Growth rates

To find out the fluctuation in the prices and arrivals of the Bengal gram crop.There is a positive and significant growth rate has been observed in the prices of selected APMC markets Bareilly and SHUJALPUR which is 0.78 and 0.49 respectively but there observed a positive and insignificant growth rate in the arrivals which is 0.07 and 0.02 at 5% level of significance. Both Bareilly and SHUJALPUR market have high seasonal indices in the month of May and June indicated the high post-harvest arrivals in the months.

Natural Rubber is the most versatile industrial raw material of plant origin. The study was based on secondary data
collected from the Rubber Board, from 2005-06 to 2014-15. The growth rate was ascertained using the exponential
function of the Compound Annual Growth Rate analysis. Among the Indian states, Kerala (69.16%) held highest
share of area under rubber cultivation. The third degree polynomial function was found to be the best fit for
natural rubber production as indicated by R2 value of 0.84 and 0.89 respectively for India and Kerala. Among the
Indian states, Tripura secured top position in terms of growth rate of area (9.27%) as well as production (11.55%).
The results for all India level showed a highly significant growth rate of 3.36 per cent per annum for area under
cultivation of rubber. Whereas the growth rate of production was found to be insignificant negative of 1.19 per
cent per annum and productivity exhibited significant negative growth rate of 1.77 per cent during the study
period. One of the factors which caused declining productivity was adverse climatic conditions like high
temperature, reduction in the rainfall and humidity etc. Another major factor was the farmers short run response
while the price of natural rubber crashes in the market. It is observed that when the prices in the market goes
down, farmers for a short period of time ceases the tapping of rubber trees till they witness any positive
movements in price.

Reverse osmosis (RO) plants are widely used for recovering potable water from industrial wastewater streams. The RO retentate stream is highly concentrated in salts thereby limiting further treatment using RO due to increased scaling potential of the salts. Currently, the brine streams are disposed of in evaporation ponds in which pure salts cannot be recovered. This makes Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC) an attractive method for purification of such streams since it can recover both pure water and salt. However, antiscalants are present in RO and other industrial wastewater streams as impurities. These could have an effect on the thermodynamics and crystallization kinetics during EFC. This paper focuses on the effect of a phosphonate based antiscalant on the crystallization kinetics of both ice and Na 2SO4.10H2O in a continuous EFC process under sub-eutectic conditions. It was observed that the salt nucleation rate remained almost constant whilst a general decrease in the ice nucleation rate occurred with increase in antiscalant concentration. A general increase in the growth rates of both ice and salt was observed. A threshold antiscalant concentration in the range 350 – 500 mg/L was observed beyond which the effect was reversed. The morphology of salt crystals from both the control and antiscalant-laden solutions was monoclinic and prismatic. The morphology of ice could not be detected due to agglomeration. Product washing was very effective in removing impurities suggesting that adsorption occurred by physisorption.

1. Age at maturity is hard to estimate for species that cannot be directly marked or observed throughout their lives and yet is a key demographic parameter that is needed to assess the conservation status of endangered species.2. For loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, juvenile growth rates (c. 10 cm year−1) were calculated by examining size increases during transoceanic journeys; durations of which were estimated from satellite-tracked Lagrangian surface drifter buoy trajectories.3. Lagrangian-derived growth estimates were used in a weighted loglinear model of size-specific growth rates for loggerhead turtles and combined with newly available information on size at maturity to estimate an age at maturity of 45 years (older than past estimates).4. By examining the age at maturity for 79 reptile species, we show that loggerhead turtles, along with other large-bodied Testudine (turtle and tortoise) species, take longer to reach maturity than other reptile species of comparable sizes. This finding heightens concern over the future sustainability of turtle populations. By maturing at an old age, sea turtles will be less resilient to anthropogenic mortality than previously suspected.

