Ground Improvement Techniques

Rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) is a soil improvement technique that involves a heavy noncircular module (impact roller) that rotates about a corner as it is towed, causing the module to fall to the ground and compact it dynamically. While conventional circular rollers are able to compact layer thicknesses typically up to 500 mm, thicker layers are able to be compacted using RDC due to the dynamic effect of the module, which yields a greater depth of influence. When combined with the ability to compact ground efficiently, by means of its faster operating speed (9–12 km/h) when compared to conventional circular rollers, RDC can be a productive and cost-effective option in many different earthwork applications. However, the depth of influence of RDC can vary significantly depending on the soil type, moisture content, loose layer thickness, or number of passes adopted.

The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants. These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world. It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and could be set up within the area of habilitation.

Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate. Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of CRASP methodology. The objective of this paper or scope of this research in this paper is to conduct literature study and review towards exploring innovative techniques such as Artificial Intelligence Techniques or Expert System Techniques available and applicable to make decision making or decision support regarding construction cost management and control at three levels: (i) before the actual civil engineering project design begins (ii) after detailed design but before execution and (iii) during project execution KEYWORDS: Intelligent methods, project cost estimation and control, construction cost estimation, innovative methods in construction management

The techniques considered for improving the durability of pavment must be benificial for future generation also.The construction industry is under growing pressure to play a part in sustainable development by minimizing the amount of waste generated and maximizing the quantities of material that are recycled and reused for road construction

The techniques considered for improving the durability of pavment must be benificial for future generation also.The construction industry is under growing pressure to play a part in sustainable development by minimizing the amount of waste generated and maximizing the quantities of material that are recycled and reused for road construction

This paper is a literature study that discusses the magic of ancient Architecture, planning and construction techniques of the World. It is a brief study that describes and explains various elements of how architecture, planning and construction evolved in various corners of the world. Architecture is the art form which merges Art with Science. It unites aesthetics, safety, structure, dimensions and emotions in a solid built state. Architecture, planning and construction of shelters, temples and cities had a very primitive origin dating to the beginning of mankind. As mankind evolved so did Architecture and planning. This paper follows the traces of historic changes in trends, cultures, traditions, styles and regions through time. The various stages of evolutions are described below along with the visionary changes in Architecture, planning and construction over time. This paper is an effort to concise the evolution of architecture, planning and construction from the very beginning to a few pages.

Soil liquefaction is the most hazardous phenomenon for the buildings. Some conceptual and basic factors related to soil liquefaction has been addressed here. Liquefaction mechanism, different kinds of factors affecting soil liquefaction, and evaluation of liquefaction susceptibility of soil has been discussed. An extensive study of Kolkata sub soil characteristics have been carried out and the Kolkata and Kolkata surrounding areas which can be highly affected by soil liquefaction have been evaluated. The most suitable ground improvement technique to counteract liquefaction during an earthquake of certain magnitude has been proposed.

Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.

The city is the economic and social life, as in the range of human abode, food and so on. The heights of the dependence of man, his various powers of the time to have done, and by the desire to consolidate and bring to the life of the necessary coordination with the villages thereof, and in the nature of necessity and for a dwelling-place and information to build the human environment. In all, according to the nature of the species, and the culture and civilization of the difference, and principal users, as one element in the human city, and that the beneficiaries of the effective element of his own. Unfortunately, irregular to pass out to the cities, especially the metropolises made us to increase of faces, to provide the service, and to the many questions of the citizens. Smart of this question in recent decades, a number of strategies for the solution of the great circles that was offered in the academic plans. That is powerful, smart electronic city and citizens of continuous service users, but unlike electronic city so residents know each client, users smart and play the role of the citizens of the city, the head of the fountain. Unlike the electronic city, only to meet the needs of the citizens of the city had no pain, but in the interaction cycle, is exposed to the knowledge of the heads of men, and were out of the city, provide services in the city, which is done in the way of life of the urban development. On the other hand, it should be noted, because of the large and the density of the high places of the cities of the time, already in the cities which have no matter to work on the administration of the traditional methods of the town is rather moderate. This study tries to explain the history of the electronic city, he laid the city: and the sorrow of mourning in the city. In this study, we found an expert to other learned men proceeded so far, better to use.

