Educational science

The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of high school students' absenteeism. Survey method was used. The population was comprised of 531 students in the public high schools. The data was collected with "The Scale of Absenteeism Causes" developed by the researchers. Cronbach Alpha was calculated as α=0.936. Findings show the causes of students' absenteeism aren't related to school, students themselves and their parent, however, student absenteeism causes partly psychological reasons. Male students have more absenteeism than female students in terms of the causes of absenteeism sourced by school, students and psychological. Moreover, 9th, 10th and 11th grade students' absenteeism has bigger values than 12th students.

The study investigated the curriculum overload in primary schools. The multiple case study approach was used and ten schools in Bindura urban participated in this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants. The participants were teachers teaching in the primary schools. Data were generated using interviews ad open-ended questionnaires. Data were qualitatively analyzed. The study also found out that the curriculum was broad yet the time to cover this curriculum was limited. The study concluded that there was prevalence of work overload in the schools. The study recommends that the primary school curriculum be reviewed reduce work overload. .

The low enrolment and poor academic achievement of female students in Geography compared to their male counterparts in secondary schools of Ganye Educational Zone necessitated this study. Studies have it that the instructional strategies adopted by Geography teachers in teaching could interact with gender to influence students’ academic achievement. To this end, the study investigated the Effect of Gender on Senior Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Geography when Mastery Learning Strategy and Conventional Method are used for instruction. The quasi-experimental non-randomized pre-test, post-test control group design was used. The study also employed the multi-stage random sampling technique at four levels to select 207 (120 Male and 87 Female) senior secondary school two (SS II) students offering Geography from six intact classes in six co-educational secondary schools in Ganye Educational Zone in Nigeria. A 40-item Geography Achievement Test (GAT) constructed by the researcher and validated by experts in Geography education was used to obtain data. After pilot testing the instrument using 89 students from two intact classes, the data obtained was analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient statistic. A reliability index of 0.78 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of Mean, independent t-Test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The study revealed that Female students exposed to learning Geography through Mastery Learning Strategy performed better than their Male counterparts. A significant interaction effect of treatment and gender on students’ achievement in Geography was also observed. It was recommended that Geography teachers should re-assess their classroom instructional strategies used in teaching and adopt that which will give the students equal opportunities to excel in Geography.

The investigation of the level of Social and Academic Adjustment and the relationship between both of them in Jordan is still inadequate due to lack of research and interest among scholars and researchers. This fact is occurring even though the increase of refugees during the last five years has affected other Jordanian students. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between Social Adjustment and Academic Adjustment among secondary female students in Jordan. A total of 100 students from one school were examined. The result from the analysis posited that there is a high level of Social Adjustment (60%) and Medium level of Academic Adjustment (66%). Additionally, there is a positive statistically significant correlation (0.552) among the total of Social Adjustment and the total of the Academic Adjustment. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the overall relationship between social and academic adjustments. A strong positive correlation was found between the social and academic scores of students. The current study has also discussed the results, the limitations and the recommendations.

The Montessori Method of education is becoming more popular in Indian cities in the recent decades. The parents, educationists and policy makers are keenly interested in the overall development of their children or stakeholders. Since its inception, the Montessori Method of education is adopting several procedures based on its basic principles of cognitive, social and emotional development of the children. Although every principle of Montessori education is not followed in the Indian Montessori schools, the schools are adhering to several of them. The present article adopted comparative analyses to determine the effect of Montessori and traditional method of education on emotional intelligence of the school children. A total sample of 1082 children between the age group of 12 – 16 years was selected from the schools of Montessori and traditional education. The data were collected using the Baron , (1997, 2000) Emotional Intelligence scale with Likert response patterns ranging 1 to 5. The obtained data was subjected to 't' test analysis and it was evident in the result findings that the children of Montessori method of education has significantly higher emotional intelligence than the children of traditional method on the total and as well on all dimensions of emotional intelligence. This highlights the education intervention method having strong bearing on emotional development of the children. Further, the findings related to gender effect provides inconclusive results both with Montessori and traditional children.

