Edward I of England (1272-1307)

As part of the transformation from PhD dissertation to book, one must transform the passive voice to the active voice.  As a result, I have started work on attempting to identify the specific people who were involved in embalming the kings and queens consort of England, 1216-1509.  This is very early days on this effort.

This thesis ultimately seeks to understand how and why the London armourers came to be so closely associated with the politics and uprisings of London’s controversial mayor, John Northampton (1381-1383). However, because the armourers were not incorporated as a combined guild until 1453, this thesis must first analyse how the armourers developed as an industry, and how their workshop, household, and socio-industrial networks and organisations developed and helped to inform their political identities. This is the first time that the fourteenth-century London armourers have been rigorously examined as a collective of constituent specialist industries, and this thesis contributes to an understanding of how late medieval small crafts developed outside of guilds.

Through examining armourers’ workshops, households, and socio-industrial networks, this thesis arrives at several important conclusions about the nature of the English industry in the fourteenth century which challenge existing scholarship. It finds evidence to explode scholarly myths that English armour was cheap and poorly made through lack of skill, that women did not participate in the industry, and that regulation of the industry was entirely imposed from outside. Finally, this study shows that the armourers were the most significant participants in the 1384 Mayoralty Riots because their workshop, household, and socio-industrial networks had all contributed to the development of a shared political identity, because Northampton’s opponent Nicholas Brembre attacked that identity, and because the Crown and City’s draconian policies towards the local armour market had grown increasingly severe prior to the riots. This thesis argues that the armourers’ political identity developed as an extension of their workshop, household, and socioindustrial identities and networks, and that each of these contributed to their overall organisational development outside of a guild structure.

This is the story of the killing of Prince Llywelyn gathered from translations of the original documents - many of which have not been translated before.  The book takes a long look at those recorded as involved in the events of that day as well as many myths that have grown up over the centuries.

For my masters's dissertation, I decided to investigate the logistics behind Edward I's Welsh campaign in 1277 and 1282-1284. The topics I have  investigated involves the procurement of victuals, recruitment of infantry and the assemblage of arms and horses for the expedition. This paper achieved a 55% at the University of Kent.

Medieval tournaments were heavily regulated in 13th century England. These regulations did little to quash enthusiasm for tournaments, and in fact may have hurt the reputation and governing abilities of the kings who enacted them. This paper examines the reigns of Henry III of England, and his son Edward I of England in depth and compares their tournament policies, particularly their effects on public order and governance. Henry III's restrictive and oppressive tournament policy led to further resentment and unrest during his already unpopular reign. Edward I meanwhile regulated tournaments in a way that, while still demanding, was more attuned to the wants and needs of the knightly class. Edward used tournaments to strengthen his reign rather than weaken it as his father and grandfather John II of England had.

Published in "Aquitaine Historique", 117 (2012).
This is paper about an administrative medieval entity named in Gascon "Comtau d'Ornon" and was situated at the south of Bordeaux. Originally a possession of the counts of Bordeaux, it has been thereafer owned by the lords of Blaye, then it has been bought by the king of England-duke of Aquitaine Edward I. This latter created there two new towns (bastides)  and one of them called Baa (name coming from the English place Bath) did not develop even if we have kept detailed accounts of its creation and surveying.

Handout to be seen in conjunction with the Conference Presentation 'Miranda, Miracula et Marchia Wallie: the signa miranda of Thomas de Cantilupe in Exeter College MS 158', containing maps, and my own transcriptions and translations from Exeter College MS 158.

Items from Exeter College MS 158 are uploaded thanks to the kind permission of the rector and scholars of Exeter College, Oxford.

This article is the first to analyse the role of papal executors in scrutinising the veracity of petitions for papal graces (such as provision to a Church benefice, or dispensation from illegitimate birth) in thirteenth-century England. It sheds light on the office of executor – the linchpin of the papal provisions system – which has traditionally remained obscure for this period. By demonstrating that executors could and did refuse papal mandates for provision, this article draws into question the arguments of scholars who claim that swathes of illiterate foreign providees were crippling English pastoral care and exporting huge sums of ecclesiastical revenue from England.