We studied the reproductive biology of Andean Solitaire (Myadestes ralloides) over the course of 6 years on the east slope of the Ecuadorian Andes. Breeding activity lasts from January to July, peaking around April and March. Nests (n = 26) were mossy cups, thickly lined with tree fern scales, and placed either on low banks or mossy tree trunks. Clutch size (n = 13 nests) ranged from 1 (1 nest) to 3 eggs (1 nest), most often 2. Mean egg size was 24.3 by 17.1 mm (n = 28), and mean fresh egg weight was 3.7 g (n = 6). Mean rate of mass loss was 1.1% per day of original mass. Andean Solitaires had an incubation period of 14-17 days, and a nestling period of 14-15 days. Growth rate of young expressed by the K parameter of the logistic equation was 0.33. We estimate a nest survival rate of 39%. Accepted 10 December 2007.

Original name:
Островский И.С. Оценка параметров уравнений параболического роста и их температурных зависимости у личинок Chironomus plumosus L. // Вид в ареале биология, экология и продуктивность водных беспозвоночных (Гл. ред. Хмелева Н.Н.) - Минск.: Навука i тэхнiка, 1990.- С. 79-84.

Relationships between microbial genes and performance are often evaluated in the laboratory in pure cultures, with little validation in nature. Here, we show that genomic traits related to laboratory measurements of maximum growth potential failed to predict the growth rates of bacteria in unamended soil, but successfully predicted growth responses to resource pulses: growth increased with 16S rRNA gene copy number and declined with genome size after substrate addition to soils, responses that were repeated in four different ecosystems. Genome size best predicted growth rate in response to addition of glucose alone; adding ammonium with glucose weakened the relationship, and the relationship was absent in nutrient-replete pure cultures, consistent with the idea that reduced genome size is a mechanism of nutrient conservation. Our findings demonstrate that genomic traits of soil bacteria can map to their ecological performance in nature, but the mapping is poor under native soil conditions, where genomic traits related to stress tolerance may prove more predictive. These results remind that phenotype depends on environmental context, underscoring the importance of verifying proposed schemes of trait-based strategies through direct measurement of performance in nature, an important and currently missing foundation for translating microbial processes from genes to ecosystems.

In this study, we aim to determine the extent to which the average investment limits affect the average tax burden under the OECD. It appears that international investment limits in OECD countries are affected by three components. Undoubtedly, one of these is the average tax burden under the OECD. Other components are the average debt ratios of governments and countries' real growth movements on economic growth, which affect the global average measure of investment services. It is observed that the changes in investment options in OECD countries show significant differences according to the average tax burdens of the countries and affect the investment limits significantly. This phenomenon put forth a significant change effect on investments as an average of criteria effect, and this approach makes it meaningful to conduct a tax burden-based study. Since the tax burden phenomenon in countries varies in terms of domestic and foreign debt of countries and is directly related to growth rates. The fact that changes in the average tax burden of OECD member countries affect investments reveals that it is dependent on the tax burden, the GDP of the relevant countries and the average debt burden of the OECD countries. Domestic and public foreign debt options of these countries directly affect the OECD's average investments. It shows that this influence analytically increases the negative criteria based on investments in these countries concerned.

Tenontosaurus tilletti is an ornithopod dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Cloverly and Antlers formations of the Western United States. It is represented by a large number of specimens spanning a number of ontogenetic stages, and these specimens have been collected across a wide geographic range (from central Montana to southern Oklahoma). Here I describe the long bone histology of T. tilletti and discuss histological variation at the individual, ontogenetic and geographic levels. The ontogenetic pattern of bone histology in T. tilletti is similar to that of other dinosaurs, reflecting extremely rapid growth early in life, and sustained rapid growth through sub-adult ontogeny. But unlike other iguanodontians, this dinosaur shows an extended multi-year period of slow growth as skeletal maturity approached. Evidence of termination of growth (e.g., an external fundamental system) is observed in only the largest individuals, although other histological signals in only slightly smaller specimens suggest a substantial slowing of growth later in life. Histological differences in the amount of remodeling and the number of lines of arrested growth varied among elements within individuals, but bone histology was conservative across sampled individuals of the species, despite known paleoenvironmental differences between the Antlers and Cloverly formations. The bone histology of T. tilletti indicates a much slower growth trajectory than observed for other iguanodontians (e.g., hadrosaurids), suggesting that those taxa reached much larger sizes than Tenontosaurus in a shorter time.