This chapter focuses attention on the TETFund intervention in tertiary institutions. Research and development is strategic for the growth and development of a country, however, this requires funding; which was hitherto lacking in the Nigerian higher education system until the advent of TETFund. The chapter has focused adequate attention on research and development (Rand D) and argues that strategic position of TETFund in Nigeria’s educational system has much to do with research, inventions, innovations and studies. This is because education at this level brings solutions to challenges nations face in their quest to self-reliance and sustainability. The chapter has identified challenges of TETFund to include funding to overcome the inadequacy of fiscal resources which threatens to erode the desired qualitative higher education output. In this regard, the chapter proffers solutions on how TETFund could be repositioned for optimum performance.

Over the last decade and a half, classrooms have become swamped with a range of electronic devices. Technology will continue to be more efficient, more versatile and indeed more abundant in schools and in classrooms. This study explores the views of students and teachers on the effectiveness of ICT in science teaching in terms of (i) levels of enjoyment derived by students, and (ii) usefulness of ICTs to teachers for their teaching. A questionnaire was used to elicit the views of students and teachers in respect of a range of ICT-based classroom activities. Qualitative and quantitative data collected through the questionnaires from 12 teachers and 100 students involved in science teaching and learning at a selected secondary school in Trinidad were analyzed. The results show that students enjoy ICT interventions in their lessons and teachers rank it high in many respects but, both students and teachers agree that ICT loses its appeal when its use is arbitrary and ill-planned.

The aim of the current study was to examine Swedish and Turkish teachers’ perspectives on values education. Qualitative interviews with 52 teachers were conducted and analyzed. Values education was mostly about compliance with societal values and norms. The learning goals or values in values education were mainly on how to treat others and on self-responsibility. Teachers did not take a critical approach. A main method of values education reported by the teachers was to be a good role model in everyday interactions with students. Values education was largely described as an everyday practice embedded in the stream of social interactions. Furthermore, an everyday language was used when the teachers described values and values education. There was a lack of professional knowledge in this domain.

The aim of this research is to find out the reasons for cheating and plagiarism tendencies and behaviours of university students, to suggest solutions with these findings and to contribute to the literature on this topic. Descriptive methods were used in this research. The research population consists of students from the Faculty of Sport Sciences. Two separate measuring instruments were used in the research to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data were collected from 220 students while quantitative data were from 32 students. Frequencies were calculated for qualitative data and the common statements found were analysed. Normal distribution of the quantitative data was observed and the data were not distributed normally. Therefore; Mann-Whitney U test was applied for dual groups and Kruskall-Wallis test to groups more than two, from non-parametic tests. According to the results obtained from the study; more than half of the participants cheated. These results showed that the tendency for reference dishonesty, homework project dishonesty and cheating was at medium level while research reporting plagiarism is at a lower level. The main reasons behind cheating and plagiarism according to student views were the fear of receiving a low grade, taking the easy way out and not studying, rote-learning based education system and teachers not making a fair and equal evaluation. In order to prevent cheating and plagiarism which became current issues in education system, instructors must not frighten the students with grades, must enhance exam inspection and try for students to like the courses.

The aim of this paper is to investigate children's views and experiences of democracy and pupil participation in relation to everyday school life, and to let their voices be heard on these issues. The data for this paper was derived from two ethnographic research projects conducted in three elementary schools in Sweden. In the classes investigated at two of the three schools, the adults are those who make decisions about school and classroom rules. Pupils are seldom given any opportunity to create, modify or repeal formal rules through open negotiations. In contrast, at the third school, children's influence and their ability to have a say are an important explicit goal for the teachers. Nevertheless, as well as in the two other schools, even in this school with the declared goal of working with democracy in this way, we found obstacles and limitations that counteracted school democracy: (a) discontinuity, (b) the long-term interaction pattern of teacher power and pupil subordination in the school organisation, which in turned encouraged and educated compliance with authority rather than deliberative democratic participation, (c) naive trust in teachers, (d) the school process of suppressing children's voices, and (e) unfair inconsistencies constructed by teachers.

The purpose of this study is to observe outcomes of utilizing from active learning strategies in Advanced English courses with 6 university students coming from different countries. After completing the course which is presented in detail in the methodology section, students were asked to compare the course and the process with previous ordinary courses and evaluate it.

