangsangkan kerana berlaku peningkatan permintaan saban tahun. Terdapat beberapa sekolah di Melaka yang mengikuti program PSH telah mengaplikasikan bidang keusahawanan di sekolah. Oleh itu, kajian dibuat bagi mendapatkan maklumbalas mengenai faedah PSH terhadap pengetahuan dan kemahiran, motivasi dan aspek keusahawanan. Fokus utama ialah mengenalpasti tren penglibatan pelajar dan guru dari tahun 2018 sehingga tahun 2020, mengenalpasti tahap pengetahuan dan kemahiran, motivasi dan penerapan keusahawanan. Populasi kajian terdiri daripada guru dan pelajar pendidikan khas dari lima buah sekolah iaitu SMK Datuk Bendahara, SMK Simpang Bekoh, SMK Seri Tanjung, SMK Pernu, dan SMK Durian Tunggal, Melaka. Seramai 130 orang sampel dipilih dan kajian berbentuk kuantitatif menggunakan soal selidik berbentuk skala likert 5 mata dan data sekunder sistem e-PSH. Dapatan kajian dianalisis menggunakan SPSS Version 23.0. Skala penilai mencatat kebolehpercayaan tinggi dengan nilai indeks sebanyak 0.856. Dapatan menunjukkan skor min bagi faedah PSH terhadap pengetahuan dan kemahiran serta motivasi diri di tahap tinggi dengan nilai min 4.000 – 5.000 manakala bagi kemahiran keusahawanan berada pada tahap sederhana tinggi iaitu 3.500 – 4.300. Analisis hubungan korelasi program PSH yang pernah disertai dengan peningkatan kemahiran keusahawanan menunjukkan hubungan signifikan melebihi 0.05. JPKK dan pihak kolej perlu mengambil pendekatan dalam meningkatkan kemahiran teknikal pensyarah yang mengajar khususnya dengan menyediakan lebih banyak kursus dan latihan. Program PSH membantu meluaskan jaringan sosial antara warga OKU dan masyarakat telah memberi pulangan kepada KKSL dari aspek jaringan dan kerjasama dengan komuniti. Kesimpulannya, program PSH berupaya meningkatkan kapasiti bakat selain menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan golongan OKU. Kemahiran yang diperolehi membantu dalam menambah sumber pendapatan dan mengurangkan kebergantungan dalam meneruskan kehidupan di masa akan datang.

Kata kunci: pendidikan khas, pengetahuan dan kemahiran, kemahiran keusahawanan

This article presents a proposal for the implementation of didactic itineraries in the Spanish curricula from the perspective of the cultural heritage. The teaching and learning of the cultural heritage can be approached through the use of an active and participative methodology such as didactic itineraries. It is essential to know the evolution of these in the Spanish curricula and to analyse the current legislation in educational matters in order to propose the programming of didactic itineraries from the current perspective. Based on these two main objectives, a qualitative analysis of the legislation has been carried out through a search for key words that denote the presence of educational pathways in educational programmes. On the other hand, a detailed description of how didactic pathways should be planned has been carried out. It has been exposed the different parts which compose them, identifying the weak points that teachers may know in order to facilitate the implementation of these resources. In addition, we have included a series of current digital repositories which contain textual, graphic and multimedia information on heritage assets that provide a valuable source of information that can be used in the classroom before and after the didactic itineraries. Through this review, this detailed description and the analysis of the current legislation, the main aim is to ensure that educational itineraries move from having little or no implementation in teachers' programmes to being included in them, given the high didactic potential that can be derived from them.

This study investigated the impact of teacher's subject matter knowledge and their behavior on the student's performance. Qualied and well behaved teachers help to boost learner's condence and involvement in learning activities. In Pakistan, the quality of school level education is continuously deteriorating. It may be because of the reason that most of the private schools, due to their nancial constraints, hire less qualied and untrained teachers. The data was collected through a 5 points Lik- ert scale questionnaire. Responses were obtained from the students of secondary and matric classes of three dierent schools. Data was analyzed using various statistical techniques, (factor analysis, regression analysis, mean comparison). The analysis of data revealed a signicant relation between the student performance, teacher subject matter knowledge and teacher's behavior. Besides this, it was found that the achieve- ment level of students of high income area is better than...

