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This article presents an experimental investigation and statistical analysis of the effects of cutting conditions on the machining performance of AISI 1045 steel using a wiper-shaped insert. Experimental findings are used to compare the machining performance obtained using wiper inserts with those obtained using conventional round-nose inserts as recently reported in the literature. In addition, the effects of process conditions, namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, are analyzed in order to obtain optimum conditions for both types of inserts. The goal is to achieve the optimal machining outcomes: minimum surface roughness, resultant cutting force, and cutting temperature, but maximum material removal rate. A full factorial design was followed to conduct the experimental trials, while ANOVA was utilized to estimate the effect of each factor on the process responses. A desirability function optimization tool was used to optimize the studied responses. The results reveal ...

Introduction: Class II Angle malocclusion is a condition which mandibular first molars occlude distally from the normal occlusion. Treatment modalities for class II malocclusion include interceptive orthodontics using growth modification. Interceptive orthodontics is a type of orthodontic treatment performed when signs of malocclusion are present. This method can treat class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible, but it must be done before the end of growth spurt period. Twin block appliance is one example of appliance that commonly used in interceptive orthodontics. Case report: a 14-year-old boy came to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at RSGM Universitas Padjadjaran with chief complaints of irregular teeth, protrusive, esthetic problem, and difficulty in brushing his teeth. The patient had an accident while playing basketball and hit his protrusive anterior teeth. Discussion: Twin block is the most popular functional appliance used for the management of mandibular retro...

This article presents an experimental investigation and statistical analysis of the effects of cutting conditions on the machining performance of AISI 1045 steel using a wiper-shaped insert. Experimental findings are used to compare the machining performance obtained using wiper inserts with those obtained using conventional round-nose inserts as recently reported in the literature. In addition, the effects of process conditions, namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, are analyzed in order to obtain optimum conditions for both types of inserts. The goal is to achieve the optimal machining outcomes: minimum surface roughness, resultant cutting force, and cutting temperature, but maximum material removal rate. A full factorial design was followed to conduct the experimental trials, while ANOVA was utilized to estimate the effect of each factor on the process responses. A desirability function optimization tool was used to optimize the studied responses. The results reveal ...

Introduction: Class II Angle malocclusion is a condition which mandibular first molars occlude distally from the normal occlusion. Treatment modalities for class II malocclusion include interceptive orthodontics using growth modification. Interceptive orthodontics is a type of orthodontic treatment performed when signs of malocclusion are present. This method can treat class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible, but it must be done before the end of growth spurt period. Twin block appliance is one example of appliance that commonly used in interceptive orthodontics. Case report: a 14-year-old boy came to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at RSGM Universitas Padjadjaran with chief complaints of irregular teeth, protrusive, esthetic problem, and difficulty in brushing his teeth. The patient had an accident while playing basketball and hit his protrusive anterior teeth. Discussion: Twin block is the most popular functional appliance used for the management of mandibular retro...

Coated and uncoated tool inserts offers certain degrees of control on the desired rate of tool wear and surface roughness to an extent. This work pursues the quest for realizing the optimal values for the significant process parameters that bears an influence on the response parameters. Experiments were conducted on the samples of EN 24 alloy steel material with the help of PVD coated TiAlN insert and uncoated carbide insert. The experimental runs carried out with proper variation in the levels. Levels are selected with the help of manufacturing catalogue and by pilot experimentation and results are recorded for further analysis. For this study, 9 runs designed using L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi Design of Experiment. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface tester at test lab and material removal rate is calculated by mathematical equation. The data was compiled into Minitab 17 software for analysis. The relationship between the machining parameters and the response...