Higher order thinking skills are essential for the 21 st century youth and the workforce. There is however, concern on the extent to which various teaching practices enhance these skills in the secondary school student in Cameroon. The study therefore examined the influence of teaching practices on higher order thinking skills on secondary school students in the North West Region of Cameroon. Three hypotheses sought to examine whether teaching methods, teaching learning materials and assessment activities influenced higher order thinking skills among secondary school students in the North West region of Cameroon. The study was a descriptive survey and data were collected using a questionnaire and an observation guide. The sample consisted of 320 students. Data were analyzed inferentially using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Findings revealed that teaching practices influence higher order thinking skills in secondary school students in the North West region of Cameroon only to a small extent. Specifically, teaching methods influence higher order thinking skills but assessment activities, and teaching learning materials do not influence higher order thinking skills. Based on the findings, recommendations are discussed.

The study investigated school size and facilities utilization as correlates of secondary school students' academic performance in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Two major objectives such as the impact of school size on academic performance and the impact of facilities utilization on academic performance were investigated and the hypotheses generated were tested. Two hundred and two questionnaires were randomly distributed to some selected staff in all the senior secondary schools in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State. The data were analyzed with the aid of ANOVA, multiple regression analysis of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) to test the relationship that subsist between some identified proxies. The findings of the study revealed that school size and facilities utilization has impacted positively on the performance of secondary school students in Ekiti State. This is evidenced from the regression coefficient that indicated positively to question raised under the issue. The study established a strong and positive relationship between school size and facilities utilization in relation to students' academic performance. From the findings of this study, it was recommended that the State Government should build more classrooms in all schools. In doing this, much emphasis should be given to the provision of more classrooms in the State' annual capital budget. Likewise, the approved teacher quota of one and one-half teacher per class should be allowed to remain but should be properly used in the distribution of teachers to schools.

This study investigated the influence of personality traits on career decisions among secondary school students in Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The research design adopted was the survey design. 200 students drawn from 10 public schools in the area of study, made up the sample of the study and this was done through stratified random sampling technique. The major instrument used for data collection was the personality traits and students’ career decisions questionnaire (PTSCDQ) and data generated were analyzed using the independent t-test analysis. The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result obtained indicated that personality traits of attitude and perception have a significant influence on career decision among secondary school students. Based on this among others, it was concluded that career decision among students are not only influenced by their parents and image figures but their attitude, perception and individual traits depending on how they think about such careers. It was therefore recommended that, professional counselors, parents/guardians, teachers and administrators alike should strive to create career awareness and give more attention to the personality trait of attitude and perception as displayed by students.

School rules are usually associated with classroom management and school discipline. However, rules also define ways of thinking about oneself and the world. Rules are guidelines for actions and for the evaluation of actions in terms of good and bad, or right and wrong, and therefore a part of moral or values education in school. This study is a part of a larger ethnographic study on values education in the everyday life of school. Here the focus is on school rules and students’ reasoning about these rules. Five categories of school rules have been constructed during the analysis: (a) relational rules; (b) structuring rules; (c) protecting rules; (d) personal rules; and (e) etiquette rules. The findings show that the students’ reasoning about rules varies across the rule categories. The perception of reasonable meaning behind a rule seems to be – not surprisingly – significant to students’ acceptance of the rule. According to the students, relational rules are the most important in school. Students also value protecting and structuring rules as important because of the meaning giving to them. Etiquette rules are valued as the least important or even unnecessary by the students.

The quality of learning environment in classroom setting is critical to effective teaching and learning process in classroom. This research paper presents the results of study conducted in West Pokot County public Early Childhood Development Education centres with regard to classroom environmental setting and provision of quality education. The study involved use of qualitative and quantitative research methodology. The target population for the research involved 365 head teachers, 682 teachers and 4 DICECE officers. Data for the research was collected through use of questionnaire, interview and researcher observation. Data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data and thematic content analysis for qualitative data. Research results showed that 37.1% of ECDE centres studied were not having standardised environmental setting that could facilitate provision of quality education to pupils in West Pokot County. It was found out that less than 50% of classrooms were ventilated, only 24.9% of classrooms studied were found to have enough space for easy classroom movement and 36.1% of classrooms were found to be accessible by all learners. The study recommends that there is need for ECDE teachers to work with head teachers to ensure that classrooms setting are safe, secure and conducive for teaching and learning process. On the policy front, there is need for county government to work with national government to establish appropriate standards for ideal indoor classroom environmental setting for ECDE learners.

