Frutos

Um dos maiores desafios enfrentados pelos colonizadores europeus na América portuguesa quinhentista foi a adaptação ao novo ambiente, sobretudo no que tange o clima e aos recursos para obtenção de alimentos. A alimentação era feita, em boa parte, de acordo com a disponibilidade dos gêneros alimentícios ali existentes. Nesse sentido, os frutos nativos constituíam um quadro de variedades, juntamente com o açúcar, já que esses exploradores costumavam se fixar nas faixas litorâneas, localidades nas quais se encontravam plantações de cana-de-açúcar e engenhos. Através desta perspectiva, será analisado o quanto a dinâmica do ambiente e flora da América portuguesa foram importantes no processo de fixação dos colonizadores, bem como os valores atribuídos por estes aos frutos e ao açúcar do Novo Mundo. Estes valores estavam intimamente relacionados ao conhecimento dos colonizadores frente às ordens prescritas por Hipócrates e Galeno, através da teoria humoral. Deste modo, analisaremos os relatos de cronistas e viajantes do período. Assim, apontaremos de que maneira os frutos e as conservas feitas com eles foram fundamentais na alimentação desses homens no ambiente tropical, sob o ponto de vista logístico da dinâmica colonial. Palavras-chave: Floresta tropical; América portuguesa; século XVI; frutos; conservas de frutos.
Bittersweet New World: environmental mishaps and colonial feeding in Portuguese America sixteenth century. Abstract: One of the biggest challenges faced by European settlers in the sixteenth century Portuguese America was the adaptation to the new environment, especially regarding the climate and resources for obtaining food. The food was made, in large part, according to the availability of foodstuffs therein. In this sense, the native fruits were a variety of frame, along with sugar, as these explorers used to settle in the coastal ranges, locations where they were cane sugar mills and plantations. From this perspective, it will be analyzed how the dynamics of the environment and Portuguese America flora were important in the setting process of the colonizers and the values assigned by them to the fruits and the New World sugar. These values were closely related to knowledge of the colonizers forward the orders prescribed by Hippocrates and Galen, through the humoral theory. Thus, we analyze the chroniclers reports and travelers of the period. So, we will point out how the fruits and preserves made with them were instrumental in feeding the men in tropic environment under the logistical point of view of colonial dynamics.

El estudio de características relacionadas con la adecuación biológica de las especies dentro y entre poblaciones es de importancia para la conservación in situ y ex situ de la diversidad biológica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la variabilidad intra e inter poblacional en dos poblaciones de dos especies arbóreas nativas que se conservan en el BGEN (UNSa): Prosopis nigra (Griseb.) Hieron. y Caesalpinia paraguariensis (D. Parodi) Burkart.. Se analizó el peso de frutos y semillas y la cantidad de semillas por fruto, en accesiones colectadas de dos ambien-tes de diferente altitud (205 y 945 msnm). Se comparó la distribución de los pesos de frutos y semillas de las poblaciones y la variación entre individuos y poblaciones de esas variables y del número de semillas por fruto con ANOVA anidado de dos factores. La característica más variable en P. nigra fue el peso de los frutos (CV>36%) y en C. paraguariensis la cantidad de semillas por fruto (CV>50%). En ambas especies en el ambiente de mayor altitud se produjeron semillas más pesadas y en menor cantidad por fruto. En P. nigra la variación entre individuos fue mayor que entre poblaciones mientras que en C. paraguariensis se registró la mayor va-riabilidad entre poblaciones. Dadas las amplias variaciones registradas en este trabajo sería necesario incorporar más individuos y poblaciones si el objetivo es conservar a largo plazo, la mayor variabilidad de estas especies.