The established calculation of ruminal extent of degradation using the polyester bag method overestimates extent. The wash fraction, at least in part, is subject to losses from the rumen due to passage. Four formulae are proposed to minimize this risk of overestimation. Four options are considered: 1) passage losses for particulate matter escaping from the bag at zero time are according to the particulate fractional passage rate, 2) the liquid rate, and 3) the average of the two, and additionally 4) there is no instantly degradable fraction. The established and proposed formulae were examined using polyester bag data for six forages: grass silage, fresh ryegrass, fresh white clover, alfalfa hay, mixed grasses hay, and hay from a permanent mountain meadow. The established formula gave appreciably higher estimates of extent of degradation in all cases. Overestimation was at least 6.9, 4.9, 2.9, 2.1, 2.4, and 4.5%, respectively, for the six forages.

Bu calismada; 17-4 PH paslanmaz celigin silici ve geleneksel kesici uclar ile kuru sartlarda tornalanmasinin kesme kuvvetleri ve yuzey puruzlulugune etkileri gri tabanlitaguchi optimizasyonu sunulmustur. Ilerleme oraninin, kesme derinliginin ve kose radisunun kesme kuvveti ve yuzey puruzlulugu uzerine etkileri incelendi. Gri iliski analiz optimizasyon metodu kullanildi.  Her bir parametrenin elde edilen sonuclara etkisinin tayini icinde varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Bagimli degiskenlerle bagimsiz degiskenler arasindaki iliski regresyon analizi ile modellendi. Bu calismada 17-4 PH paslanmaz celigin kaplamali karbid uc ile optimal islenebilirligi tayin edildi.

Bu calismada; 17-4 PH paslanmaz celigin silici ve geleneksel kesici uclar ile kuru sartlarda tornalanmasinin kesme kuvvetleri ve yuzey puruzlulugune etkileri gri tabanlitaguchi optimizasyonu sunulmustur. Ilerleme oraninin, kesme derinliginin ve kose radisunun kesme kuvveti ve yuzey puruzlulugu uzerine etkileri incelendi. Gri iliski analiz optimizasyon metodu kullanildi.  Her bir parametrenin elde edilen sonuclara etkisinin tayini icinde varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanilmistir. Bagimli degiskenlerle bagimsiz degiskenler arasindaki iliski regresyon analizi ile modellendi. Bu calismada 17-4 PH paslanmaz celigin kaplamali karbid uc ile optimal islenebilirligi tayin edildi.

The established calculation of ruminal extent of degradation using the polyester bag method overestimates extent. The wash fraction, at least in part, is subject to losses from the rumen due to passage. Four formulae are proposed to minimize this risk of overestimation. Four options are considered: 1) passage losses for particulate matter escaping from the bag at zero time are according to the particulate fractional passage rate, 2) the liquid rate, and 3) the average of the two, and additionally 4) there is no instantly degradable fraction. The established and proposed formulae were examined using polyester bag data for six forages: grass silage, fresh ryegrass, fresh white clover, alfalfa hay, mixed grasses hay, and hay from a permanent mountain meadow. The established formula gave appreciably higher estimates of extent of degradation in all cases. Overestimation was at least 6.9, 4.9, 2.9, 2.1, 2.4, and 4.5%, respectively, for the six forages.

The established calculation of ruminal extent of degradation using the polyester bag method overestimates extent. The wash fraction, at least in part, is subject to losses from the rumen due to passage. Four formulae are proposed to minimize this risk of overestimation. Four options are considered: 1) passage losses for particulate matter escaping from the bag at zero time are according to the particulate fractional passage rate, 2) the liquid rate, and 3) the average of the two, and additionally 4) there is no instantly degradable fraction. The established and proposed formulae were examined using polyester bag data for six forages: grass silage, fresh ryegrass, fresh white clover, alfalfa hay, mixed grasses hay, and hay from a permanent mountain meadow. The established formula gave appreciably higher estimates of extent of degradation in all cases. Overestimation was at least 6.9, 4.9, 2.9, 2.1, 2.4, and 4.5%, respectively, for the six forages.

