Erwin Schrödinger

At its core, quantum mechanics is governed by Schrödinger's equation, a partial differential equation that describes the evolution of a quantum system's wave function over time. Learn more in Certified Quantum Physics Specialist (CQPS) by Tonex.

Since 1926 the famous Schrödinger equation has been treated as the foundational mathematical model in the quantum mechanics and one of the most important tools for physicists to describe the microscopic world. However, nearly one century after the publishing of that equation, the new knowledge about the defect in the relevant de Broglie formula of matter wavelength could help us to easily spot a defect in Schrödinger’s derivation of his famous equation as he presented in his 1926 paper. This discovery could further help to reveal more defects in that paper as would be discussed in this short survey.

Looking at the Cat paradox and its implications, this is an attempt to understand what I call the Baradian Ecosystem where meaning comes into being with the intra-action of the material and the discursive. This understanding is phenomenological in that all subject matter is embodied phenomena that exist in entangled states. As Schrödinger’s Cat raises epistemological questions about the limits of knowledge and the role of measurement in determining reality, Agential Realism extends these questions to suggest that knowledge and reality are co-constituted. Meaning and matter are intertwined, and understanding emerges through intra-actions rather than interactions. Barad argues that Agential Realism is useful in the analysis of literature, social inequalities, etc as it is a way of understanding politics, ethics and agencies of any act of observation and by extension, any kind of knowledge practice. This view of knowledge reveals how culture and habits of thought excessively highlight some things and make other things easier to ignore so we never see them.

For nearly one hundred years most quantum-mechanics texts have depicted a continuous, spin-direction superposition of the wavefunction of the silver atom traversing a Stern-Gerlach magnet. But there are sound scientific arguments which deny that understanding. Schrodinger's equation for that continuous wavefuction development cannot describe the transfer of energy from the magnetic field to that atom. Modern micro-fabrication techniques now make it possible to implement a simple, accessible experiment testing whether a spin superposition does continue in the magnet. Because the Stern-Gerlach experiment is the prototype for quantum measurement, that observation is crucial to implementing a realistic quantum theory of measurement.

In Quantum Entanglement as well as in the Copenhagen interpretation, every state has a probability associated with it, and the average result may be predicted using a variety of metrics. Although it is unforeseeable in and of itself, the chance that a single measurement will be up or down depends on these probabilities.

perfectly isolated systems ; first of all , because no such systems exist; and secondly , if we grant the existence of such systems , we cannot observe their internal workings with out disturbing them and thereby destroying their isolation. In addition , human measurements are necessarily imprecise. These difficulties were not regarded as fatal to the doctrine , because approximately isolated systems could be found , and our measurements could be so refined that they would not perceptibly disturb the magnitudes to be measured (D'Abro, the rise of the new physics). But the quantum theorists are adamant in their claim that the recently discovered theoretical impossibility , cannot be dismissed so lightly.

Randomness describes a phenomenon in which the outcome of a single repetition is uncertain, but there is nonetheless a regular distribution of relative frequencies in many repetitions. Randomness applies to concepts of chance, probability, and importantly, what will be the main topic of this essay - information entropy.

Like a thermodynamic system, an information system has an analogous concept to entropy called information entropy. Here, entropy is a measure of the increase or decrease in the novelty of information. A key candidate-theory potentially explaining life (that is how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry) and the universe itself.

in this book    we follow the great course of the  concept  of action  in physics  that contributed to the dissolution of prejudices about the world, based on the power of mathematical technique  anf the human  power of creation. Action appears first in the world of matter, where the combination  with Euler's mathematics gave us a great beginning  of the p r i n c i p l e  of le a s t action and transfomed Newton's physics  into Lagrange  analytical mechanics
Then it movfd  to the continnuum of radiation  where the prophet Planck gave us  the atom of action in nature, analogous  to the atom of matter. This atom led us to the quantum physics  and we will eventually apply it to a new idea that of the discontuinity of space and time  the great goal , abolishing the eternity -from Greek pilosophy- of c o n t inui t y  o f    s p a c e and    t i m e.

