Fire Extinguishing Systems

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This study analyzes the knowledge and conduct of nursing professionals regarding hospital fire prevention, combat and escape. A descriptive study conducted in a public teaching hospital in Goiânia/GO, Brazil, with 109 nursing professionals. Data was collected in 2011 using structured interviews with questionnaires, and descriptive statistics for analysis. Most subjects were female, nursing technicians/assistants (67.9%), knew the Fire Department’s number (85.3%) and the extinguisher’s location (80.7%), but ignored how they functioned (69.7%). Also, 57.8% of interviewees ignored the exit routes and, in case of fire, would alert the fire department, guide people towards the exit, use the extinguisher or jump out of the windows. The gaps identified in this study indicate that in order to guarantee adequate conduct, fire training is necessary, as is the establishment of escape routes, since technological resources are useless without individuals who can act preventively. Risk reduction implies in institutional safety and quality.

Aim: The aim of this article is to discuss the physicochemical reactions which occur during a fire and to present the mechanism of action of fire inhibitors used in fire-extinguishing aerosols. The article also presents the results of research into the impact of fire-extinguishing aerosols on museum items.
Most of all, however, it does not adversely affect the environment by ozone depletion or enhance the greenhouse effect due to there being no release of halogen-based fire retardants (in the latest type of aerosols).
Methodology: The first part of the article includes a review of the literature on fire mechanisms, with the involvement of water in these processes. The second part focuses on the presentation of the mechanism of action of fire-extinguishing aerosols. This presentation is supported by an analysis of the preliminary research results concerning the use of aerosols type AGS 11/1 for the purposes of museum exhibits protection, i.e. wooden figures and old prints.
Conclusions: The literature analysis in the field of combustion reactions mechanisms and action of fire-extinguishing aerosols, as well as the preliminary results of the research, allowed us to draw the following conclusions:
– water is an effective inhibitor of combustion at the initial stage of the fire, but at later stages, active radicals generated by its decomposition can maintain the flame combustion reaction;
– fire-extinguishing aerosols do not affect the colour of wooden figures, nor change the properties of old prints, which is why they can be successfully used in museums and historical buildings.

Hẳn sẽ có một vài người trong chúng ta thắc mắc rằng, ngoài loại bình chữa cháy sài khí CO2 thì còn 1 loại nữa khi sử dụng sẽ xịt ra bột màu trắng hay còn gọi là bình chữa cháy bột khô. Bột đó là gì ? có tác dụng ra sao ? Mời bạn cùng xem qua video sau để hiểu rõ công dụng của bình chữa cháy.

In this paper fabrication of a fire fighting mobile
robot with locally available material is described briefly.
Nowadays automation has made its own significant place in the
development of industrial safety and security. Every year fire
hazards destroys life of people and many valuable resources in
the country. In order to get rid of these mishaps a fire fighting
mobile robot was fabricated. Though this robot was built based
on the fire safety purpose, but it has been given a capability of
communicating with its wireless modules simultaneously with the
computer located at a remote place. All wireless communication
of this system was based on the radio frequency communication.
Master robot is a four wheeler which can track any given path
and it communicates with its slave modules to get the
temperature reading of some predefined positions. On the basis
of the information of the sensor modules, it may be temperature
sensor or flame sensor, the robot determines whether any node of
its covering region is under fire or not. And after that decision
robot moves to that node solving the line grid and cools that
region with the cooling agent mounted on it. In this case a servo
motor controlled water sprayer was used as the cooling agent.
Nowadays density of people in the workplace and living place
increased to a remarkable extent. As a result fire hazards
became more frequent event in these days. So besides taking
precautions, this type of robotic application in the fire detection
and extinguishing system can reduce the fire hazards and
number of victims to a great extent.

Aim: The paper presents the feasibility of extinguishing a diffusion flame with the aid of acoustic waves. The study includes an assignment of critical frequency values and the acoustic force limit, the point at which a flame is extinguished.

