Ensenada

Carlo Broschi Farinelli, the most famous castrato singer in the History of Music, lived for more than twenty year in the Madrid court, arriving there in 1737 in coincidence with the rise of the power of the Marquis de la Ensenada. This article explores and discusses their relationship, revising well known sources as well as considering unknown ones. The starting point is a historiographical criticism in order to assess the scarce recption of the studies on Ensenada in Farinelli’s scholarship. Then, the article shows, on a documentary basis the interest on music of several Ensenada’s acquaintances: Montealegre, Huéscar, Ardore and Esquilache. In the following part, the court feasts promoted by Ensenada and Farinelli are studied, as well as the references to the Minister in the letters from Metastasio and Huéscar, with emphasis in the first operas and serenatas produced under the reign of Ferdinand VI. Unpublished sources are used to shed light on the process of fabrication and propaganda sourrounding these productions. Finally, the period following Ensenada’s fall is considered using the letters from Farinelli to the Spanish ambasador in Vienna. These and other sources are presented in the appendix that includes a translation into Spanish of the references to Ensenada in the Farinelli-Metastasio correspondence.

People's performance, efficiency and comfort may be adversely affected by unfavorable conditions of thermal environment. In Mexico, thermal comfort research has been developed in warm climates (dry and wet) from country's north and southeast and in cold climates (dry) from country's center. In this paper, the results obtained with a thermal comfort study carried out during a typical year's cold period in Ensenada city, Baja California (13.5 °C average monthly temperature), are presented. The study was conducted with a student sample of the Autonomous University of Baja California. The campus is located on Ensenada city west coast which is influenced by Santa Ana's winds and sea breeze during winter. Study is correlational type and was analyzed with 917 observations and simultaneous recording of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, during the period from January 30 to March 03, 2017. The questionnaires applied to the subjects evaluated were based on ISO 10551 and ANSI/ASHRAE 55 standards; also, the measuring instruments used to monitor environmental variables comply with ISO 7726, which allowed obtaining a class II database. Data were processed by Averages Intervals of Thermal Sensation (MIST) method. Comfort temperature obtained was 20.3 °C with a thermal comfort range 16.8 °C to 23.8 °C. About 30 % population sample coincided that educational spaces do not have the ideal environmental conditions for the effective practice of teaching-learning process.

El bienestar, la eficiencia y el confort de las personas pueden verse afectados por las condiciones adversas del ambiente térmico. En México, los estudios que abordan este fenómeno desde un enfoque metodológico disciplinar se han desarrollado principalmente en sitios con bioclimas cálidos (seco y húmedo), templado y semifrío. El objetivo central de este trabajo es presentar los resultados parciales obtenidos con un estudio sobre confort térmico desarrollado con las bases metodológicas del Enfoque Adaptativo, durante la transición térmica del periodo frío al periodo cálido en Ensenada, Baja California. La ciudad, localizada al noroeste de México, presenta un bioclima templado-seco. El estudio es de tipo correlacional y fue analizado con 987 evaluaciones aplicadas en sitio y el registro simultáneo de la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la velocidad de viento, durante el periodo del 24 de abril al 22 de mayo de 2017. Los cuestionarios aplicados se diseñaron con base en la ISO 10551 y la ANSI/ASHRAE 55; asimismo, la selección y la distribución de los instrumentos de medición ambiental se realizó con base en la ISO 7726. Los datos recabados fueron procesados estadísticamente con el método de Medias por Intervalos de Sensación Térmica. La Temperatura Neutra resultó en 20.2 °C con un rango de confort térmico de 17.7 °C a 22.7 °C. El confort térmico de la muestra analizada se vio influenciado principalmente por el historial térmico y las acciones emprendidas por las personas, de forma voluntaria e involuntaria, en busca de la adaptación al ambiente térmico.

A lo largo de los ciclos agrícolas de la década 1950, en Baja California se generaron abundantes recursos fiscales provenientes del sector primario (Ley de Fomento y Protección de Industrias del Estado de Baja California, 1954) Entre los cultivos que despuntaron, destacaron el olivo, el algodón  y la vid. El efecto fue benéfico para Ensenada, sobre todo Maneadero y el valle de San Quintín. En el caso del olivo destacó la compañía Hijos de Ibarra, S. de R.L. y en la vid, la finca y vinícola Ojos Negros de Ricardo Hussong tercero, cuyo caso se estudia en este capítulo.

Historia sobre el Centro de Estudios Musicales (CEM) de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, campus Ensenada. El CEM fue el semillero de varios músicos bajacalifornianos, así como de la Licenciatura en Música de la UABC. En este capítulo, se detallan los primeros años del centro, así como las actividades que se realizaron entre 1998 y 2005.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los contenidos culturales que se ofrecen en la ciudad de Ensenada, así como los consumos culturales de los habitantes de la misma, con la finalidad de poder lograr incidir en el incremento de su aprovechamiento.

Urban sprawl characteristics and forms have been investigated thoroughly, but studies are often at a country or a region level. The related observations fail to compare sprawl in cities from different continents or cultures. This paper tries to do this by quantifying sprawl in a mid-sized city in north-western Mexico (Ensenada) between 1980 and 2014 by means of Shannon Entropy and comparing it with 12 different cities from India, Iran, Portugal, Nepal, China, and Canada. The comparisons are conducted separately targeting sprawl intensity and speed. Shannon Entropy means are compared to represent differences in sprawl intensity, while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is applied to model and compare regression coefficients that represent sprawl speed. Homogeneity of regression slopes indicates differences in sprawl speed of Ensenada with the compared cities. The results reveal that Ensenada is more sprawled than 7 out of 12 of the observed cities, but continues to spread outward with the same speed as most of the compared cities. Such international comparisons on sprawl can on the one hand give an overview of the differences in sprawl characteristics in cities around the world. On the other hand, such investigations can provide local governments, such as Ensenada, insights to shortcomings and weak points of their land use policy. Concerning the latter case, the case-study city of this research, which represents about 20 mid-sized cities of Northern Mexico, has to take urban and suburban sprawl containment policies.

Car-orientated modal splits represent problems for the city in economic, environmental and social terms. The implementation of policies and other measures can fail if the causes are not well recognized. Mid-sized cities in Mexico are not well-represented in studies where only the capital and other bigger cities are studied. This research aims to recognize those causes focusing on northern mid-sized cities in Mexico. The approach involves numerical work (linear regression) complemented with a descriptive analysis of the city. The analysis takes on such areas of consideration as socioeconomic factors, land-use variables and the street network of the city. Of the 16 variables, almost all presented a relationship with car ownership levels, but not all behaved as expected. The final part of the research is a reaction to the previous studies and recommendations to change the city from car-orientated to one with a sustainable modal split.