After the Republic's establishment, innovations in education and culture began, as in many other fields. Although systematic curriculum development studies have yet to start in education, there is a separation of fields in physics courses in secondary education. Physics subjects are intense in science classes. In addition, the early 1900s were years of revolutionary developments in electromagnetism, modern physics, and quantum mechanics in physics. In this study, the actuality of the physics contents of the 1929 High School 3 Physics Textbook according to the period and which physics paradigm is valid in the terms. Compared to other books, three high school physics boks dated 1929 were preferred, considering that it is comprehensive and will provide more in-depth data. At the end of the study, the ether/etherview was stil valid in the textbook, and modern physics subjects have yet to start. According to theaether view, theaether covers space and allows light to diffuse. In the text book, the elements discovered then were still not in the periodictable. Despite these situations, the 1929 book is up-to-date in electromagnetism and technological developments compared to its period. The dominant paradigm in the text book was classicalphysics, then electromagnetism.

Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan sonra pek çok alanda olduğu gibi eğitim ve kültür alanında da yenilikler yapılmıştır.Eğitimde henüz sistemli program geliştirme çalışmaları başlamamış olsa da ortaöğretimde fizik derslerinde alan ayrımı vardır ve fen kollarında yoğun bir şekilde fizik konuları yer almaktadır. Bunun yanında 1900’lerin başı fizikte elektromanyetizma, modern fizik ve kuantum mekaniği alanlarında devrim niteliğindeki gelişmelerin olduğu yıllardır. Bu çalışmada 1929 Lise 3 Fizik Ders Kitabının fizik içeriklerinin dönemine göre güncellikleri ve terimlerde hangi fizik paradigmasının geçerli olduğuna bakılmıştır. Diğer kitaplarla kıyaslandığında, geniş kapsamlı olduğu ve daha derin veri sağlayacağı düşünülerek 1929 tarihli lise 3 fizik kitabı tercih edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda uzayı kapladığı düşünülen ve içinde ışığın yayılması için gerekli bir ortam olarak kabul edilen esir/eter görüşünün devam ettiği, modern fizik konularına henüz geçilmediği görülmüştür. Periyodik tabloda o dönem keşfedilmiş olan elementlerin halen kitaptaki tabloda yer almadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durumlara rağmen 1929 kitabının dönemine göre elektromanyetizma konularında ve teknolojik gelişmelerde güncel olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Kitaptaki hâkim paradigmanın klasik fizik, sonrasında elektromanyetizma olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

En esta comunicación, me gustaría en primer lugar mostrar, en el caso más simple del átomo de hidrógeno (no-relativistas y no-perturbado), que la regla de cuantización habitual se puede reemplazar por otro requisito, en el cual ya no aparece ninguna expresión sobre "números enteros". Más bien, la cualidad de ser un número entero, se deriva de la misma forma natural como, por ejemplo, la cualidad de ser un número entero del número de nodos de una cuerda vibrante. La nueva concepción es generalizable y toca, como yo creo, muy profundamente la verdadera naturaleza de las reglas cuánticas.

In this paper, it is argued that the question ldquo;What is life?rdquo; time and again emergesmdash;and within the confines of an objectivistic/subjectivistic frame of thought has to emergemdash;as a symptom, a non-deciphered, cryptic message that insists on being interpreted. br /Our hypothesis is that the failure to measure up the living to the standards of objectification has been taken too frequently from an objectivistic angle, leading to a simple postponement of an objective treatment of the living, and meanwhile confining it to the domain of the subjective, the relative and the metaphorical. As a consequence, the truly important question of the co-constitutive relation between objectivity and subjectivity is thereby evaded. A critical, transcendental account can be relevant in this regard, not only because of the fact that objectivity and subjectivity are seen as co-constitutive, but also because it addresses the question of the embeddedness of objectivity and subjectivity fr...

Credible reasons are presented to reveal that many of the lingering century old enigmas, surrounding the behavior of at least an individual quantum particle, can be comprehended in terms of an objectively real specific wave function. This wave function is gleaned from the single particle energy-momentum eigenstate offered by the theory of space filling universal quantum fields that is an inevitable outcome of Dirac's pioneering masterpiece. Examples of these well-known enigmas are wave particle duality, the de Broglie hypothesis, the uncertainty principle, wave function collapse, and predictions of measurement outcomes in terms of probability instead of certainty. Paul Dirac successfully incorporated special theory of relativity into quantum mechanics for the first time. This was accomplished through his ingenious use of matrices that allowed the equations of motion to maintain the necessary first order time derivative feature necessary for positive probability density. The ensu...