Resumen. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar desde un punto de vista historiográfico la potestas de Leonor de Castilla (1241-1290), reina de Inglaterra. Se estudia su actividad antes de convertirse en reina y en qué medida determinó su posterior ejercicio del poder. Este se analiza desgranando los diferentes mecanismos empleados por la reina: mediación e intercesión, política matrimonial, influencia en la corte, actividad cultural, intervención en la política interna y exterior… La biografía política de esta consorte presenta aún muchas lagunas e interrogantes lo que abre unas amplias posibilidades que creemos necesario poner de relieve

Abstract. The aim of this article is to analyse from a historiographic point of view the potestas of Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290), Queen of England. It studies her activity before she became queen and the extent to which it influenced her subsequent exercise of power. This power is analysed by evaluating the different mechanisms that were used by the queen: mediation and intercession, marriage policy, her influence in the court, her cultural activity, her intervention in the internal and international policy… The political biography of this consort still shows many gaps and questions, something that opens a wide range of possibilities that we believe should be highlighted.

https://www.revistamirabilia.com/issues/mirabilia-journal-33-2021-2

This paper was presented at the Death in Scotland conference, 31 January 2016.  The ill-fated James IV of Scotland was not the only body to be carried back down to London; Edward I and John of Eltham also made the long journey. This was made possible by the talents of embalmers.

Resumen. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar un estado de la cuestión o repaso historiográfico de los recursos de poder con los que contó la reina de Inglaterra Leonor de Castilla (1241-1290). Se analizan temáticamente los recursos relacionales y los materiales, base fundamental de su reginalidad y el aspecto más trabajado de esta reina en la historiografía anglosajona. Nuestra conclusión es que el estudio de los recursos de poder de Leonor de Castilla presenta aún muchas posibilidades, por lo que se hace necesario continuar investigando los componentes que hicieron posible su reginalidad.
Palabras clave. Leonor de Castilla; reginalidad; Inglaterra; poder; historiografía; estado de la cuestión

Abstract. The aim of this article is to present a historiographical review of the sources of power of  the  queen  Eleanor  of  Castile  (1241-1290).  Relational  and  material  sources  are  analysed  thematically, since they have been established as the fundamental basis of her queenship by Anglo-Saxon historiography. Our conclusion is that research on the sources of power of Eleanor of Castile still offers many possibilities of study. Therefore, it is imperative to continue studying the elements that made her queenship possible
Key words. Eleanor of Castile; queenship; England; power; historiography; overview

https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ELEM/article/view/75424/4564456557445

Detailed examination of the letters of Edward I reveals them to be powerful and sophisticated political tools.

As formulaic in appearance as they are abundant in the archives, it is easy to underestimate the power of the letters generated by medieval governments, but these acts of communication were more than mere containers of information. Operating at the intersection of the spoken and the written, the performed and the observed, they produced a discourse that maximized royal authority and promoted solidarity between sender and recipient.
This book situates letters within medieval theories of composition and habits of reception, to argue that even mundane letters of governance were rhetorical texts. It focuses on the example of Edward I of England, whose rhetorical prowess was noted, often critically, by contemporaries. It shows how the king's correspondence varied in tone, vocabulary and structure across his reign and between recipients, revealing an  unexpected dynamism of political discourse. Moving between historical context and close readings of individual letters, this volume identifies letter-writing as an art through which the king and his government attempted to negotiate and mould relationships with political communities and diplomatic interlocutors alike.

The correspondence exchanged by Edward I of England and Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, in the late thirteenth century has traditionally been read for its legal and jurisdictional implications. However, as Rees Davies noted, language was itself a weapon in medieval Anglo-Welsh conflict. From this assumption, I examine a single letter exchange to investigate the construction and function of royal epistolary language. I suggest that traditional and formulaic elements were adapted to strategic expression of the authority and longevity of royal power, and that silences were equally intentional and rhetorically forceful weapons in the campaign to dominate Wales.