The evaluation of foodstuffs provides the animal nutritionists with necessary information to adjust the diet from a physiological and economic point of view, so that the animal performance be desirable. Nowadays, there are various methods for evaluating ruminant feed intake. One of the most important methods is in situ nylon bag technique. Prosopis farcta is one of plants which is used as forage for livestoke feed in Sistan-Baluchistan province. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nutritive value of Prosopis farcta fruit using in situ nylon bag technique. In the present experiment, the dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter degradability (OMD), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the Prosopis farcta fruit were measured using in situ nylon bag technique on two native Sistani rumen fistulaed male cattledry matter degradability was measured using at incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results ...

This study aimed to evaluate the best level of inclusion of crude glycerin in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage on fermentative profile, chemical composition and ruminal degradation of dry matter and fiber fraction in elephant grass silages. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design being used elephant grass cv. Napier with four levels of inclusion of glycerin (1, 5, 10, 15% in natural matter) with six repetitions and the control treatment (exclusive silage elephant grass). Increasing linear effect was observed for each unit added glycerin percentage in natural matter (MN) an increase of 0.36% in the DM content of silages and increase of 0.32% in the ether extract. The fermentative quality of silage there was no difference in pH between the control silage and added with glycerine, with an average of 3.91. The degradability of the fiber, the addition of crude glycerin up to 15% increased by 7.2%; 53.8% and 36.5%, respectively, the insoluble frac...

This paper presents complete process of turning operation by using CNC machine tool and the input parameters associated with the process that can be controlled to enhance the output quality parameters like material removal rate and average surface roughness as per the desired requirement. Every detail of turning operation and associated parameters is explained. The optimization techniques like Taguchi, Anova, S/N ratio, grey relational analysis is also described and their importance is also discussed in detail. The study explains step by step procedure involved in optimization of turning process in detail.

— In the past decades, odor discrimination with electronic noses has received a growing attention and much study has been done on how to classify odors using an array of gas sensors and a pattern recognition algorithm. By using the same concept, identification of different spices like Cinnamon, Clove, Nutmeg etc. can be done for good food quality and health benefits. Keeping this view in mind this research paper is focusing on the design of an Electronic nose by using an array of eight MOS sensors (TGS 800, TGS 813, TGS 823, TGS 2602, TGS 2610, TGS 2611, TGS 2620 & MQ 135) to detect an odor, PIC Microcontroller to acquire a data of the evolved gases from the respective spice and spice odor identification by pattern recognition using neural network tool of MATLAB software. In order to check the quality of the spice its identification is the basic requirement. Electronic nose is designed with three major parts: i) Spice odor delivery system, ii) Detection system and iii) Analyzing system. In the spice odor delivery system, the spice was kept in a plastic container on which array of the sensors was kept in such a way that the sensors can detect the evolved gases from spice container. The data generated after detection was acquired by PIC microcontroller and saved in the excel files. Using Pattern recognition tool box of the MATLAB, analysis of the acquired data was done, The designed Electronic-Nose was used to identify Cinnamon, Clove and Nutmeg. The gas sensor array was exposed to these spices alternatively. The data was acquired for one minute for each spice and was repeated fifteen times for each of the said spice and was saved in the separate excel files. A feed forward neural network of 8 input neurons, 10 hidden neurons and 3 output neurons was implemented using 15 training samples and 30 test samples with 1000 epochs in MATLAB software. This MATLAB tool leads through solving a pattern recognition classification problem with sigmoid function. The confusion matrix showed 100 % correct trained network with the best validation performance at 24 th epoch. With such a trained network 100 % correct identification was done for Clove & Cinnamon and 40 % for Nutmeg.

The classical model utilized to analyze data from in situ rumen degradability technique was originally proposed by Thünen to study the harvests responses to different production factors. In order to settle the meaning of kd in the Thünen´s model, a mathematical analysis was realized which indicated that this constant represents the quotient between the ruminal degradation acceleration and velocity. Similarly, the kp constant represents the quotient between the ruminal passage acceleration and velocity.