The paper by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935) is rigorously critiqued but its major implication is explicitly brought out – non-determinism implies non-locality. This implication and Bell’s theorem (with its associated experiments) are used to logically identify the possible sets of universes to which our universe can theoretically belong – the set of universes with non-deterministic non-locality and the set of universes with deterministic non-locality. The Pilot Wave Theory, a deterministic non-local theory and therefore a theoretically possible theory to describe our universe, is presented and legitimate questions and difficulties are raised about this theory. An alternative theory named Wave Surfing Theory, which is non-deterministic and non-local in nature, is presented. This theory is shown to be consistent with ten observed quantum phenomena: the de Broglie relation between momentum and wavelength, the Planck-Einstein relation between energy and frequency, non-locality, Born’s rule, spin angular momentum, wavy interference pattern of the two-slit experiment, replacement of the interference pattern by two localised density distributions at measurement, discrete nature of particles detected on detection screen, tunnelling and reduction of mass/inertia concomitant with production of energy in nuclear fusion and fission. An interpretation of probability density and the related definition of measurement are proposed. At a measurement event, it is proposed that there is an exchange of momentum between the measured particle and the measuring agent. The domain of the validity of the Schrödinger equation is also identified with respect to the interpretation of probability density and the definition of measurement. Most of the physical quantities in the Wave Surfing Theory are non-deterministic and all the physical quantities have definite values. The theory therefore avoids the problems of superposition and wave function collapse, and the paradox of the Schrödinger cat, and it avoids other conceptual problems with the ontology of particles. In this theory, a measurement event or a local change of the classical potential will instantaneously cause a wholesale transformation of the wave function and its probability density over the whole relevant spatial domain, rather than a wave function collapse. The theory therefore has the potential to explore the detailed dynamics of particle entanglement and non-locality. Using de Broglie’s relation between momentum and wavelength, the velocity components of a particle can be logically projected into their relativistic forms. Based on these relativistic velocity components, an inexpensive experiment is identified and suggested for verifying or falsifying the Wave Surfing Theory. This experiment will also help to verify or falsify the suggested definitions of the mass/inertia and energy of a particle. These two fundamental definitions suitably and fundamentally lead to the well-known expression for rest energy, , without invoking electromagnetism, but they require verification or falsification by the suggested experiment. If the experiment verifies the Wave Surfing Theory, then possible future studies include the full relativistic version of the theory with all its details, its relationships with Quantum Field Theory (particularly on annihilation and creation of particles) and the Standard Model, dark matter, particle entanglement and dark energy.

This paper gives interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (QM) by redefining the theory using 3 new postulates. The first of these postulates specifies the underlying structure that every massive fundamental particle must possess. The mass-Energy equivalence and wave nature of matter emerge as a direct consequence. The second postulate describes the quantum state of particles. Wave function, its conjugate, Born interpretation and the Energy-momentum operators can be derived from these two postulates. The third postulate describes the effect of measurement and interaction on the wave function. The equations of QM starting from Schrodinger’s equation are described. The phenomenon of Quantum entanglement and Schrodinger’s cat thought experiment are described under this interpretation. Finally, the origin of spin resulting from the first postulate is discussed.

In 1958, Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger published a small bookentitled "Mind and Matter", wherein he provides a solution to the age-old dualism of body and mind, which can be discussed in this thread.
Before entering one might read what has already been written in thepreceding threads on "mental causation“, “artificial intelligence“ and"the hard problem":

(1) (PDF) The mind-body problem in light of E. Schrödinger's "Mind and Matter" (1958). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325658560_The_mind-body_problem_in_light_of_E_Schrodinger's_Mind_and_Matter_1958 [accessed Mar 22 2023].

In this paper, it is argued that the question ldquo;What is life?rdquo; time and again emergesmdash;and within the confines of an objectivistic/subjectivistic frame of thought has to emergemdash;as a symptom, a non-deciphered, cryptic message that insists on being interpreted. br /Our hypothesis is that the failure to measure up the living to the standards of objectification has been taken too frequently from an objectivistic angle, leading to a simple postponement of an objective treatment of the living, and meanwhile confining it to the domain of the subjective, the relative and the metaphorical. As a consequence, the truly important question of the co-constitutive relation between objectivity and subjectivity is thereby evaded. A critical, transcendental account can be relevant in this regard, not only because of the fact that objectivity and subjectivity are seen as co-constitutive, but also because it addresses the question of the embeddedness of objectivity and subjectivity fr...