This paper was originally delivered at Kings & Queens 7 in Winchester, July 2018.

Richard II (r. 1377-1399) has been compared with Edward II (r. 1307-1327), his great-grandfather and fellow deposed king. Both asserted the royal prerogative and were considered “unmanly.” However, their marriages could not have been more different. This paper will examine the similarities between Richard II and his great-great-grandfather Edward I (r. 1272-1307), both of whom had affectionate, supportive, and even passionate relationships with their first wives. These women were highly influential in the development of court and in ceremonial practices in England during their tenures as queen consort. When these women died prematurely, both royal husbands were devastated and expressed their grief in overt, permanent ways. We must question whether these similarities, including later remarriages, were serendipitous or whether they were part of a larger political agenda
conceived by Richard II, a man who was always co-opting characteristics of previous kingships to better enhance his own.

Este artículo pretende llevar a cabo un primer estado de la cuestión en español sobre los embarazos y partos de una reina castellana de Inglaterra: Leonor de Castilla (1240-1291). En primer lugar, se presenta al personaje, remarcándose la importancia que tuvieron la maternidad y su rol como “proveedora de herederos” en su vida política y en su recuerdo. Sorprendentemente —aunque en consonancia con los estudios historiográficos generales sobre el personaje—, los trabajos sobre la primera etapa de la maternidad de esta reina se revelan escasos, limitados y con carencias, algo en lo que sin duda han influido las dificultades que plantean las fuentes primarias directas para el conocimiento del personaje. En este artículo se presentan algunas fuentes generales que otros historiadores han manejado desde diversas perspectivas por sus posibilidades y potencial, valorándose de qué modo podrían ayudar al conocimiento de la reginalidad de Leonor de Castilla.

https://revistas.uam.es/historiaautonoma/article/view/12850

The dissertation to be uploaded was undertaken as part of the research module of the M.Phil in Medieval History at Trinity College Dublin in 2014-2015 under the direction of Dr Peter Crooks.

The object of the research was to attempt to re-instate in the history books the children of Geoffrey de Geneville (c.1225-1314), Lord of Trim, Ludlow and Vaucouleurs, a native of Champagne who transferred to the Kingdom of England c. 1250.  It would seem that he had up to nine children with his wife Maud de Lacy, heiress of vast estates in England and Ireland.  Unfortunately, the identities and careers of these children have been largely forgotten down through the centuries due to a primary source of 1328 stating that the couple had only two sons, Geoffrey and Piers.
 
Sources were examined in Ireland, England, France and Italy for the dissertation.  It was in southern Italy, the Kingdom of Sicily later to become the Kingdom of Naples, that the careers of two sons, John and Nicholas, were the most notable.  Records have revealed that their patronym underwent a substantial transformation from the original name of Joinville/Geneville to the exotic di Gianvilla/Iamvilla and further variations thereof. This modification hampered identification of the prestigious noble family in the Kingdom of Sicily.  It was the coat-of-arms of Geoffrey de Geneville, their father, which was one of the clearest pointers towards identification with the Trim branch of the family.
 
Research has allowed me to re-assess and put into context some strange events in Geoffrey de Geneville’s 60-odd-year existence in his adopted Kingdom of England.  This  may contribute to understanding why his children (with the exception of Simon) have been largely lost from the history books.  Interrogations concerning these events have been addressed.  Some of them are listed below :

1. In 1283, did his eldest son die or had he become a templar knight prior to this date?
2. In 1283, what were the consequences of an « ill-advised » will giving all of Maud de Lacy’s vast estates to Piers, their second son and heir ?
3. In 1297, what motivated King Edward I to appoint Geoffrey de Geneville Marshal of the English army, the English being allies of Flanders?  Did the king know that John de Geneville, Geoffrey’s son, was fighting on the French side? Was this why two members of the family, Nicholas and William, made a precipitate departure from Ireland in 1300?
4.  In 1301, what implications did the transfer of his lordship of Vaucouleurs to France (at war with England) have for Geoffrey de Geneville’s status within the kingdom of England ?
                                  ___________________