Regenerative morphological traits in a woody species community in Tumbesian tropical dry forest. The study of functional morphological traits enables us to know fundamental aspects of the dynamics of plant communities in local and global habitats. Regenerative morphological traits play an important role in defining plant history and ecological behavior. Seed and fruit characteristics determine to a large extent the patterns for dispersal, germination, establishment and seedling recruitment a given species exhibits on its natural habitat. Despite their prominent role, seed and fruit traits have been poorly studied at the community level of woody plant species in neo-tropical dry forests. In the present study we aimed at i) evaluate the functional role of morphological traits of seeds, fruits and embryo in woody plant species; ii) determine which are the morphological patterns present in seeds collected from the community of woody species that occur in neo-tropical dry forests; and iii) compare woody plant species seed mass values comparatively between neo-tropical dry and tropical forests. To do so, mature seeds were collected from 79 plant species that occur in the Tumbesian forest of Southwest Ecuador. The studied species included the 42 and 37 most representative tree and shrubbery species of the Tumbesian forest respectively. A total of 18 morphological traits (seven quantitative and 11 qualitative) were measured and evaluated in the seeds, fruits and embryos of the selected species, and we compared the seeds mass with other forest types. Our results showed a huge heterogeneity among traits values in the studied species. Seed mass, volume and number were the traits that vary the most at the community level, i.e. seed length ranged from 1.3 to 39 mm, and seed width from 0.6 to 25 mm. Only six embryo types were found among the 79 plant species. In 40 % of the cases, fully developed inverted embryos with large and thick cotyledons to store considerable amount of nutrients were recorded. We concluded that highly variable and functionally complementary morphological traits occur among the studied woody plants of the Tumbesian dry forest. The latter favors a plethora of behavioral mechanisms to coexist among woody species of the dry forest in response to the environmental stress that is typical of arid areas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 859-873. Epub 2016 June 01.

The mango tree (Mangifera indica L.) is cultivated on a large scale in Brazil for economic purposes. Since the leaves, as the main photosynthetic organs, play an essential role in fruit production, the primary objective of the present study was to analyze comparatively the morphological characteristics of leaves at different stages of expansion and of leaves exposed to different levels of solar radiation. Leaves were collected at the beginning of expansion, during intermediate expansion and when completely expanded, and sun and shade leaves were compared. The individuals were adult plants without flowers and fruits located along the South Lake, Brasília. The leaves were analyzed for area, specific leaf area (SLA), thickness, water content and anatomical traits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA post hoc Tukey test to test the influence of leaf expansion time and by the T-test to determine the effect of radiation (α = 5%). Greater scleromorphy was observed in the completely expanded leaves compared to the leaves at the beginning of expansion, with lower water content and SLA in completely expanded leaves. Higher sclerophyll content was observed in sun leaves than in shade leaves, with lower SLA, greater leaf thickness and greater thickness of adaxial epidermis, palisade parenchyma and mesophyll in sun leaves. Based on these results, greater care is indicated regarding leaf management at the beginning of expansion and the management of shade leaves, since they are more susceptible to damage from herbivores. The objective of this management is to maximize fruit production.
Keywords: Anatomy. Fruits. Scleromorphy. Specific Leaf Area.

A pesquisa que se apresenta é resultado parcial das investigações de doutorado sobre a poesia de Luiz Bacellar. Iniciando sua obra com Frauta de barro (1963), o poeta ofereceu uma colaboração sólida à literatura brasileira. Dez anos mais tarde, publicou Sol de feira (1973), o qual pode ser compreendido como uma extensão da atividade poética encetada na coleção encontrada no primeiro livro. No atual recorte, o olhar crítico recairá sobre o modo como o poeta apresenta os frutos, produtos poéticos pautados em um cruzamento entre racionalidade e emoção, assim como a concentração da potência poética que compõe o corpo de sua poesia. Considerando o encontro de elementos que antes eram lidos como opostos, Sol de feira elabora um lugar em que a poesia torna possível a convivência de materiais inconciliáveis fora dela. Com isso, o jogo poético desse livro corresponde a um jogo com frutos. Nesse sentido, o autor dialoga em certa medida com a atitude de Terceira feira, de João Cabral de Melo Neto, como já foi destacado por Benedito Nunes (2005), mas não deixa de apontar o limite e a recontextualização de seu gesto. É com esse ir e vir em relação à tradição que Luiz Bacellar compõe o seu verso, ao passo que oferece ao leitor um mundo poético contido em seus frutos.

Estuda-se o conceito jurídico, muitas vezes abandonado de frutos e produtos, para, então, mostrar de relance como as regras jurídicas de percepção de frutos na posse influenciam a movimentação patrimonial dos agentes, e como elas – manejadas pelo judiciário – podem colaborar na estabilização do ambiente econômico, garantindo-lhe maior segurança, sobretudo naquilo em que diz respeito a indivíduos oportunistas. Para isso, apresenta-se um caso julgado pelo STJ em que as regras de percepção de frutos e posse exercem um papel crucial, permitindo apontar também algumas ausências normativas desse regime.