Childhood education is crucial in the life of a child because it lays the foundation of intellectual and physical development. The government policies and research theories emphasizes plenty of instructional resources that are well sourced, managed, selected and used for the purpose of quality ECDE Curriculum implementation. The purpose of this study was geared towards the analysis of the teacher’s preparedness, attitudes and use of the instructional resources in ECDE centers in Kenya. The research was based on the theory of curriculum innovations. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and was carried out in Bomet Municipality Zone, Bomet County. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used to select respondents who comprised of a target population of 84 head teachers and 180 pre-school teachers to get the sample size of 25 head teachers and 54 pre-school teachers from the selected ECDE centers. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists and an interview schedule. The instruments for data collection were piloted to validate the tools and determine their reliability. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, this included frequencies and percentages. Data was presented in the form of graphs, charts, and tables. The study provides useful information for the education policy makers to produce relevant learning resources and course books for the ECDE teachers. The Government of Kenya (GoK) can use the findings to consider funding the pre-school education and improve teacher preparedness and attitudes towards the use of instructional resources. Teachers can use the findings to adjust and improve their teaching methodologies in the use of instructional resources. The major findings of the study showed that teachers were prepared in the use of IR; however, the status of the available materials in the centers was either inadequate, obsolete, dilapidated or unsuitable for use.

The study sought to determine the impact of teacher characteristics on performance in secondary school science subjects in Eldoret Municipality in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to draw a sample of 14 head teachers, 49 teachers and 289 form three students. Stratification was based on the schools’ performance in KCSE science subjects for the period 2001-2005 to obtain 7 low performing and 7 high performing schools. The purpose of the study was to find out the influence of teacher factors of: age, motivation, experience, competence, and methods of teaching on performance in sciences. The study was significant as performance in science subjects has been poor for a long time in Eldoret Municipality. Most students’ score below grade C- in science hence do not proceed to do science–based careers. Data was collected using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and summarise the data. T-test was used to test for significant differences between means of low performing and high performing schools. Correlation was used to show relationships between performance and the research variables. The findings showed that the impact of competence and motivation of teacher as well as teaching method was significant but other factors such as attitude, qualifications and experience of teacher were not significant.

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of school related factors in integration of Information Communication Technology in the management of public secondary schools in Kitui County, Kenya. A descriptive survey research design was used in this study. The study was carried out in 58 public secondary schools in Kitui County that have functional ICT infrastructure. This study used sample size table as proposed by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) whereby 58 principals, 58 senior teachers and 266 assistant teachers from schools that have functional ICT infrastructure were selected. All 16 Sub-county Directors of Education and one County Director of Education were selected for the study. The researcher used questionnaires to collect data from principals, senior teachers and assistant teachers while interview schedule was used to collect data from Sub-county Directors of Education and the County Director of Education in Kitui County. The collected data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis approaches whereby both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Descriptive statistics that were used in this study include percentages and mean. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson’s moment of correlation coefficient and Pearson’s Chi-square tests for independence. The qualitative data were presented in the form of narrative and integrated within the quantitative data. The findings of the study were; there was a strong positive correlation r(50) = 0.842, p<0.05 between computer infrastructure and ICT integration in management of public secondary schools. The study recommended that; The government should increase their supply of computers to all schools as well as building computer laboratories for schools and that all the schools should have internet connections to enable principals and teachers to use ICT in the school. The government should make it compulsory for all schools to integrate ICT in management.

Despite the widespread use of Social Learning Networks (SLNs), there is little research on the effectiveness of these sites in related literature. Therefore, there is a need for studies investigating but use of SLNs in educational environments and their effects on learners' academic achievements. In this study, the purpose was to investigate the effects of use of Edmodo, a leading SLN site, on students' performances and attitudes towards online learning according to certain variables. In line with this purpose, using the pretest-posttest method, an experimental study with a control group was carried out with 79 learners taking the courses of Special Teaching Methods in the department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies in the Education Faculty of a university in Turkey. In addition to face-to-face courses given to the experimental group students, various activities related to the course (group works, individual assignments, discussions) were carried out under the guidance of the course teacher via Edmodo. As for the control group students, they carried out the activities in class environment without using Edmodo. The results revealed that students who used Edmodo were more successful than those who did not. Based on this result, it could be stated that Edmodo had positive contributions to learners' academic achievements.