RESUMO: Entre os eventos relacionados à memória pelos homens de saberes na Idade Média, o decesso dos monarcas ocupou seu lugar em narrativas preocupadas com o registro da história, fossem elas de cunho laico ou clerical. No presente trabalho, é exibido um relato sobre a morte de Edward I (1239-1307), onde suas linhas podem ser perscrutadas não apenas pelos interessados nas questões envolvendo os conflitos contra escoceses e franceses que marcaram seu reinado, pois, sobremaneira, igualmente fornecem indícios sobre os parâmetros de constituição da figura régia e de suas pretendidas audiências no período trecentista. Assim, tenho aqui um duplo objetivo: a partir de estudos recentes sobre o escrito, pretendo situá-lo dentro de seu momento de produção, para, na sequência, oferecer uma tradução realizada a partir do cotejo entre suas duas edições em inglês moderno e aquela presente nos fólios 73r-73v do códice BL Harley MS 2253.

ABSTRACT: Among the events related to memory by men of learning in the Middle Ages, the demise of monarchs took its place in narratives concerned with historical record, either those of lay or clerical nature. In this work, we shall display an account of the death of Edward I (1239-1307), as we believe its lines can be scrutinized by those interested in matters associated to the wars against the French and the Scots during his reign; furthermore, they can equally provide hints about the parameters of the royal figure and its desired audience in fourteenth-century England. For this reason, we seek to accomplish a double aim: firstly, on the basis of up-to-date studies regarding this specific writing, it shall be situated within its production context and, subsequently, we shall provide a complete translation into Brazilian Portuguese from a collation between folios 73r-73v, available at codex BL Harley MS 2253, and its two modern English editions.

New panels and installations were produced at Beaumaris Castle for 2016. Due to the castle never having been completed, the theme of Beaumaris’ interpretation is ‘building’. Whilst researching information for the project, three discoveries of note were made; previously unrecorded masons' marks & a gargoyle and the presence of skilled women workers at the site and other castles in Wales in the 14th Century. It has become clear that women held a strong and significant role in Medieval Britain building work.

Heralds’ Roll of 1270-80 is significant with its contents, as apart from arms of European kings and Edward’s Counts and household, there are arms of Queen Eleanor, her relatives, bishop Antony Beck, household of King of Scots, Saxon kings of England, knights of the Round table and two separate particular counties. However the collection of arms is not random. The analysis shows that arms in the armorial follow the life of Edward I and tell of his family, environment, activities and position. The Heralds’ Roll made most probably for the king himself or one of his relatives is not the only example of an armorial, made not only for the sake of heraldry.

Late medieval petitions, providing unique insights into medieval social and legal history, have attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent years. This wide-ranging collection brings two approaches into dialogue with each other: the study of royal justice and secular petitions presented to the English crown, and the study of papal justice, canon law and ecclesiastical petitions (emphasising the international dimension of petitioning as a legal device exercising authority across Latin Christendom). In so doing, it crosses the traditional demarcation lines between secular and ecclesiastical systems of justice, of particular importance, given the participation by many litigants and legislators in both of those legal spheres.
A major focus is the mechanics of petitioning - who were the intermediaries in this process, and what were the "strategies of persuasion" they employed? The essays also re-examine the relationship between petitioners and their advisors, and the specific legal, rhetorical and linguistic choices they made in the composition of these texts. In so doing, the volume makes an important new contribution to the emerging field of late medieval supplicatory cultures.

