Forte

L objectif visé dans la présente étude est de recenser les questions restées sans réponse quant à la description du système phonético-phonologique du wolof. Notre conviction est que l analyse phonologique devra hiérarchiser le matériau phonétique clairement établi, et de la manière la plus exhaustive possible, pour rendre compte du fonctionnement de la langue de manière simple et accessible L analyse phonétique des consonnes que nous proposons peut aider à aplanir les divergences sur certaines questions, phonologiques notamment :-l interprétation des consonnes dites « géminées » et « prénasales »,-le statut des consonnes /x/ et /q/ et de l occlusive glottale / /. La proposition que nous faisons de considérer les consonnes dites « géminées » et « prénasales » comme des consonnes fortes peut permettre un traitement identique des deux séries de consonnes et de limiter l influence sur la syllabation de la notation de ces consonnes par des digraphes. Les études phonétiques existantes en ce qui concerne le système vocalique, permettent de proposer des solutions quant au statut de / / et du /à/ dit « a maximal ». L influence de l environnement consonantique sur les voyelles et les traitements réservés aux voyelles / / et /à/ ont une conséquence importante sur les choix morphologiques d explication, entre autres, de la dérivation nominale avec alternance consonantique initiale ou des changements observés avec la dérivation « inversive ». Les résultats de l analyse phonétique peuvent ainsi aider à définir le système dans sa globalité et à rendre compte des particularités phoniques du wolof. Mots clés : wolof système consonne voyelle forte prénasale-phonétique phonologie. Abstract The objective of this study is to present questions that have remained unanswered in phonetic and phonological descriptions of wolof language. I believe that the phonological analysis is to organize the phonetic materials clearly set in hierarchy, and as exhaustive as possible ; in order to account for the functioning of the language in an open and simple way. The phonetic analysis of consonants we propose can help level down discussions on phonological issues such as :-the interpretation of consonants so called geminated or pre-nasals ,-the status of /x/ and /q/ consonants, and the glottal occlusive /?/. My approach to consider consonants so called geminated or pre-nasals as strong consonants, can lead to a similar assessment of the two series of consonants and to limit the incidence of variation in diagraphs of these consonants on terms of a syllabation. The existing phonetic studies on the vocalic system, allow us to propose solutions about the status of / / /à/ called maximal a. The consonantal influence on vowels and the assessments presented of / / /à/ are highly incidental on the morphological choices of explanation to name one, on nominal derivation, consonant shifts, or apparent changes one can notice in reversed derivation. The results derived from the phonetic analysis can though help define the system as a whole, and present the specific aspects of wolof phonetics.

Rule-based specifications have been very successful as a declarative approach in many domains, due to the handy yet solid foundations offered by rule-based machineries like term and graph rewriting. Realistic problems, however, call for suitable techniques to guarantee scalability. For instance, many domains exhibit a hierarchical structure that can be exploited conveniently. This is particularly evident for composition associations of models. We propose an explicit representation of such structured models and a methodology that exploits it for the description and analysis of model- and rule-based systems. The approach is presented in the framework of rewriting logic and its efficient implementation in the rewrite engine Maude and is illustrated with a case study.

A message sequence chart (MSC) is a high-level description of the message interaction between system components and their environment. Communication between distributed instances can be described by MSCs and these descriptions can be extended by notions for time consumption and resources and afterwards included in a system performance model. Such models can be evaluated by discrete event simulation or under reasonable assumptions alternatively with analytical queueing network algorithms. In this way steady state performance measures like resource utilizations and end-to-end delays can be calculated with low effort. The simulation uses the same input like the analytical formulas and allows for the investigation of dynamic performance behaviour or for the study of models including features which can not be handled by analytical formulas.

Eliciting, modeling, and analyzing the requirements are the main challenges to face up when you want to produce a formal specification for distributed systems. The distribution and the race conditions between events make it difficult to include all the possible scenario ...

In many Discrete-Event Systems (DES) both state and event information are of importance to the systems designer. Logics such as Ostroff's RTTL allow for the specification and verification of a system's state-event behavior. To make realistic problems amenable to analysis, a designer must typically decompose the system into subsystems (modules) and use algebraic abstraction (quotient systems) to obtain hierarchical system