This study provides an account of the phenomenon of internet addiction from the perspective of academic achievement. In other words, this study aimed to explore the relation between academic performance of Turkish high school students in such different subject as Maths, English, History, GPA and their use of internet. Different school subjects were selected consciously as the predictor of success in different domains such as social sciences, language, mathematics and the mean of them (GPA). In this respect, employing convenience sampling method, 217 high school students (107 males, 110 females) were included in the study. The level of internet addiction among the participants was determined through administering one dimension of the adopted version of The Social Networking and Social Media Status Scale (Arslan & Kırık, 2013) (α = 0.88). For academic performance, the students were asked to write down the grade points for the specified three subjects and GPA as in their recent school reports. Following the statistics and the procedures run for the reliability and validity of the scale using both SPSS 21 and Liesrel 6 for Windows; adequacy of the sampling; normality and homogeneity of the distribution, parametric tests (Independent Sample T tests & Pearson Product Moment Correlation) were run to analyze the data through SPSS 21 for Windows. The results suggested no gender impact on internet addiction. In terms of the academic performance, statistically positive relation was found between EFL performance and internet use while GPA scores were found to be negatively correlated with it. No correlation between performance in history or math and internet use was found.

This study examined the influence of vocabulary development on reading comprehension of secondary school students in Basic Science in Ekiti State, Nigeria. This study adopted a quasi-experimental of pre-test, post-test control group research design on 150 JSS 2 students selected from six secondary schools using purposive sampling technique. The instruments used for this study are: vocabulary test and reading comprehension test and the participants pre-test were used to measure students' prior knowledge. The findings of the study revealed that vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension and students' prior knowledge are related to students' achievement in Basic Science. The findings also showed that the combined influence of vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension, students' prior knowledge and students' achievement in Basic Science was found to be statistically significant. The study therefore suggested that teachers should make concerted efforts to embark on rigorous and explicit teaching of vocabulary as it has a potential of supporting students' reading comprehension.

The critical role played by Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in national development has long been acknowledged in Nigeria. Many policies have evolved with respect to reforming TVET towards addressing the socioeconomic challenges in Nigeria. After decades of practicing these TVET polices, outcomes have fallen far behind expectations. Thus, this paper looked at TVET policies and practices in Nigeria, identifying the gaps and factors that have led to the gaps. Remedies to closing the gap were proffered.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and generate a grounded theory on how and why students behave as they do in school situations in which they witness another student in distress. Fieldwork and interviews were conducted in 2 Swedish elementary schools and guided by a grounded theory approach. The study resulted in a grounded theory of moral frames in bystander situations in school. In this study, 5 main moral frames of school have been identified: (a) the moral construction of the good student, (b) institutionalized moral disengagement, (c) tribe caring, (d) gentle caring-girl morality, and (e) social-hierarchy-dependent morality. The study highlights how moral action is generally inhibited by the conformity fostered in school settings and by moral dilemmas constructed by the moral frames. A revised model of bystander behavior adapted to the school context is also presented.

Performance of pupils in Oral Literature examinations in English Paper 2 has been below average in recent years. For instance, the 2016 KCSE examination student performance in English was poor across the country and Butere Sub County in particular. Therefore, this research sought to determine teachers' knowledge and skills in developing and utilizing audiovisual instructional resources in teaching and learning oral literature in selected public secondary schools. The respondents for the study involved principals and oral literature teachers who were selected through purposive and stratified random sampling technique. The research instruments used were questionnaires and interview guides. The result of the analysis showed that despite most teachers attaining the required academic qualification, they did not adequately improvise audiovisual instructional resources during teaching and learning of oral literature in public secondary schools in Butere Sub County, Kenya. Oral literature teachers did not involve students in improvising these resources and this could the underutilisation of audiovisual instructional resources in teaching and learning Oral Literature in secondary schools. The study recommends that principals in secondary need to ensure that OL is allocated time in the school timetable and also support teachers for further in-service training on audiovisual instructional media use in schools.