This is an article about whether the deterministic picture of the world is compatible with quantum mechanics, where the fundamental randomness comes from in it, how this should affect our perception of the world, and also whether it is possible (hypothetically) to model the future accurately enough, at least in terms of probabilities

In this paper, it is argued that the question ldquo;What is life?rdquo; time and again emergesmdash;and within the confines of an objectivistic/subjectivistic frame of thought has to emergemdash;as a symptom, a non-deciphered, cryptic message that insists on being interpreted. br /Our hypothesis is that the failure to measure up the living to the standards of objectification has been taken too frequently from an objectivistic angle, leading to a simple postponement of an objective treatment of the living, and meanwhile confining it to the domain of the subjective, the relative and the metaphorical. As a consequence, the truly important question of the co-constitutive relation between objectivity and subjectivity is thereby evaded. A critical, transcendental account can be relevant in this regard, not only because of the fact that objectivity and subjectivity are seen as co-constitutive, but also because it addresses the question of the embeddedness of objectivity and subjectivity fr...

In 1958, Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger published a small bookentitled "Mind and Matter", wherein he provides a solution to the age-old dualism of body and mind, which can be discussed in this thread.
Before entering one might read what has already been written in thepreceding threads on "mental causation“, “artificial intelligence“ and"the hard problem":

(1) (PDF) The mind-body problem in light of E. Schrödinger's "Mind and Matter" (1958). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325658560_The_mind-body_problem_in_light_of_E_Schrodinger's_Mind_and_Matter_1958 [accessed Mar 22 2023].

Despite the unparalleled accuracy of quantum-theoretical predictions across an enormous range of phenomena, the theory's foundations are still in doubt. The theory deviates radically from classical physics, predicts counterintuitive phenomena, and seems inconsistent. The biggest stumbling block is measurement, where the Schrodinger equation's unitary evolution seems inconsistent with collapse. These doubts have inspired a variety of proposed interpretations and alterations of the theory. Most interpretations posit the theory represents only observed appearances rather than reality. The realistic interpretations, on the other hand, posit entities such as other universes, hidden variables, artificial collapse mechanisms, or human minds, that are not found in the standard mathematical formulation. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the possibility that the standard theory is both realistic and correct as it stands. This paper examines several controversial issues, ...

What a big mistake! All of their experimental results are actually in vain, simply because of the wrong data they have used. For Bell's Inequality calculations, the probability of spin up and spin down for each photon and electron passing through the polarizer and detector is not 50%-50%. Instead, it should be Cos 2 (Ѳ/2) for spin up electrons and Cos 2 (Ѳ) for spin up photons. Because of these reasons, the statement "Hidden Variables don't exist because that the experimental results don't match with Bell's Inequalities" is totally false. In fact, with correct data, all experimental results should fulfill Bell's Inequalities. In other words, Hidden Variables do exist in entangled electrons and photons, and Superposition is not true at all [1][2] [3].

It is manifested that the disregard of the epistemological problems connected with the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics results to the misunderstanding of the essence of this positivistic theory and to both funny and grandiose mistakes of contemporary publications. Some examples of these mistakes are considered.

As a result of the identification of “identity” and “indistinguishability” and strong experimental evidence for the presence of the associated Bose-Einstein statistics in human cognition and language, we argued in previous work for an extension of the research domain of quantum cognition. In addition to quantum complex vector spaces and quantum probability models, we showed that quantization itself, with words as quanta, is relevant and potentially important to human cognition. In the present work, we build on this result, and introduce a powerful radiation quantization scheme for human cognition. We show that the lack of independence of the Bose-Einstein statistics compared to the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics can be explained by the presence of a ‘meaning dynamics,” which causes words to be attracted to the same words. And so words clump together in the same states, a phenomenon well known for photons in the early years of quantum mechanics, leading to fierce disagreements between ...