Teacher's job satisfaction has been considered a very important element in the training and development of pupils in their early academic years. This study investigates the impact of �five determinants of the teacher's job satisfaction in the context of primary and secondary schools, when controlling for their age, gender, experience, marital status and education. These fi�ve determinants include occupational stress, empowerment, interpersonal relationships, working conditions and self-e�fficacy. A sample, of 280 respondents, is drawn from school teachers of Karachi. Principal component and hierarchical multiple regression analyses are used to test the proposed hypotheses. With exception of self-effi�cacy, the results show that occupational stress, empowerment, interpersonal relationships and working conditions have been found statistically signifi�cant predictor of teacher's job satisfaction in Karachi. Therefore, the school administration and management should mainly c...

This paper presents the results of a research project carried out in Portomarín, a small town in Galicia (Spain), which was flooded as a result of the construction of a dam in 1963. A new town was built a short distance away, but a strong sense of rootlessness remains among the inhabitants of the town. To what extent does the population of Portomarín recognise its memory regarding the forced removal as heritage? What means can be employed to incorporate the historical process of the forced removal into its identity? How can heritage education contribute towards the population overcoming these feelings of rootlessness? The inhabitants’ conceptions of their forced removal were identified, and an educational activity was implemented in the town’s school regarding the process of the removal. The hypothesis is confirmed that a community that does not foster intergenerational dialogue about its past (which in this case was traumatic) and does not develop its own strategy to assist in expl...

Desde la formulación inicial del “modelo Wisconsin” numerosos autores han postulado las expectativas parentales como un determinante principal de las diferencias de éxito escolar por origen social. Unas expectativas mayores incrementarían el apoyo escolar parental y el autoconcepto y las expectativas filiales. Otros autores critican esta teoría, afirmando que las expectativas dependen del éxito escolar. Contrastamos ambas teorías con los datos de la Encuesta Social 2010, que permite comparar dos cohortes de 12 y 16 años. Primero comparamos las expectativas parentales en ambas cohortes por notas y origen social. Luego analizamos la relación entre expectativas y apoyo escolar parentales. Los resultados apoyan la tesis de la adaptación de las expectativas a los resultados: las expectativas descienden sensiblemente de los 12 a los 16 años en los estratos sociales inferiores -que experimentan un agudo fracaso escolar en la ESO- y apenas hay relación entre expectativas y apoyo escolar parentales.

In this paper I attempt to delineate some of the socio-historical reasons for the under-development of Sociology in Kerala, taking up the specific context of the state and linking it to the general status of the discipline in India from pre-independence times. From this I turn to the absence of professional sociologists in the spheres of planning and public engagement. A discussion of the way Sociology is practiced today, its institutional contexts, and its relevance follows. I argue that the discipline is in danger of disappearing unless course corrections are made. This could be in the form of increased student and faculty exchange and exposure. The active promotion of bilingual education could also be a step in the right direction, given the range of social scientific debates happening in Malayalam outside the realm of professional sociology. Students of Sociology should be encouraged to reflect and write about society. In this manner, we could create a space for the discipline in the public sphere of Kerala and bring about the practice of a ‘public sociology’. An ‘autonomous sociological tradition’ however, may take longer in forming. I conclude with an examination of the self-perception of sociologists in Kerala from a micro-sociological perspective.

Resumen:
El videojuego se está convirtiendo en un recurso de gran potencial para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las Ciencias Sociales, por su capacidad para concretar contenidos de gran abstracción, por la posibilidad de experimentación a través de ellos y por su carácter motivador. Este trabajo presenta un estudio en el que se valoran las concepciones, expectativas, conocimientos y valoraciones del profesorado en formación inicial de Educación Infantil, Primaria y Secundaria con respecto al uso de los videojuegos para la enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales. A partir de este análisis se establecen criterios para la implementación didáctica de estos recursos desde una perspectiva reflexiva, crítica e investigativa.

Palabras Clave:
Videojuegos, Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, Formación inicial del profesorado; Educación Infantil; Educación Primaria; Educación Secundaria

This study investigates the impact of five determinants of the rewards system on employee’s motivation in the context of private schools. A sample of 310 respondents is drawn from the private school teachers of Karachi. The rewards system was measured through five independent variables including salary offered, recognition, promotion, working content, and working conditions. By using exploratory factor and regression analyses, the results show that except salary offer, rests of the four variables have been found statistically significant to predict teacher’s motivation. However, the recognition of efforts followed by working conditions have revealed the greatest impact on teacher’s motivation. Thus, the management of the private schools should not only recognize the efforts of their teaching staff but also concentrate on revising and enriching their working conditions to increase their level of motivation. A major contribution of this paper from the theoretical point-of-view is that...