The aim with the present study was to investigate bystander actions in bullying situations as well as reasons behind these actions as they are articulated by Swedish students from fourth to seventh grade. Forty-three semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with students. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The analysis of the student voices of being a bystander in bullying reveals a complexity in which different definition-of-situation processes are evoked (a) relations (friends and social hierarchy), (b) defining seriousness, (c) victim’s contribution to the situation, (d) social roles and intervention responsibilities, and (e) distressing emotions. There are often conflicted motives in how to act as a bystander, which could evoke moral distress among the students. Our analysis is unique in that it introduces the concept of moral distress as a process that has to be considered in order to better understand bystander actions among children The findings also indicate bystander reactions that could be associated with moral disengagement, such as not perceiving a moral obligation to intervene if the victim is defined as a non-friend (‘none of my business’), protecting the friendship with the bully, and blaming the victim.

The computer game industry has flourished to become the world’s largest entertainment, one of the problem students playing with electronic games for long time without thinking about negative affections especially on their GPA. In this paper to present impact of computer games on creativity and academic achievement of basic school students, we proposed a questionnaires form for 100 students at basic schools. The result of our research explained that the students playing between 1-3 hours per day with electronic games their GPA not decreased or very few which is -0.22% per hour, in same time students that playing more than 3 hours per day their GPA decreased more which is -2.41% per hour. The result help the students to play with electronic games carefully, because if they playing for few hour not return negative affection and sometimes helped them to opining their mind and study, but if playing for more than three hours most time return negative affection for their GPA.

This paper focuses on learning style, school environment and home environment in relation to academic achievement. The research was carried out in Raipur city on a sample of 50 IX standard students. Learning styles of students was measured by Styles of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT) by D. Venkataraman. Home Environment and School Environment was measured by the Inventory prepared by Dr. Karuna Shankar Mishra. The research finding revealed that there is very low, negative & negligible relationship between academic achievement & home environment. Study also revealed that school environment and academic achievement have positive but very low relationship. It is also found that there is significant difference between the academic achievement of students learned by right & left hemisphere but there is no significant difference between the academic achievement of boys & girls students learned either by right hemisphere or left hemisphere.

The study examined the attitude of undergraduate students towards the use of mobile technology for learning; it investigated the perception of undergraduate students on the use of mobile technology for learning and also determined the relationship that exists between the attitude of the undergraduate students and their use of mobile technology for learning. These were with the view to encouraging the utilization of mobile technologies in the classroom in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Six hundred undergraduate students were selected from the six faculties using stratified random sampling based on the level of study and faculty. A 32 item questionnaire designed on five points Likert Scale was used to gather information from the sample. The results revealed that the students had a very good attitude towards the use of mobile technology for learning (X= 42.11, S.D= 4.73). The result showed that undergraduate students had the right perception of the use of mobile technologies (x= 27.2, S.D= 3.58). The results also revealed that attitude was a predictor of students use of mobile technologies (F= 87.48; p< 0.05). There was a significant relationship between the student’s attitude and their use of mobile technologies for learning (r= 0.373; P < 0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between male and female undergraduate students attitude towards the use of mobile technologies for learning and based on the result obtained which is p=0.71 which means that p<0.05.

This research aims to develop learning science teaching materials based on scientific. The methods of this study are a research and development (R & D) by Borg and Gall. The instruments that used to collect data were observation sheets, interview guidelines, scoring questionnaires, and test (pre-test and post-test); To verify the effectiveness of the application of teaching materials using t-test. The results of this study can be concluded: 1) The results of the validation of learning experts obtained the value of 4.76 and a result of expert validation material obtained value 4.39. 2) For the effectiveness of teaching materials obtained an average score pre-test and post-test is obtained tobs = 7.9360> ttable = 2.024, it can be concluded that the test H0 is rejected. It means that the teaching materials developed can improve student learning outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of cooperative learning in improving mathematical concepts among students with mild intellectual disability (SMID). The sample of the study consisted of 8 SMID at Najran in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The sample of the study was divided randomly into two equal groups control and experimental. The students in the experimental group have studied the mathematical concepts by using cooperative learning; however the students in the control group were received their teaching by the conventional method. The photo mathematical concepts test was applied for two groups as pre-test and post-test. Results showed the effectiveness of cooperative learning in improving mathematical concepts for SMID in favour of the students in the experimental group.

