Gates

Digital circuits can be constructed from a small number of primitive elements by combining them in innumerable ways. In the following paper introduces the gate, a circuit with one or more input signals but only one output signal. Gates are digital (two state) circuits because the input and output signals are either Low or high Voltages. Gates are often called logical circuit because they can be analyzed with Boolean algebra.

Multiplier is one of the arithmetic operations that are used in VLSI circuits. Approximate multiplier is designed by using half adder, full adder and 4-2 compressor. Approximate multiplier is used to reduce the logic gate count, power consumption, delay and it provides high speed output. Area and speed of approximate multiplier is efficient than the conventional multipliers. This adder is mainly used in DSP Application, Image Processing. The simulation result shows the low power consumption by using Xilinx ISE simulation tool.

During the Mongol conquest of the Jin Dinasty the Jurchen people (the Manchus’ ancestors) established a new state named Dongxia (the Eastern Xia). The most part of it was located on the territory of modern Primorsky Krai. While preparing for the national defense, the Jurchens contrived a new type of walled towns. They began to build heavily fortified fortress towns that could protect them from the potential aggressors. Each town performed its own functions that determined its location, size and inner topography. Having used the vast experience of predecessors, the Jurchens formed their own trend of town-building that was based on the rational using of the natural and geographical conditions. The Jurchen people constructed those fortress towns on the mountain knaps in order to keep the adjacent lowlands under control and provide themselves with the most defensible location. The narrow valley situated between the knaps gave the defenders an opportunity to observe the enemy’s movements staying invisible for it and move from a defensive posture to an offensive tactics. Each of those walled towns was naturally three-side protected with the steep mountainous slopes. While choosing the town location, the Jurchens always took into account a number of military topographic factors. For instance, one of the most essential conditions was the accessibility of such important communicational elements as a river and flatlands. The outer town walls were raised factoring in the steepness of mountainous slopes. That technique could avoid the need of digging the ditches around the town. The town gates were defended with the additional barbicans situated over the gates. The town was surrounded with the rampant (usually the earthen one) that was supplied with such fortified constructions as towers, rondels and barbettes. Those facilities had a range of specific features typical for the town of thirteenth century and were used defensive purposes. Development of the Jurchens’ artillery equipment incited exploration of the advanced fortified technologies.

The number of military personnel who are involved in combat situations continues to increase. As a result, researchers have identified risk factors associated with the development of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The authors of this article review some of the characteristics of military personnel involved in these conflicts, factors unique to the current mil-itary actions, and symptom presentation and prevalence rates of PTSD among those serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. They dis-cuss mechanisms for the transgenerational transmission of trauma symptoms and identify strategies for interventions.