Management of species of conservation concern requires knowledge of demographic parameters, such as rates of recruitment, survival, and growth. In the Caribbean, hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) have been historically exploited in huge numbers to satisfy trade in their shells and meat. In the present study, we estimated growth rate of juvenile hawksbill turtles around Anegada, British Virgin Islands, using capture-mark-recapture of 59 turtles over periods of up to 649 days. Turtles were recaptured up to six times, having moved up to 5.9 km from the release location. Across all sizes, turtles grew at an average rate of 9.3 cm year(-1) (range 2.3-20.3 cm year(-1)), and gained mass at an average of 3.9 kg year(-1) (range 850 g-16.1 kg year(-1)). Carapace length was a significant predictor of growth rate and mass gain, but there was no relationship between either variable and sea surface temperature. These are among the fastest rates of growth reported for this species, with s...

PREMISE: The saguaro cactus is an iconic species of the Sonoran Desert. Its individual growth rates have been investigated for over 100 years. Its growth dynamics have been studied using phenomenological models intended to estimate growth, but not to understand the underlying biological processes. Most studies have suggested summer rainfall as the sole factor determining saguaro growth, overlooking the influence of other factors related to the process of growth.
METHODS: We analyzed the annual growth rates for 13 saguaro populations in the
Sonoran Desert using nonlinear models. These are better suited to analyze growth since they consider the fact that maximum growth rates diminish just before the onset of reproduction. We related model parameters to the local climate.
RESULTS: The most parsimonious model was the Ricker function that described growth considering cactus decline with age. Variance in temperature, rather than precipitation, was more closely related to growth. Higher variance in temperature at the beginning of the warm season was detrimental to saguaro growth.
CONCLUSIONS: Simple nonlinear equations modeled growth rate using biologically
interpretable parameters related to climate factors. Because the temperature is projected to increase in both mean and variance by climate change, the population dynamics of this iconic cactus are likely to be affected.

Abstract— This study aimed to assess some priming methods and durations under ranging field capacities of water in Kirinyaga County in Kenya in 2012/2013 growing seasons. A two season field experiment was conducted at Mwea Irrigation Agricultural Development Centre (MIAD) farm to evaluate chickpea advanced lines of ICCV 97105 for growth and growth rates under no priming, hydro priming and halo prime at three levels of i.e. 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % NaCl2 concentration with three priming durations (8, 10 and 12 hours) and varying initial soil moisture levels 100% field capacity (FC), 75 % FC, 50 % FC and 25 % FC).  The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Pre sowing irrigation, combined priming method and priming duration allocated in the main, and sub-plots, respectively.  The control treatment was the pre-sowing irrigation at field capacity (FC). The results revealed the maximum/optimum crop growth rate (CGR) of desi chickpea was achieved with 100% FC during wet season I (October, 2012-January, 2013) which was 181.0kg DM/ha/day, while it was 114 kg DM/ha/day with 90-96% FC during the drier season II (July -Oct 2013). Desi chickpea grows slowly under low seasonal rainfall (311.2 mm) than higher seasonal rainfall (565.1 mm). Therefore, it is necessary to apply higher pre sowing irrigation of up to 100% FC in dry areas. Relating crop growth rate CGR during 75-90 days after sowing (DAS) phase period with DM and CGR to grain yield at harvest 120 DAS revealed that it is possible to predict DM and grain yield with 80.5 and 77.5% confidence by use of linear production functions:

New knowledge on soil structure highlights its importance for hydrology and soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization, which however remains neglected in many wide used models. We present here a new model, KEYLINK, in which soil structure is integrated with the existing concepts on SOM pools, and elements from food web models, that is, those from direct trophic interactions among soil organisms. KEYLINK is, therefore, an attempt to integrate soil functional diversity and food webs in predictions of soil carbon (C) and soil water balances. We present a selection of equations that can be used for most models as well as basic parameter intervals, for example, key pools, functional groups’ biomasses and growth rates. Parameter distributions can be determined with Bayesian calibration, and here an example is presented for food web growth rate parameters for a pine forest in Belgium. We show how these added equations can improve the functioning of the model in describing known phenomena. Fo...