This is a book chapter from Fourteenth Century England X, ed. Gwilym Dodd.  This work places Richard II's activities around the dead in context with the activities of his predecessors, Edward I and Edward III.  Richard's behavior was skewed by the presentation of Thomas Walsingham, affecting the king's post-mortem reputation.  Richard acted in the same continuity as his forebears and as his successors, Henry IV and Henry V.

Rolls of Arms as first written heraldic sources appear only in 13th c. however the heraldry itself as a system of identification signs is known to exist since a century ago. The earlier period of heraldic development coincides in time with the official ecclesiastic ban of tournaments. As the tournaments are considered the base for the development of heraldry, the article presents an attempt to find the influence of one fact over the other.

Taking as its starting point the second largest miracle collection of an English saint, that of Thomas de Cantilupe, this paper focuses on how concepts of ‘wonder’ were transmitted from Thomas’s tomb in Hereford Cathedral to the wider world and how a border cult such as his could expand into Pura Wallia. The miracle narratives within Exeter College MS 158 contain traces of the wonder with which they were viewed by contemporaries, and provides us with a glimpse of what ‘normal’ life offered in the Middle Ages for people from every strata of society.

Drawing on a wealth of documentation, this paper examines in depth a few miracles which happened amidst the backdrop of Rhys ap Maredudd’s rebellion in 1287 and the aftermath of the Edwardian conquest. The examples range from a rugged knight with an arrow embedded below his eye, to a Welsh malefactores who was hung and resuscitated. This paper also focuses on the oral transmission of these wonders. The bishop of Hereford was, by his landholdings and interests, ostensibly a Marcher Lord, and this adds the question of how his cult spread through oral transmission of these ‘wonder’ tales into native Wales.

The source itself is just one of many which has been recognised by scholars such as Ronald Finucane and Robert Bartlett as important for understanding the medieval concepts of miracle and wonder, as it offers us an insight into how the small city of Hereford became home to one of England’s most prolific miracle workers.

Resumen: La relación entre Aragón e Inglaterra durante el reinado de Alfonso III de Aragón (1285-1291), también conocido por la historiografía como «el Franco» o «el Liberal», fue muy cercana y no solo con Eduardo I, sino también con su esposa la reina Leonor de Castilla. Como fruto de esa alianza se firmaron los trata-dos de Olorón (1287) y Canfranc (1288) en el seno de unas turbulentas relaciones entre los reinos europeos. Aunque Thomas Rymer transcribió la mayoría de los documentos de esta relación entre los siglos xvii y xviii, no incluyó todos los diplomas existentes y se equivocó en la datación de algunos de ellos. Este artículo completa el trabajo de Rymer y analiza qué temas se trataron entre los reyes.

The relationship between Aragon and England during the reign of Alfonso III of Aragon (1285-1291), also known by historians as «the Franco» or «the Liberal», was very close and not only with Eduardo I, but also with his wife Eleanor of Castile. As a result of this alliance, the treaties of Oloron-Sainte-Marie (1287) and Canfranc (1288) were signed within a lot of turbulent relations between the European kingdoms. Although Thomas Rymer transcribed the most of the documents about this relationship between the 17 th and 18 th centuries, he didn't include all the existing documents and he was wrong in the dating of some of them. This work completes Rymer's study.

The Queen’s Gate at Caernarfon Castle has hitherto escaped due academic attention. This paper examines medieval gate architecture in relation to tangible traces of Caernarfon’s extant Roman buildings, medieval churches, gardens and parks, as well as the intangible memory represented in the Medieval Welsh tale of Breudwyt Maxen Wledic (‘The Dream of Macsen Wledig’). This paper will contribute to future research of the geopolitical, social and symbolic relations between castles, their builders, and elite and legendary seascapes and landscapes.

Cherchez la femme: Une nouvelle approche interdisciplinaire, sur plusieurs périodes, pour comprendre l'interaction entre les sexes, le lieu et les espaces au château de Caernarfon à Gwynedd (Pays de Galles).

