Enuresis

Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem in children. It has significant psychologicalimpacts on both children and families. Nocturnal enuresis refers to an inability to hold urine  during  sleep  at  night.  The  cause  of  nocturnal  enuresis  may  result  from  several                related  factors.  The  evaluation  requires  a  thorough  history,  a  complete  physical                        examination, a voiding diary, and an appropriate investigation. Treatment can be tailored according to the patient’s underlying cause. In the present study, the author aimed to assemble etiologies, diagnosis evaluation, modalities of treatment, and general information about nocturnal enuresis.

Enuresis is defined in many different ways, but the common thread to all involves a lack of bladder control after 5 years of age, an age when most children would be expected to have achieved bladder control. Nocturnal enuresis is best regarded as a condition with different etiologies. Many aetiological theories have been proposed, with the cause of nocturnal enuresis now regarded as heterogeneous. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of primary school children aged between 6-12 years. The study was conducted in Borno State in the northeastern part of Nigeria, West Africa. The sample size is 560, with 260(52.1%) males and 239 (47.9%) females. The ages of the respondents ranged from 6 to 12 years, with a mean age of 9.47 years and a Standard Deviation (SD) of ±1.85. Nine variables, namely age, gender, home environment, maternal education/occupation, paternal education/occupation, family size, and family history of enuresis among siblings at 95% CI were considered. The variables that have a significant relationship with enuresis when the chi 2 test was used were further subjected to logistic regression analysis. The children's sex, age group, family history, fathers' education, and occupation were found to have statistical significance in predicting bedwetting among children. Health educators and primary care health staff should obtain detailed history not to miss patients with enuresis, and parents should be informed about the psychological effects of Enuresis and to seek appropriate treatment for their children.

Externalizing problem behavior is a robust predictor of early adolescent substance use (SU); however, findings regarding internalizing problems have been mixed, suggesting that there may be important moderators of the relationship between internalizing problems and SU. The present study used a community sample (mean age was 12.1 at the first assessment, 55% women, 83% White) to test a longitudinal latent variable interaction structural equation model to examine whether externalizing problems moderated the relationship between internalizing problems and SU. Peer delinquency was tested as a mediator in the model and prior levels of the mediator and outcome were controlled at each wave to establish temporal precedence. Results suggested that (1) internalizing problems were protective against associating with deviant peers, but only at high levels of externalizing symptomatology, (2) higher levels of peer delinquency were associated with increases in SU, and (3) peer delinquency mediate...