We studied the reproductive biology of Andean Solitaire (Myadestes ralloides) over the course of 6 years on the east slope of the Ecuadorian Andes. Breeding activity lasts from January to July, peaking around April and March. Nests (n = 26) were mossy cups, thickly lined with tree fern scales, and placed either on low banks or mossy tree trunks. Clutch size (n = 13 nests) ranged from 1 (1 nest) to 3 eggs (1 nest), most often 2. Mean egg size was 24.3 by 17.1 mm (n = 28), and mean fresh egg weight was 3.7 g (n = 6). Mean rate of mass loss was 1.1% per day of original mass. Andean Solitaires had an incubation period of 14-17 days, and a nestling period of 14-15 days. Growth rate of young expressed by the K parameter of the logistic equation was 0.33. We estimate a nest survival rate of 39%. Accepted 10 December 2007.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de materia seca total (MST, t ha-1), tasa de crecimiento del cultivo (TCC, t ha-1 d-1) y tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR, t t-1 d-1) de cinco cultivares de Brachiaria: B. decumbens, B. brizantha (Insurgente, Piatá y Toledo) y B. híbrido (Mulato II), en cinco edades de rebrote (14, 28, 42, 56 y 70 d), durante las épocas de lluvia y sequía, en el trópico húmedo del Ecuador. Los datos se analizaron por época, utilizando un DBCA con medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Esta investigación se realizó durante el año 2012, en la Granja "El Oasis", perteneciente a la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Campus "Arturo Ruiz Mora"; localizada a los 0° 13' 29'' S, 79° 15' 83'' O y altitud de 416 msnm en Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. El suelo es clasificado como andisol, temperatura media anual de 23.5 °C y precipitaciones anuales de 2,600 a 2,800 mm durante los seis primeros meses del año y posteriormente, inicia la época de sequía que se acentúa a medida que trascurren los meses. Para la MST en la época de lluvias, no se observaron diferencias (P>0.05) entre los cultivares evaluados, dónde, el rendimiento fue de 0.8, 3.1, 8.5, 11.8 y 17.7 t ha-1 a los 14, 28, 42, 56 y 70 d, respectivamente. Mientras que, durante sequía, todos los cultivares se comportaron igual (P>0.05) a los 14, 28 y 42 d, con rendimientos de 0.4,1.1, 3.0 t ha-1, respectivamente; sin embargo, a los 56 y 70 d los cultivares mostraron diferencias (P>0.05), dónde, Toledo presentó mayores rendimientos (7.1 y 13.5 t ha-1), seguido de Mulato II, Decumbens y Piatá que mostraron rendimientos similares (5.7 y 9.9 t ha-1); mientras que Insurgente fue quien presentó menor rendimiento (4.5 y 8.1 t ha-1). Para la TCC, no hubo diferencias (P>0.05) entre los tratamientos evaluados durante la época de lluvias, dónde el incremento de materia seca fue de 0.08, 0.27, 0.46, 0.62 y 0.91 t ha-1 d-1, a los 14, 28, 42, 56 y 70 d, respectivamente; mientras que, para sequía solo se observaron diferencias (P>0.05) a 56 y 70 d, donde Toledo mostró mayor incremento de MS (0.31 y 0.52 t ha-1 d-1, respectivamente). Para la TCR, no se encontraron diferencias (P>0.05) durante la época de lluvias, sin embargo; existieron diferencias en el comportamiento de los cultivares durante sequía y fue Toledo el menos afectado por esta época. Los cultivares evaluados mostraron altos rendimientos de MS en la época de lluvias, pero este comportamiento fue modificado por la época, ya que la producción de MS se redujo hasta 50 %, así mismo, el cultivar Toledo mostró mayor tolerancia a la sequía.