ABSTRACT: This paper seeks to trace the evolution of the Social Studies Education since its birth as academic and scienti c discipline until now. This analysis takes the Spanish case as starting point, and widens its observations to some international context, such as Germany, France, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico and Chile. The main aim of this paper is to point out the speci c contributions that have shaped the educational research and the current status of the issue of the discipline. The methodology followed in this work has been based on a thorough review of the national and international scienti c literature related to the topic. The selection of the literature that supports the arguments made along the paper attended to one speci c criteria: the high degree of expertise of the authors and the quality of their contributions in the  eld. This analysis indicates that one of the biggest issues that the discipline has is the fact that, although the main research problems are shared, there is a lack of communication and a sort of scienti c isolation among the different international contexts and scienti c communities. That cause a low degree of consensus regarding essential aspects of the discipline, such as epistemological or methodological issues. It is therefore necessary a deep re ection on the matter to create a solid theoretical and methodological corpus.

RESUMEN: Se presenta un recorrido por la evolución de la didáctica de las ciencias sociales desde su nacimiento como disciplina académica y científica hasta la actualidad. El análisis toma como punto de partida el caso español y amplía esta visión a algunos contextos internacionales, como Alemania, Francia, Reino Unido, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Brasil, México y Chile. El objetivo principal de este análisis es señalar aquellas aportaciones que han perfilado la investigación y configuración actual de esta disciplina. En cuanto a la metodología, el trabajo se fundamenta en una exhaustiva revisión de la bibliografía nacional e internacional relacionada con la temática. Las obras utilizadas como base del análisis y de las argumentaciones esgrimidas atienden a un criterio básico de selección: la solvencia y aportación de los autores correspondientes al campo específico de la didáctica de las ciencias sociales. Todos ellos coinciden de manera generaliza en afirmar que el área aún está en construcción. Uno de los mayores problemas que posee la disciplina es que pese a que los problemas principales de la investigación están muy extendidos, sin embargo, aún existe cierto aislamiento entre las diferentes comunidades científicas, lo que provoca una falta de consenso ante aspectos esenciales de la misma. Esta ausencia de puntos de partida comunes es más evidente en aspectos de corte epistemológico y metodológico, siendo necesaria una reflexión profunda en torno a los mismos.

Code-Switching is generally defined as a shift from one language to another by the speaker during the speech. It is a common linguistic phenomenon in Pakistani classrooms. It is considered to have both positive and negative impact. This exploratory study investigated the perceptions of Pakistani students towards teachers' code-switching during English lectures at tertiary level. Students have different attitudes towards code-switching of teachers in classroom. There is a need to investigate whether it is beneficial or malevolent to switch between two codes in an English classroom and how the students view this alternation between codes. The researchers employed 5-point Likert scale questionnaire along with 12 open ended questions to investigate the perceptions of the students towards code-switching of English language teachers during lecture. The findings of the study revealed positive attitude of the students towards teachers' code-switching, however some of the students we...

In the history of modern and contemporary academic geography, debates have surged concerning regional geography as both a method of geographical research and a form of pedagogy. Whereas regional geography dominated the discipline in the first half of the twentieth century, since the mid-1950s controversy has ensued concerning the contributions that regional geography made (and makes) to the advancement of the discipline (Johnston, 1997). In this editorial I examine some of the discourse from the 1950s to the present surrounding the debate on regional geography as an integral part of the discipline and some of the patterns evident from this discourse. It is beyond the scope and the intention of this paper to provide an exhaustive review of these debates. However, opinions by geographers from representative times are provided and framed in their respective historical contexts. I find a recurrence of similar themes as to whether regional geography should or should not remain a part of geographic education, yet despite the years of controversy surrounding this issue, geographers have not come to a clear consensus. Based on this observation, I argue that despite the cyclical trends of regional geography as an ideology and pedagogical philosophy and the longstanding controversy surrounding its preservation in geographic curricula, it serves several important purposes and should remain a fundamental component of geographic training and education. One notices the beginnings of the divergence of geographers' opinions regarding regional geography early on in the literature. Robert S. Platt (1957, p. 187), former President of the Association of American Geographers (AAG), called attention to some of the mutual misunderstandings between advocates and adversaries to the regional approach: " Probably regional geography has been hindered by an old pair of definitions contrasting systematic and regional geography. According to this couplet, systematic geography deals with something about every part of the world, and regional geography deals with everything about some part of the world. Under this limitation, regional geography could not be systematic, and systematic geography could not be regional. " Platt argued that even though this disagreement in the discipline is founded on extreme