With the progression of innovation and present day science, individuals are expecting data about the area of any protest for following purposes. GPS is a framework which has been executed and is open with no confinement. Having the office of GPS, we require a GPS gadget to compute the area from the data taken from GPS. This paper exhibits an examination on Area Based Services and is coordinated on finding and following of Android gadgets. In this usage I am utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) and Web Services, and android advanced mobile phone gadget Bhuvan Geotag for Route Planning since Android gadgets have a worked in highlight of GPS benefit. Some most recent requesting devices and innovation utilized for this execution are Java, AVD, WAMP etc. A Location-Based Service (LBS) gives data and administration of the topographical position of the cell phone. This should be possible through the portable system and using the capacity to influence utilization of that data. So as to decide the area of client's cell phone in a LBS application, situating advances or a situating part. For example, satellite situating, cell organize situating, WLAN stations or radio signals is required. Subsequently the greater part of the present LBS administrations don't require clients to enter area physically, for example, giving road name or postal district. Specialist coops are likewise required since they offer unique sorts of LBS administrations to clients and are in charge of preparing administration asks for and reacts back by sending ask for comes about. Servers can compute areas or position, scan for a way or seek particular data with respect to use position. Typically all the data asked for by clients are not store and keep up by the Service suppliers, geographic information are gather and put away by content supplier information. For example, Location based related information are additionally gather and store by the content supplier. Administration servers will demands and process these information and after that came back to clients.

The depth of influence of rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) was investigated in a field trial using a four-sided impact roller. Earth pressure cells (EPCs) were placed at varying depths at a site consisting of homogeneous soil conditions. EPCs measured pressures imparted by RDC at 3·85 m depth; however, the largest magnitudes of pressure were confined to the top 2 m beneath the ground surface. These results were complemented by field density data, penetrometer and geophysical testing. A number of published case studies using the 8 t four-sided impact roller, for either improving ground in situ or compacting soil in thick layers, are summarised in this paper. Finally, equations are presented that predict first, the effective depth of improvement, appropriate for determining the depth to which the ground can be significantly improved in situ, and, second, the depth of major improvement for RDC, appropriate for thick-layer compaction.

In this investigation, the interaction behaviour of geotextiles with sand is evaluated by conducting extensive laboratory interface tests both in direct shear and pull-out. A comprehensive test program was established to include a needle punched non-woven geotextile interacting with sands of different grading, grain size distributions and grain shapes namely; Cape Flats, Klipheuwel and Munich sands. The respective responses were primarily presented in terms of shear stress/horizontal displacement and pUll-out resistance/front displacement relationships; showing the frictional performance of the geotextile in these sands of different physical characteristics. Interface shear strength in both test methods was determined using Mohr-Coulomb's law. The ensuing shear strength values were compared with each other and with the direct shear strengths of the respective sands used in this investigation. Specific emphasis and detailed analyses went into the pull-out experiments in which local displacements of the geotextile specimens were measured as the test progressed. The measurements enabled the study of the stretching characteristics of the geofabric in the different sands. Applying an extrapolation procedure to approximate the constantly changing deformation modulus of the geotextile as it stretched in the respective sands, allowed the back-prediction of the pull-out force/displacement relationship, and thus enabled the study of skin friction distribution along the geotextile specimen during pull-out. The effect of the grading and grain size on the development of the interface shear stress, the peak values, and the type of interface failure could be demonstrated.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers' health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and 2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers' health. After controlling for confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation's economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing, stress, headache diagnostic examination.

Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. All submissions must describe original research, not published or currently under review for another conference or journal.

Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Civil Engineering and Urban Planning advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Civil Engineering and Urban Planning.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate settlement behavior of single granular pile (GP) at various depths along its length under axial loading. Effects of different parameters on settlement reduction at different depths are quantified. Results of study on floating and end bearing granular piles constructed in the soft ground are presented and discussed. Numerical analysis using software ALPAXL is carried out for L/d ratios (5-15) and relative stiffnesses (10-100) of granular pile material. Settlements are estimated at the top, 0.25L, 0.5L 0.75L and at the bottom of the GP.

Every Structure rests on soil! So, the properties of soil extraordinarily influence the dependability of the structure laid on it. In India, a large portion of land is of clayey nature & among this, expansion soil is of great proportion. Black Cotton Soil (Expansion soils) have got the property of swelling and shrinkage when exposed to variation in climatic conditions. This mercurial behavior is mainly due the presence of clay mineral montmorillonite. In spite of the fact that having extraordinary agricultural worth, these soils are posing serious threat to the structures founded on it due to the swelling and shrinking behavior. So, to overcome the problem of swelling and shrinking vast number of studies have been carried out from the past decades so as to enhance the properties of Black Cotton Soils. From the experimental experience and data analysis, Soil Stabilization was way out for this problem. Soil Stabilization technique has proven a best method for enhancing the properties of Black Cotton Soil. In this study, the Black Cotton Soil is stabilized by lime, fly ash, GGBS (ground granulated blast furnace) at different percentages & a comparative study is carried out to study the properties of Stabilized Black Cotton Soil with the properties of simple Black Cotton Soil obtained from the site. Also, studies were carried out to find the best stabilizing agent among the one used during this study.

5th International Conference on Civil Engineering (CE 2021) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Civil Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Civil Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas Civil Engineering

Ground improvement, is the modification of existing site foundation soils to provide better performance under design and/or operational loading conditions. Ground improvement techniques are used increasingly for new projects to allow utilization of sites with poor subsurface conditions. The most commonly used techniques suitable for cohesive soils and cohesionless soils have been briefly discussed in this paper. Recent advances made at MANIT, Bhopal to tackle with the problems of construction in black cotton soil have been discussed elaborately. Use of granular pile in such soils has shown that the soil strength on wetting could be improved significantly. The granular pile is found to improve the load carrying capacity of a footing to varying degree depending on the initial consistency of the soil, inclusion of fibres and encasement of the pile material by geogrid. Further, it is found that the swelling of the soil decreases by the use of granular pile in soft black cotton soil. The...

Over the past decade, several number of commercial and non-commercial catastrophe risk models have been developed to assess the financial losses caused by natural catastrophes including earthquakes. The output of such models are in different sectors such as disaster risks management, financial institutions and also research centers. Generally, due to great amount of inherent uncertainty in these models the direct deployment of the results by the user is a tough process. As an example, in disaster risk reduction sector a common missing link in this context is a decision-support medium that interprets the risk analysis outputs to the non-technical stakeholders. To overcome this problem, user-friendly analytical tools can be employed to translate the disaster risk analysis results into an understandable language for the potential stakeholder user. Presenting two models, attempts to address two different examples of such decisionsupport tools. The first model, UERI, is structured to incorporate several urban risk components (hazard, physical vulnerability, disaster management facilities and human exposure) based on a number earthquake risk indicators. The second tooles the use of a mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model to finds an opt spatil land-use allocation patter a given urban environment area.
Both models are capable of assisting decision-makers in using the output results of existing damage and loss estimation methodologies and also facilitating the process of risk reduction planning by providing basic solutions for stakeholders. The proposed models have been applied to a vulnerable urban area in Tehran, Iran and their performances have been examined.