Quantum certainty mechanics is a theory for measuring the position and momentum of a particle. Mathematically proven certainty principle from uncertainty principle, which is basically one of the most important formulas of quantum certainty mechanics theory. The principle of uncertainty can be proved by the principle of certainty and why uncertainty comes can also be proved. The principle of certainty can be proved from the theory of relativity And in the uncertainty principle equation, the principle of certainty can be proved by fulfilling the conditions of the principle of certainty by multiplying the uncertain constant with the certain values ​​of momentum-position and energy-time. The principle of certainty proves that the calculation of θ ≥π/2 between the particle and the wave involved in the particle leads to uncertainty. But calculating with θ=0 does not bring uncertainty. Quantum certainty mechanics has been established by combining Newtonian mechanics, relativity theory and ...

Paradoja y serendipia en la cultura cuántica dominicana

Un ejercicio imaginario en el que converjan la paradoja y la serendipia, en el que ames y no ames a una mujer, a la vez, porque buscando sus besos, habrás encontrado otra boca.

https://acento.com.do/opinion/paradoja-y-serendipia-en-la-cultura-cuantica-dominicana-9072201.html

While quantum mechanics (QM) is covered at length in introductory physics textbooks, the concept of quantum entanglement is typically not covered at all, despite its importance in the rapidly growing area of quantum information science and its extensive experimental confirmation. Thus, physics educators are left to their own devices as to how to introduce this important concept. Regardless of how a physics educator chooses to introduce quantum entanglement, they face a trilemma involving its mysterious Bell-inequality-violating correlations. They can compromise on the the completeness of their introduction and simply choose not to share that fact. They can frustrate their more curious students by introducing the mystery and simply telling them that the QM formalism with its associated (equally mysterious) conservation law maps beautifully to the experiments, so there is nothing else that needs to be said. Or, they can compromise the rigor of their presentation and attempt to resolve...

The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics is currently experiencing a popular resurgence, propelled by such prominent and articulate physicists as Sean Carroll, David Deutsch, Max Tegmark, and Lev Vaidman. The consequences of MWI are mind-boggling: the spacetime universe of our experience is only one branch of an unimaginably fast-multiplying plethora of alternative universes held incommunicado. In this paper, we propose that the mass of Medusa’s hair served up by MWI is due to a failure to embed the spacetime universe in the right space: spacetime is a slice of bread, not a splitting strand of pasta. By way of motivation, we first give a very simple presentation of Bell’s inequality by comparing it to a “quantum game show”, followed by a simple description of Aspect’s 1985 experiment involving entangled photons which confirms the inequality. We interpret the paradoxical correlation between measurements as resulting from a process outside of spacetime that produces b...

While quantum mechanics (QM) is covered at length in introductory physics textbooks, the concept of quantum entanglement is typically not covered at all, despite its importance in the rapidly growing area of quantum information science and its extensive experimental confirmation. Thus, physics educators are left to their own devices as to how to introduce this important concept. Regardless of how a physics educator chooses to introduce quantum entanglement, they face a trilemma involving its mysterious Bell-inequality-violating correlations. They can compromise on the the completeness of their introduction and simply choose not to share that fact. They can frustrate their more curious students by introducing the mystery and simply telling them that the QM formalism with its associated (equally mysterious) conservation law maps beautifully to the experiments, so there is nothing else that needs to be said. Or, they can compromise the rigor of their presentation and attempt to resolve...

À partir d'une réflexion sur la mécanique statistique de Boltzmann, Schrödinger développe une critique du rationalisme mécaniste qui le conduit à adopter une approche ensembliste, ou "holiste", des phénomènes de la nature. La mise en œuvre de cette approche dans le cadre des sciences de la nature débouche sur un retour à une physique du continu et à une interprétation exclusivement ondulatoire de la mécanique quantique, en complet désaccord avec l'interprétation de l'École de Copenhague. L'approche ensembliste mise en œuvre au niveau de la science renvoie à une conception elle-même "ensembliste" de la compréhension par laquelle Schrödinger cherche à justifier ses positions scientifiques et qui a pour effet, au rebours du positivisme, de placer les sciences dans la dépendance des sciences de l'esprit : de même que c'est seulement au sein d'un monde et d'une tradition que l'homme peut comprendre, c'est seulement rapportée à une totalité sociale et historique qu'une théorie peut être comprise et donc jugée. Ce parti est alors associé, dans ses conséquences, à une aporie dont témoignent les aspects à la fois novateurs et, selon certains, rétrogrades de l'interprétation exclusivement ondulatoire de la mécanique quantique : celle de l'impossible conciliation du dépassement et de la fidélité au passé à laquelle se heurte inévitablement toute critique de la modernité.