The process of internationalization and globalization grants the curriculum with a global outlook and provokes a great feasibility for international student mobility and chance of employability globally; however, it poses threats, like brain drain, as Georgia is still a developing country and many skilled young people seek for better jobs and salaries abroad. The paper stresses the level of internationalization in Georgian HEIs after the implementation of reforms and tools of the Bologna process.

The present study deals with the unique needs of mathematically gifted students. This topic is important because of the need to understand to depth the unique needs of these students, the learning characteristics tailored to them, as well as their preferences regarding learning and their relationships with other students and with their teachers. The main purpose of this study, as mentioned earlier, is to identify the unique needs of mathematics gifted students, measure their specific preferences in various aspects of learning, as well as about their relationships with their teachers and other students. This, in order to establish a broad and deep background to enable a unique reference to the population of gifted students and allow the construction of appropriate educational programs, care and interventions tailored to their needs, while integrating the educational staff at the school. The present study is a combined one, with a quantitative and qualitative measures, and has two hypotheses: gifted students' perceptions of the teachers will be different from the non-gifted students; differences will be found in the needs of gifted students compared to non-gifted students in unique learning programs at school. To examine the hypotheses 100 students were sampled, 50 gifted and 50 non-gifted students. The instruments included a questionnaire used before in this area of research, as well as an interview built for the purpose of the present study. The results showed that indeed there are differences between gifted students and non-gifted students in many ways and preferences, such as learning pace preference, preference for collaborative learning, curriculum content preference, preference for complexity and preference for type of interaction with the teacher. The findings are compatible with previous studies in the field and emphasize the importance of the reference for gifted students in a unique way.

In Kenya, TVET programmes in technical institutes of science and technology usually target the population of students who do not progress to secondary school and higher levels of education. However, while the number of students in schools continues to increase due to population growth, the number of school leavers enrolling in technical institutes of science and technology for various career courses has remained low over the years. This paper is a report of a study whose objective was to determine whether and how awareness and institutional accessibility influenced the choice of training by students in technical institutes of science and technology in Bungoma County in Kenya. The study was guided by social cognitive career theory of 1994 as posited by Lent, Brown and Hackett. A mixed methods methodology and descriptive survey research design guided the study. Purposive, stratified and simple random techniques were employed to select the research sample. The sample comprised of students pursuing Artisan Certificate and Diploma levels of training. A sample size of 291 students from a population of 1124 was used. The data was collected using questionnaires whose reliability and validity was tested and determined. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis with the help of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) programme. The results indicated that students were aware of TVET institutions but were unaware of the courses offered and the entry requirements. These could be among the factors contributing to low enrolment in TVET institutions in the region. Most of the TVET institutions in Bungoma County were accessible by the students. The study recommended that the TVET institutions should advertise their courses more especially by sending their brochures to primary and secondary schools.

The aim of this paper is to investigate and describe the content in school rules by developing a category system of school rules, and thus making the logic behind different types of rules in school explicit. Data were derived from an ethnographic study conducted in two primary schools in Sweden. In order to analyse the data, grounded theory methodology was adapted. The analysis resulted in a category system of school rules, containing the following main categories: (a) relational rules, (b) structuring rules, (c), protecting rules, (d), personal rules and (e) etiquette rules. In the light of this categorisation, more consciously pedagogical and professional work with rules can be conducted. The category system can counteract vagueness and unreasonableness, as well as highlighting the content, logic and functions of different school rules.

In this study, I would like to write the review of the book, entitled ‘The Autonomy Approach’. The authors of this book are Brian Morrison and Diego Navarro. It was published by the Delta Publishing in England in 2014. The International Standard Book Number of this book is 978-1-909783-05-8. It was edited by Mike Burghall and designed by Christine Cox. It was printed in Greece by Bakis Aebe. The introduction part of this book starts on page 3 and the title of that page is From the Authors.

