Finality

I argue that the Kantian sublime can help address a uniquely Kantian problem known as the ‘transition’ problem, or the problem of how to actualize the ‘laws of freedom’ (that is, morality) within the natural order. Like beauty, the sublime has the requisite features of a ‘symbol’ of morality. I characterize three additional ways the sublime can assist the transition. I thus put into question some prominent readings of Kant’s theory, e.g. that as a mere ‘appendix’ to his theory of nature, Kant’s account of the sublime has little connection to his project’s main aims. The place of the sublime is thus near the middle.

In this article, the author will deal with the legal and political foundations of the judicial review of legislation in accordance with Kelsenian legal theory and theory of democracy. As it is well known, Kelsenian justification of judicial review was the most important defense of this institutional mechanism in continental European legal culture in the past century. Moreover, the author will try to show how some Kelsen’s thesis on the theory of law, particularly his doctrine of finality, and some Kelsen’s thesis on the theory of democracy, mainly his relativism and scepticism in matters of value, produce important shortcomings in his account which undermine his own justification of judicial review.

Updated version of this paper can be found at https://www.academia.edu/36657336/Proof-of-Approval_A_Distributed_Consensus_Protocol_for_Blockchains_Version_2.0

We present Proof-of-Approval protocol that, just like Nakamoto's famous blockchain protocol, enables achieving consensus in a so-called per-missionless setting where anyone can join (or leave) the protocol execution. But unlike other protocols requiring consumption of physical resources, this protocol uses inherent randomness in network communication to arrive at a consensus. While all blockchains record transactions, this protocol additionally records approvals from network stakeholders. We show that recorded approvals make preferred fork selection less ambiguous, prevents long-range attacks and results in near instant finality. This protocol allows anyone, including parties without stakes, to compete for the block creation process and win rewards. We show that this free-for-all approach results in high " liveness " for the blockchain. In addition , we show that the protocol provides design parameters to achieve the desired degree of " fairness. " We analyze the protocol in partially-synchronous " bounded-delay " model where the messages are guaranteed to arrive within the time bounds of a round. Our model also assumes the adversarial stake to be bounded below quorum and the total honest stake to be large enough to achieve quorum. Finally, we discuss some practical implications of this protocol.

"Die Dido-Episode der zwischen 1170 und 1190 entstandenen 'Eneide' Heinrichs von Veldeke enthält mehrere Szenen, über die man als durchschnittlicher moderner Leser unweigerlich den Kopf schüttelt: Ob Dido nun den gestrandeten Eneas allzu überschwenglich in Empfang nimmt, wenngleich sie sich erst später unter göttlichem Einfluß in ihn verliebt, oder ob in Didos Plan eines Jagdausritts das die Liebesvereinigung mit Eneas ermöglichende Unwetter schon vorweggenommen scheint, jeweils drängt sich der Eindruck auf, daß hier der Zusammenhang der Erzählung irgendwie gestört ist. Gefährdet Didos Liebe zu Eneas demnach die narrative Kohärenz der 'Eneide'?
Gängiger Forschungsmeinung zufolge unterliegen mittelalterliche Erzähltexte weniger strengen Kohärenzanforderungen als neuzeitliche und moderne Erzählungen; Inkohärenz gilt geradezu als eines ihrer typischen Stilmerkmale. Allerdings stellt sich die Frage, ob für diese Beurteilung nicht möglicherweise die unzulässige Inanspruchnahme eines historisch nur begrenzt gültigen Kohärenzbegriffs verantwortlich ist. Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht dem ausführlich nach, indem sie am Beispiel der Dido-Episode verfügbare Konzepte narrativer Motivation kritisch auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und Aussagekraft prüft. In Abhebung vom kausalen Kohärenzmodell der modernen Narratologie wird ein erweitertes systematisches Kohärenzmodell entwickelt, welches, indem es sowohl die sogenannten Oberflächeneigenschaften als auch die thematische Sinnbildung narrativer Texte stärker berücksichtigt, nicht nur deren Literarizität gerecht wird, sondern zugleich auch die bei der Interpretation mittelalterlicher Erzählungen vielfach bemühte Finalität als Effekt spezifischer, historisch und gattungstypisch variabler Erzählstrukturen zu beschreiben erlaubt."

We present Proof-of-Approval protocol that, just like Nakamoto's famous blockchain protocol, enables achieving consensus in a so-called permissionless setting where anyone can join (or leave) the protocol execution. But unlike Nakamoto's protocol and others, this protocol does not require consumption of physical resources. Instead, this protocol uses explicit approvals from stakeholders and network randomness to arrive at a consensus. A blockchain using this protocol records these explicit approval messages in addition to recording the transactions. We show that this protocol achieves near instant finality and deters attacks that plague other stake based protocols. This protocol allows anyone with a minimum stake to compete for the block creation and win rewards and associated transaction fees. At any slot, multiple block creators compete to create the latest block resulting in high " liveness " for the blockchain. Each block must be approved by a quorum stake for it to be valid and placed in the chain. In addition to block approvals, this protocol incorporates epoch approvals to deter Costless Simulation attacks. Block approvals as well as epoch approvals are non-competitive and all approvers are paid in proportion to their stakes in the network. We analyze the protocol in a partially-synchronous " bounded-delay " model where the messages are guaranteed to arrive within the time bounds of a slot. Our model also assumes the adversarial stake to be bounded below quorum and the total honest stake to be large enough to achieve quorum. We discuss various attack scenarios and the protocol's defence against them. Finally, we discuss some practical implications of this protocol.

Eficacia positiva de la cosa juzgada e iniciativa para su introducción al proceso. Rol del juez en la vinculación de procesos conexos entre las mismas partes. Comentario a la Sentencia de la Corte Suprema rol: 28600/2016, del 8 de noviembre de 2016 jesús ezurmenDia álvarez * 1. Introducción En el derecho procesal chileno existe una construcción normativa relativa-mente uniforme respecto a la cosa juzgada. De ordinario, es posible encontrar literatura que permite identificar sus elementos, sus límites subjetivos y objetivos, y por sobre todo, las formas de hacerla valer en distintas etapas y formas pro-cesales. Sin embargo, este reconocimiento ha sido erigido sobre el paradigma de la cosa juzgada típicamente entendida como la excepción de cosa juzgada, y más específicamente como el denominado efecto negativo o excluyente de la res judicata. Las raíces históricas de nuestro proceso civil, así como las normas que le sirvieron de guía o modelo 1 , tienen una marcada tendencia a consagrar y pro-teger-debidamente por cierto-, el efecto de cosa juzgada como impedimento a la repetición de procesos, y en consecuencia sentencias, respecto de la misma materia, en tanto se verifique la denominada triple identidad. Así, es posible encontrar en el artículo 177 del Código de Procedimiento Civil (en adelante CPC) la identificación de la excepción de cosa juzgada y la consagración a nivel legal de la identidad de partes, de objeto y de causa de pedir. No obstante lo señalado, no existe en nuestra legislación procesal ninguna norma que trate formal y explícitamente la eficacia o efecto positivo-también * Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales Universidad de Chile.

Het lukt Kant in zijn Kritik der Urteilskraft van 1790 niet doelgerichtheid te begrijpen binnen een mechanicistisch kader. Daarom grijpt hij terug op een omvattende doelgerichtheid in de vorm van God. Nog geen halve eeuw later (in 1838) realiseert Darwin zich dat het toch mogelijk is doelgerichtheid naturalistisch te verklaren. In de twintigste eeuw ontwikkelen Roy Wood Sellars en Ernst Mayr adequate begrippen voor geleide causaliteit en doelgerichtheid als programma-bepaaldheid.