La porte de la Reine du château de Caernarfon a jusqu'ici échappé à l'attention académique. Cet article examine l’architecture des portes médiévales en relation avec les traces tangibles des vestiges romains existants, des églises médiévales, et du jardin et du parc de Caernarfon, ainsi que des témoignages immatériels rapportés dans le conte gallois médiéval, Breudwyt Maxen Wledic (‘The Dream of Macsen Wledig’). Cet article contribue à la recherche à venir sur les relations géopolitiques, sociales et symboliques entre les châteaux, ceux qui les construisirent, les paysage marins et les paysages légendaires et d'élite associées où ils s’inscrivaient.

Cherchez la Femme: Ein neuer interdisziplinärer und periodenübergreifender Ansatz zum Verständnis von Geschlecht, Ort und Raum auf Schloss Caernarfon in Gwynedd, Wales

Das Königintor in Caernarfon Castle ist bisher der akademischen Aufmerksamkeit entgangen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die mittelalterliche Torarchitektur in Bezug auf konkrete Spuren von Caernarfons erhaltenen römischen Gebäuden, mittelalterlichen Kirchen, Gärten und Parks sowie die immaterielle Erinnerung, die im walisischen Mittelalter von Breudwyt Maxen Wledic (‘The Dream of Macsen Wledig’) dargestellt wird. Dieses Papier wird einen Beitrag zur künftigen Erforschung der geopolitischen, sozialen und symbolischen Beziehungen zwischen Burgen, ihren Erbauern sowie elitären und legendären Meeres- und Landschaften leisten.

Published in "Experts et expertises au Moyen Âge. Consilium quaeritur a perito", 42ème congrès de la SHMESP (Société des Historiens Médiévistes de l’Enseignement Supérieur), Oxford, 31 mars - 3 avril 2011, Paris, (2012).
This study is about the lawyers who worked for the kings of England in their relationship with the kings of France between 1259 and 1337, particularly in connection with the Parlement of Paris where Gascons were allowed to appeal a judicial decision of the kings of England or his officers. However, despite their expertise, these lawyers were unable to prevent the outbreaks of war between the kings of England and France, particularly the Hundred Years War.

"The relationship between St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster in its thirteenth century iterations and the Ste-Chapelle, Paris of Louis IX (1239-48) is one which has never been investigated directly by scholars. Though it seems self-evident that the two Palace chapels were causally linked, the extent and manner of their association, and the motivations behind it, are yet to be explored in detail.  Whilst incidental comments by art historians such as Robert Branner, John Hastings etc. have tacitly advanced political and personal motivations, these observations have not been isolated and a treated as a subject of independent study.

  The aim of this paper is to analyse two specific thirteenth-century iterations of St Stephen's in relation to its supposed architectural progenitor: Henry III's works and painted decoration within the chapel (c. 1231-53) and Michael of Canterbury's new design of the chapel for Edward I (1292 onwards).  Through drawing on chronological, stylistic, typological and iconographic comparison, this paper will demonstrate that a singular focus on the Sainte-Chapelle has distracted from chapel's engagement with a wider discourse of palace chapel design.  By considering the influence of wider royal, imperial and Byzantine palatine traditions and the role of innovation in the context of contemporary political circumstances, this paper aims to reconsider the power relations at work in the workings of architectural prestige by re-evaluating the role of archetypes in a thirteenth-century monarch's palace."

Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England is a major new account of the relationship between Edward I and his earls, and of the role of the English nobility in thirteenth-century governance. Re-evaluating crown-noble relations of the period, Spencer challenges traditional interpretations of Edward's reign, showing that his reputed masterfulness has been overplayed and that his kingship was far subtler, and therefore more effective, than this stereotype would suggest. Drawing from key earldoms such as Lincoln, Lancaster, Cornwall and Warenne, the book reveals how nobles created local followings and exercised power at a local level as well as surveying the political, governmental, social and military lives of the earls, prompting us to rethink our perception of their position in thirteenth-century politics. Adopting a powerful revisionist perspective, Spencer presents a major new statement about thirteenth-century England; one which will transform our understanding of politics and kingship in the period.