The investigation of the level of creative thinking and motivation to learn creative thinking, and the relationship between both of them, in Jordan is still insufficient due to lack of interest and research among researchers and scholars. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between creative thinking and motivation to learn creative thinking among preschool children in Jordan. A total of 102 students from one kindergarten was examined. Parental consent was obtained before the study was conducted. The result from the analysis posited that there is a medium level of motivation to learn creative thinking (64.7%). The means of TCAM scores and its dimensions were: TCAM overall score (M= 68.24, SD= 14.615), Fluency (M= 17.53, SD= 4.776), Originality (M= 25.7, SD= 8.264), and Imagination (M= 25.01, SD= 3.793). In addition, there is a positive statistically significant correlation (0.573) among the total of creative thinking scores and the total of motivation to learn creative thinking. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the overall relationship between creative thinking and motivation to learn creative thinking. A strong positive correlation was found between creative thinking and motivation to learn creative thinking scores of preschool children. The present study has also discussed the findings, the limitations and the recommendations.

There are many public secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. Most of the students in these secondary schools have been facing cases of indiscipline for many years and these cases seem to be increasing as years go by causing a lot of concern to the school management, parents and the communities at large. Although counseling is offered in the secondary schools, there has been a rise in indiscipline cases at an alarming rate as experienced especially in 2016. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of guidance and counselling programs on managing indiscipline cases in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County, Kericho County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to investigate the competence of teachers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County and to establish the attitude of students and teachers on guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools in Bureti Sub-County. The theoretical framework adopted by the study was the Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura (1977) and Operant Conditioning theory by B.F. Skinner (1948). The Social Learning and Operant Conditioning theories were adopted because they help to change the behavior of the students and thus help to reduce indiscipline cases in schools. The target population comprised 52 public secondary schools, 52 head /deputy head teachers, 52 teacher counsellors, 540 teachers and 10532 students. Out of all these, a sample of 10 secondary schools, 10 head/deputy head teachers, 10 teacher counsellors, 108 teachers and 2106 students were selected through the Purposive sampling technique. Stratified Sampling technique was used to select the secondary schools that were studied whereby the strata consisted of mixed day boarding school, mixed day school, boys’ only boarding school, girls’ only boarding school and girls only day schools. The instruments that were used to collect the data for the study were questionnaires for head/deputies, teacher counsellors, teachers and students and interview schedules were administered to the teacher counsellors and to deputy head teachers. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and tested using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient using Statistical Package of Social Sciences. Questionnaires were analyzed using summary tables for the purpose of data presentation and interpretation. The expected findings were used to guide policy makers in providing guidance and counselling programs in secondary schools. These findings will be useful in the schools.

The aims of Village Institutes were to create modern Turkey and start development from the villages by presenting civilization and revolutions to Turkish villagers and to supply primary education in the villages at 100% percent. In 17 April 1940, “Village Institutes” were founded by Ministry of National Education Hasan Ali Yücel and his General Director of Primary Education İsmail Hakkı Tonguç. The most important principles of them were; education in work, education with work, education for work. The Village Institutes’ system allowed the students to participate actively into education with their own actions leading to educated, critical thinking and creative individuals being capable of using their rights in the right manner; moreover, leading the formation of a creative society. In this article, similar and common dimensions of the group works applied in the Village Institutes and Cooperative Learning have been presented. Also, being aware of this educational system in Turkey in the past is tried to be provided. As a result, the value of The Village Institutes’ system should be regiven to humanity by using its positive aspects in today’s education systems.

Socialisation theories have traditionally focused on how children are socialised in a rather unidirectional manner, according to a transmission model. However, more recent research and theories show that children are not just passive recipients, but active agents in their socialisation process. At the same time, children are subordinated to adult control. In school, they are regimented and involuntarily subjected to mass routines, discipline and control. The aim of this study was to explore and give a voice to pupils’ critical thinking about school rules and their teachers’ behaviour in relation to these rules. Ethnographic fieldwork and group interviews with students were conducted in two Swedish primary schools. The findings show that pupils criticise some school rules, distrust teachers’ explanations of particular school rules, perceive some school rules and teachers’ interventions as unfair and inconsistent, perceive no power over the construction of school rules, and express false acceptance and hidden criticism. The findings are discussed in terms of hidden curriculum, power, mentality resistance, democracy, participation and democratic citizenship education.