Methods: In order to achieve the desired aim, it was necessary to construct a test stand, to facilitate the generation of acoustic waves in the direction of a burner. The experimental stand was equipped with a frequency generator and amplifier, speaker with a low frequency band, waveguide and voltage strength and frequency meters. Measurement of sound pressure at the flame location was performed using a Culite probe. The probe was constructed on the principle of a microphone, using a very sensitive membrane, electrode and capacitor.  Changing the pressure within the probe resulted in a minimal displacement of the membrane, which in turn caused changes to the charge level of the capacitor. This level was recorded as a change in the voltage flowing through the system. The voltage value was revealed on the screen of the measuring device, which allowed for the calculation of pressure values, taking into account the operating range of the measuring device. Additionally, extinguishing of the flame was observed visually with the aid of Schlieren imagery apparatus. This is considered to be an ideal method for graphical recording of research results associated with the combustion processes where insufficient lighting of a dim environment does not allow for proper imaging, using traditional methods. Whereas, in ambient lit conditions it is not possible to reveal the entire structure of the flame because of strong light emitted by the flame.

Results: Studies reveal that for a given value of flame thermal power it is possible to extinguish a flame with the use of a wide spectrum of critical frequency (35 ÷ 155 Hz) and force limit level below 30 W. Extinguishing ability was estimated by assigning a flame extinguishing effectiveness ratio; for the value of 35 ÷ 45 Hz it was within the range between 35 to 155 Hz. Additionally, the sound pressure level limit value (range of 45 ÷ 55 Pa) was assigned, below which the flame extinguishing activity was virtually unnoticeable.

Conclusions: The described flame extinguishing technique allows for the total extinguishing of flames with the aid of generated sound waves at an appropriate frequency. This is confirmed by results from research experiments and visual observation, using Schlieren imagery apparatus.

This paper reports the fabrication and performance of an automatic industrial cooler robot. This robot is a self driven vehicle capable of detecting the high temperature zones in a grid system. It also cools that high temperature zone by means of spraying suitable cooling agent. It was fabricated with low cost locally available materials. This robot is simultaneously a combination of line follower, servo sprayer and wireless pc controlled robot. For spraying water DC-servo motor was used instead of stepper motor which ensures the sufficient torque and using RF modules for wireless PC control gives it sufficient system automation. As the program executes robot gets information from its transmitter modules and decides the highest temperature zone of the grid, then it goes to that node solving the grid and hence cooling that node with the sprayer associated with it indicates the completion of its task

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to present important problems related to supplying water to firefighting systems in high residential buildings. The article specially focuses on the adjustment of water supply systems in the existing high residential building to the requirements provided by the applicable regulations, as well as discrepancies contained in these regulations. Methods: This paper has been developed based on the comparison of the requirements for firefighting water supply systems in high residential buildings included in legal acts and Polish standards. The comparison was made with regard to the changes in the regulations from a historical perspective. Statistical information on water consumption for firefighting purposes in these buildings was used. Results: Equipping high residential buildings in a firefighting water supply system with a hydrant valve 52 is to ensure effective firefighting by the fire brigade. The applicable regulations include strict requirements with regard to system capacity and method of supply. Statistical data on water consumption for firefighting purposes in residential buildings shows that the consumption is insignificant. Adjustment of the system to the requirements contained in the regulations is often impossible. It seems that some of the provisions in the regulations are mutually exclusive.
Conclusion: Statistical data on water consumption for firefighting purposes in high residential buildings indicates insignificant water consumption. It can be concluded from the above that the analysis of strict requirements on the capacity of the water supply system is recommended. Even while maintaining the existing requirements with regard to the capacity, it is not justified to use risers with a diameter of at least DN 80; it the costs of the investment to rise. The provisions contained in The Regulation of 7 June 2010 of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration on fire protection of buildings, other building faciliteis and sites (Polish Journal of Laws, Dz. U. z 2010 r., nr 109, poz. 719) univocally indicate cases where it is necessary to supply water to the system from two sources, one from the water supply network and the second from the fire brigade pumps. Such a solution is correct when the system is supplied in water from an open tank; however it must be regarded as irregular when water is supplied directly from the network. It is recommended to amend the regulation mentioned above on fire protection of buildings, other building faciliteis and sites, in the section related to water supply systems in high residential buildings, especially in order to unify the contained requirements with the ones provided by the Polish standards.

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of object relocation on object marking in an open field by hooded and albino rats. Object marking was reelicited when an object was moved to a new location in the second half of an open field test. Control conditions revealed that an object briefly moved and returned to the original location elicited no more marking than a stationary object. The higher level of marking of the relocated object suggests that object marking may provide an index of spatial knowledge. The implication of spatial knowledge in controlling marking behavior is congruent with observations that rats with hippocampal damage show increased marking.