In the 1307 Statute of Carlisle, the lords in parliament complained vociferously about the “damnable payment” that French monasteries demanded as dues from their daughter-houses in England. In the statute they invoked their position as founders and patrons of these English houses, and asserted that patronal rights and the need of proper pastoral care for their subjects superseded any claims of allegiance from the monasteries’ motherhouses on the Continent. This paper examines the complicated relationships between the French abbeys, their English daughter-houses, and their English patrons during the reigns of Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III. It approaches these relationships by looking at parliamentary legislation against foreign religious, as well as highlighting the impact of prolonged warfare – particularly the Hundred Years War – upon the English abbeys and their patrons. The paper argues that the attempts by English patrons to limit the influence of foreign abbeys within England led to the gradual replacement of loyalties within their daughter-houses. Particularly under Edward III, foreign-owned abbeys within England began to shift their allegiances away from their French motherhouses, and instead to adopt a new English identity for themselves, which linked them to their English patrons.

This paper was originally delivered at Leeds IMC 2018

Upon the death of his consort Eleanor of Castile on 28 November 1290, Edward I descended into prolonged, sustained grief.  Two years after Eleanor died, Edward I set up an elaborate and expensive anniversary for her, with hundreds of pounds of lit candles, many masses, and a yearly gift to Westminster Abbey.  This was maintained throughout the remainder of Edward I’s reign and through that of his and Eleanor’s only surviving son, Edward II. Edward II actively worked to fulfill his mother’s anniversary and possibly chose the design of his father’s tomb to this end.  After Edward II’s deposition in 1327, it seems the celebration of Eleanor’s anniversary at the royal court was discontinued, though the Abbey’s activity may have continued unfettered.  However, by 1337, Edward III had set about “renewing the wax” around the tomb of Edward I at Westminster Abbey, with no mention of Eleanor.  This paper proposes that Eleanor’s anniversary, whether purposely or accidentally, was recycled and utilized for invoking the memory of the warrior king, Edward I, by his grandson Edward III.  This paper will also address the long-term impact of Eleanor’s anniversary on royal ceremonial life and its inspiration for other monarchs' commemorative activity, both for themselves and for their queens consort.

A conquest of a kingdom often ends with capture of regalia. This was the fate of Welsh
regalia after it was finally annexed by Edward I in 1284. However the crown of Llywelyn on getting into Edwards
possession got a new history and new special meaning, which became a part of English policy against probable
revolts of the newly conquered part of the kingdom.

This project is a study of the structure and personnel of the papal chapel, and the administrative, governmental, legal and cultural activities of papal chaplains in the period 1288–1304.  It is based on a new repertory of the collective biographies of papal chaplains compiled for this project, and comprises detailed analysis of this biographical repertory and of information on papal chaplains from the papal curia’s administrative and financial sources, new research concerning papal chaplains’ function in cardinals’ wills and as testators themselves, a comparison of the papal chapel with its contemporary counterpart at the English royal court – the chapel royal – and discussion of papal chaplains’ cultural activities and their role in the production of a curial court culture.  It combines two broad approaches.  On the one hand, it aims to clarify the administrative and economic structure of the papal chapel and establish the collective biographies of the papal chaplains themselves in the period 1288–1304.  On the other, it uses this constitutional, economic and socio-demographic analysis as context for comparison with the English chapel royal and for discussion of the papal chapel’s cultural history in the same period.  New information is brought to light on the role of the Roman schola cantorum in the papal chapel, on the history of honorary papal chaplains, on papal chaplains’ musical function, and on the differing course and impact of constitutional rationalisation in the papal chapel and English chapel royal.  The contextualisation of cultural activity in the papal chapel with constitutional change shows the decisive importance for cultural history – especially for the papal chapel’s musical history – of dynamics originating outside the cultural domains.