The  study  was  conducted  to  evaluate  the  proximate  and  mineral  composition  of  ensiled  forestomach digesta (FSD) and soyabean meal (SBM) combination. Samples of FSD were randomly collected from 30-40% of camel, cattle and sheep brought for slaughter at Sokoto abattoir. The soyabean  was  purchased  from  Sokoto  central  market  in  Sokoto  metropolis.  The  bulk  samples were mixed thoroughly in a ratio of 1:1 FSD and SBMrespectively. The mixture was analysed for  proximate  composition  after  ensiling  for  three  weeks  and  six  weeks.  Results  obtained showed  that  during  the  first  and  second  stage  of  ensiling,  there  were  significant  differences (P>0.05) in terms of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen free extract. Results
obtained from mineral composition analysis, showed  that  during the first and  second stage  of ensiling there were significant differences (P>0.05) in terms of Mg, Na, Ca and K. The results conclude that the maximum period of ensiling had detrimental effect on CP content while at the third week of ensiling, there was no such effect onthe CP at the sixth week. It could therefore be recommended that shorter period of ensiling should be used.

The current study aims at investigating the influence of different machining parameters such as cutting speed (Vc), feed (f) and
depth of cut (t) on different performance measures during dry turning of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. ISO P30 grade
uncoated cemented carbide inserts was used a cutting tool for the current purpose. L27 orthogonal array design of experiments
was adopted with the following machining parameters: Vc= 25, 35, 45 m/min., f= 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 mm/rev. and t= 1, 1.25, 1.5 mm.
Three important characteristics of machinability such as material removal rate (MRR), cutting force (Fc) and surface roughness
(Ra) were measured. Attempt was further made to simultaneously optimize the machining parameters using grey relational
analysis. The recommended parametric combination based on the studied performance criteria (i.e. MRR, Fc and Ra) was found
to be Vc =45m/min, f=0.1mm/rev, t=1.25mm. A confirmatory test was also carried out to support the analysis and an
improvement of 88.78% in grey relational grade (GRG) was observed.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of preservation methods on the fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage, hay and silage of oats, which have been harvested at the milky stage of grain ripening. Samples of unfractionated forage (WF), residue insoluble in 90% ethanol (EIR) and isolated neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were fermented in vitro and the gas production was monitored. To obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the ethanol-soluble fraction (A fraction) the gas produced from the EIR fermentation was subtracted from the WF gas at each time point. The same approach was used to obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the fraction insoluble in 90% ethanol but soluble in neutral detergent solution (B1 fraction), by subtracting the isolated NDF gas curve from the corresponding EIR curve. The fractional maximum rate of gas production (RM) was lower for both preserved forages (p < 0.01 for silage; p < 0.05 for hay) than for fresh forage. Ensiling did not change the size of the A fraction but reduced by 40% its RM (p < 0.01) compared with fresh forage. The potential gas production from the B1 fraction and its RM were reduced by 19% (p < 0.01) and 44% (p < 0.05), respectively. RM of both A and B1 fractions was the same for hay and fresh forage. The curve subtraction technique may be used to obtain an estimation of the rate for neutral detergent-soluble fractions and to determine changes due to ensiling and haymaking on the rate of gas produced. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

The objective was to estimate—according to the French feeding system—the nutritive value of three tropical grasses (Eragrostis olivacea, Setaria sphacelata and Tripsacum laxum) used in traditional small farms of Burundi. Dry matter (DM) yield was monitored on anti-erosive hedges or on small fields in 60 small farms for eight consecutive years. DM intake and digestibility values were measured on seven steers or seven male sheep. Degradability values were determined on three sheep. S. sphacelata exhibited higher DM yield (t ha−1), energy (UF, kg−1 DM) and protein (PDI, g kg−1 DM) values (17.3, 0.73 and 68, respectively) than T. laxum (9.11, 0.64 and 47) and E. olivacea (not determined, 0.46 and 42). The UF and PDI intakes of these grass species were able to meet only 51% to 92% of the energy and 59% to 133% of the protein requirements for maintenance of the experimental animals.