Expansive clay soils are geotechnically problematic in nature as they possess less shear strength, high compressibility and low permeability. This research work was carried out with a view to improve index and engineering properties of expansive soil by stabilizing it with industrial wastes and geopolymers. The industrial wastes such as fly ash, silica fume and sodium-hydroxide were used for the stabilization of expansive soil. The virgin clay soil was tested for its index properties, compaction characteristics and shear strength determination. The stabilization of clay is made by adding and mixing those materials by varying its percentage. In the stabilization of soil with sodium hydroxide, an attempt has been made to study the effect of its molarity on the various properties of the soil. The clay soil stabilized with various materials was also tested for the same properties and their results were compared with that of virgin soil to find the effect of stabilization.

Scope 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering (CE 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Civil Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Civil Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas Civil Engineering.

The phenomenon that pedestrian violates traffic signals at intersections and crosses with danger is universal. This study aims to find out the influence of the waiting time of pedestrians at an intersection and the three main factors of pedestrian violations. In this study, 13 intersections and 1075 violations sample were collected in Suzhou China, which had different maximum waiting times. The validation would use the complementary video data. There are several factors, which have great influence on the proportion of pedestrian violations, such as the age, sex, arrive time, red phase, conflicting traffic volume and the length of volume crosswalks. Additionally, The significance of pedestrian maximum waiting time was highlighted in the end. For the purpose of reducing dangerous pedestrian behaviors at signalized intersections, minimizing waiting times is supposed to be one proper way.

Abstract The influence of towing speed on the effectiveness of the 4-sided impact roller using earth pressure cells (EPCs) is investigated. Two field trials were undertaken; the first trial used three EPCs placed at varying depths between 0.5 m and 1.5 m with towing speeds of 9–12 km/h. The second used three EPCs placed at a uniform depth of 0.8 m, with towing speeds of 5–15 km/h. The findings from the two trials confirmed that towing speed influences the pressure imparted to the ground and hence compactive effort. This paper proposes that the energy imparted to the ground is best described in terms of work done, which is the sum of the change in both potential and kinetic energies. Current practice of using either kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy should be avoided as neither can accurately quantify rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) when towing speed is varied.

In this investigation, the interaction behaviour of geotextiles with sand is evaluated by conducting extensive laboratory interface tests both in direct shear and pull-out. A comprehensive test program was established to include a needle punched non-woven geotextile interacting with sands of different grading, grain size distributions and grain shapes namely; Cape Flats, Klipheuwel and Munich sands. The respective responses were primarily presented in terms of shear stress/horizontal displacement and pUll-out resistance/front displacement relationships; showing the frictional performance of the geotextile in these sands of different physical characteristics. Interface shear strength in both test methods was determined using Mohr-Coulomb's law. The ensuing shear strength values were compared with each other and with the direct shear strengths of the respective sands used in this investigation. Specific emphasis and detailed analyses went into the pull-out experiments in which local displacements of the geotextile specimens were measured as the test progressed. The measurements enabled the study of the stretching characteristics of the geofabric in the different sands. Applying an extrapolation procedure to approximate the constantly changing deformation modulus of the geotextile as it stretched in the respective sands, allowed the back-prediction of the pull-out force/displacement relationship, and thus enabled the study of skin friction distribution along the geotextile specimen during pull-out. The effect of the grading and grain size on the development of the interface shear stress, the peak values, and the type of interface failure could be demonstrated.

The mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture are directly related to the internal structure. Earlier studies have suggested that aggregate-to-aggregate contact maybe a significant contributor to the mechanical properties of HMA mixes. In this study, the mechanical properties of HMA mixture, quantified by Marshall Stability, Flow and Marshall Quotient, were related to the internal structure in terms of aggregate-to-aggregate contact. For development of a model, field core samples were taken from Binder and Topeka layers at different sites. A total of 21 different HMA mixes were obtained. An advanced 2-dimensional Image Processing and Analysis System (i.e., iPas) was used to characterize the internal structure of the cores. The test results indicated that there is a strong correlation between aggregate-to-aggregate contact and mechanical properties of HMA mixture. This is an indication that aggregate-to-aggregate contactis a significant contributor to the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete.