Hamedan

The study of replacing fossil fuels with clean and renewable energies is growing over the world and exploitation of these sustainable energy sources is of special importance due to environmental necessities and diversify the sources of energy used. The present study aimed to determine wind energy potential and check if there are any possible optimal locations in order to exploit sustainable wind energy using statistics of synoptic stations in Hamadan province. In this study, initially, three-hour long-term data of wind speed and direction were evaluated using the synoptic stations statistics in Hamedan province during a five-year period. Then, Annual Wind Rose graph was drawn. After that, different distributions were tested for fitting wind data. Experimental probability of data was calculated using selected distribution. The results showed that in Hamedan station, Weibull and in Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations, inverse Gaussian distribution are the most accurate distributions in predicting the possibilities of wind speed. Also the wind power density at the maximum possible height for using wind power was calculated 15.24, 21.7, 10.8 and 6.3 watts per square meter in Hamadan, Nojeh, Skinheads and Tuyserkan stations respectively. According to the results, none of the obtained figures is desirable compared with the necessary standards for constructing wind power plants. Due to the number of wind blowing hours and necessary wind existence percentage between start and stop speeds of wind turbines, wind energy exploitation in of the surveyed stations is not cost-effective, therefore, they are not recommended
Extended Abstract
1-Introduction
The study of replacing fossil fuels with clean and renewable energies is growing over the world and exploitation of these sustainable energy sources is of special importance due to environmental necessities and diversify the sources of energy used. The present study aimed to determine wind energy potential and check if there are any possible optimal locations in order to exploit sustainable wind energy using statistics of synoptic stations in Hamadan province. One of the other objectives of this research is to survey the ability of different statistical distributions in predicting the possibilities of wind speed in the studied stations is. The present study can show an overview of wind energy status in the province synoptic stations and also evaluate the validity of the country's wind map that has been performed in the province, on the basis of preliminary evaluations, at the scale of 1: 250,000 with low accuracy.
2- Materials and Methods
In this study, the three-hour long-term data of the wind speed and direction were evaluated and classified in the province synoptic stations during a five-year statistical period. To detect the speed and direction of the prevailing wind, the wind rose of studied stations were plotted using WRPLOT software. Then, using "Easy fit" software, different statistical distributions for fitting to wind data were tested and experimental probability of the data was calculated using selected distribution. Finally based on wind speed classification, parameters such as rated speed, most probable wind speed; total hours of wind blowing in wind turbines operation area and exploitable wind energy at the maximum possible height to install wind turbines in each of studied stations were calculated and evaluated.
3- Results and Discussion
According to the results, despite of most of conducted researches especially in the interior, wind power metering using only Weibull distribution, is not correct and in each station various distributions should be tested and the best distribution in terms of accurately predicting wind probability should be selected. Results showed that in Hamedan station, Weibull and in Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan inverse Gaussian distribution is of the most accuracy in predicting the possibilities of wind speed. The rated wind speed i.e. the speed at which the maximum wind energy is generated over the year, in Hamedan, Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations is respectively 3.24, 3.45, 3.05 and 2.75 meters per second and the most probable wind speed in these stations was calculated, 0.78, 2.15, 1.45 and 1.35 meters per second respectively. According to these results, the rated wind speed and the most probable wind speed in all of studied stations were out of wind turbines start and stop speed range that is not desirable. In addition, in the mentioned stations, in 3, 4, 3 and 2 percent of the hours of wind existence, the wind speed was between 4 and 25 meters per second respectively. So the windy hours between these two speeds (4-25 m/s) in these stations- that are most of wind turbines start and stop speeds- was respectively calculated 193.41, 567.1, 315.41 and 222.6 hours, in year which is not satisfactory in any way. Besides, wind power density at the maximum possible height of wind power use in Hamadan, Nojeh, Nahavand and Tuyserkan stations is respectively calculated 15.24, 21.7, 10.8 and 6.3 watts per square meter in the figures are not significant with necessary standards as well as researches conducted by other researchers.
4-Conclusion
According to the obtained results, none of the obtained figures compared to necessary standards, was desirable enough to construct wind power plants. Due to the number of windy hours and the percentage of necessary wind existence between start and stop speeds of wind turbines and density of the generated energy at the maximum possible height for installing wind turbines, exploiting wind energy in any of the studied stations is not economical and recommended. As the number of stations that record hourly wind data with appropriate statistical period in the province is limited, to further scrutiny the issue, after conducting field survey and based on specialist's idea and discussing with local experts, setting up a station for automatically and momentary recording wind speed and direction data around Famenin and Asadabad near the city of Hamadan is recommended.

Seals are one of the most important archaeological findings that provide reliable information about geographical names and job positions of the past. During Sasanian period seals were used by individual government officials. The use of seals expanded with the growth of Sasanian economy. In the archives of the Bu'ali Museum of Hamadan, 23 Sassanid seals from the Asadabad area are kept. Eleven of these seals have motifs of human, six have animal motifs, one has hand motif and two others hybrid mythological. The present research deals with the ten seals. Among these ten seals, five have human image (four a man's image and one a woman image), four seals have animal designs (three bull and one ram) and one is a monogram seal. The purpose of this research is to document, read inscriptions and examine the roles of these seals.

Abstract
The different environmental features of The Central Iranian Plateau and The Central Zagros region, including The type of access to hydrological resources, adjacent to The climatically high pressure regions, such as desert lands and mountainous locations and the communication constraints that was caused, or the various sources that was provided by them, are characteristics that Throughout the millennia, handled and shaped the cultures of these areas. It seems that according to the importance of the recent archaeological discoveries and the importance of natural and geographical features effects in determinations of cultural zones, the revision of archaeological divisions of the central plateau and Zagros, is an obvious and essential Issue. In the past, the definition of the Central Plateau span, mainly included the plains of Kashan, Qom and Saveh, Qazvin, Tehran, and the margins of Kavir desert, but didn't mention the names of Kurdistan and Hamedan at all. Also, in the Central Zagros area, never mentioned any sites beyond Asadabad and Nahavand. Thus, the role of these regions in the course of cultural transformation, like as a blind spot, has always been neglected and archaeologists, never considered an important place in the areas Located between the central plateau and central Zagros, until now. Whereas, Geographical divisions, despite the differences between the views of some geographers, emphasize on the geomorphologic distinctions of these regions against the central plateau and Zagros. Most of the geographers dividing this area into three parts, including the Zagros, the central Iran, and the Sanandaj Sirjan zones that each of which was subdivided into smaller units. Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt forms the eastern border of the Sanandaj Sirjan zone with central unit, and also the Kangavar, Nahavand, Boroujerd, Silakhor and Azna high mountain valleys on the eastern side of the Zagros geomorphlogic zone are its western edge borders. The Sanandaj Sirjan geomorphological zone border, mainly corresponds with the today's political boundaries of the Kurdistan, Hamedan and Markazi Provinces.
Also, archaeologically, there are numerous archaeological evidence from different cultural periods that each of which has always been able to prove the impact of geographical features on the distribution and diversity of material culture of this region, from the past to the present day. One of the first findings that have such a capability is Iron Ages spouted vessels from the sites such as marlik, hasanlu, Sialk, Sarm, Khorvin, qeytarieh and many others in this territory that their distributional patterns truly follow the patterns of region's geographical features. Other well-known archaeological findings that could have attracted attention to the specific pattern of material culture distributions to different period's in this geographical and cultural area, is the phenomenon of the expansion of Kura areas material culture in the early and middle Bronze Age. Among the more recent findings, there is significant evidence of the distribution of Dalm style pottery and what was called Alouei material culture in the Iranian central Plateau, that has been reported in few of the rescue excavations of the Kurdistan Talvar dam project, in sites such as tape kalanan and tape qeshlag that comprise the entire period of the early and middle chalcolithic age of this region, that based on absolute datings its date back to times earlier than 5,000 BC, even older than Dalma itself. the long-term domination of Dalma, aloei, and Kura Areas material cultures, as well as spreading of iron age spouted vessels in the Sanandaj Sirjan geomorphologic zone, represents a unique cultural transformation pattern in this region that emphasize on its independent cultural identity. Despite the fact that the coherence of cultural relations that we have in mind, has not been completely comprehensive throughout the entire area's of the Sanandaj Sirjan zone and at all of the time, a glimpse of the pattern of the distribution and expansion of a different period's material cultures represents a historical conjunctions that are consistent with the geographic features. So that even the presence of some periods with a completely Zagros-related material cultures such as Godin III or completely associated with the central plateau's material cultures, such as Sialk III6-7, can not be ignored it, too. Thus, by a review of the factors such as geographical features, catchment areas, quality of communication routes, and the distributional coherence of some material cultures, especially pottery, the necessity of defining an independent identity for the “Near west” of central Iran, which corresponds to the geological zone of the Sanandaj_Hamedan, distinct from the Central Zagros and the central plateau zone will simply be accepted.

Keywords: Cultural Boundaries, Material Culture, Prehistory, Sanandaj_Sirjan, Near west

Statement of the Problem: Hamedān city, with its historical pre-Islamic history, used to have a rich traditional landscape until the Pahlavi era. Karl Frisch, a German engineer, made great changes in Hamedān’s urban landscape by constructing piercing streets. The construction of a vast square at the intersection of six piercing streets created a turning point in the landscape of Hamedān. This plan was developed in imitation of 19th Century European architecture and urban development to serve as a symbol of authority and modernity. It was like an industrial gear wheel passing through the historical texture, the center and bazaar of Hamedān. The intervention by Karl Frisch in the landscape was not aligned with what used to be practiced in the past and the amount of construction was so much as though Hamedān’s image was fundamentally transformed.
Purpose of the study: This study adopts a systematic approach to urban landscape analysis to examine the impact of piercing streets, an authoritative measure through urban management, on the urban landscape of Hamedān during the first Pahlavi era.
Method: This historical-analytical study relies on the provided data on the spatial features of Hamedān urban landscape.
Findings: Extensive changes in the urban landscape during the first Pahlavi era through the construction of streets in major cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Rasht reinforce this idea that urban restructuring can lead to the transformation of the urban landscape. However, the results show that such interventions in Hamedān have not changed its urban landscape in spite of the wide transformation in the physical form of the city in terms of the street architecture and the creation of new paths of access. The main reason for no changes is the consistency in identifying the same center in spite of extensive interventions.

Dargazin was one of the politically and culturally significant regions of Iran in the past, and its historical monuments and mounds shows the importance of this area. Why was Dargazin important in the post-Islamic era and what was the role of the routes in the formation of settlements and the cultural development of this region? To answer these questions, the present article looks for the historical background of the routes, and its role in the expansion of the settlements, and the cultural growth of Dargazin in the post-Islamic era. The geographic location of Dargazin (being on the side of the main roads), having fertile and flat lands, and being at the skirts of the Kharaqan mountains (which is a geopolitical advantage), developed this area, as a transit point for commercial caravans and the residence of several groups of people. At the present time, Dargazin locates on the side of the roads to Zanjan, Markazi, and Qazvin provinces, and in the past, the two main branches of the Silk Road surrounded it from east and west. The study shows that most of the habitats of this area have been located along these routes.

The archaeological campaign of the 16th season of excavations in Tepe Hegmataneh intended to explore the architectural structures belonging to the historical period. The excavated area consists of 4 squares including AJ45, AJ46, AK45, and AK46 with a total size of 400 m 2. Excavations in these squares recorded 55, 54, 105, and 116 loci respectively. The architecture belonging to the historical period was uncovered at an average depth of 4.00 cm from BM1, and after clarifying the spaces, determining the condition of the floors and revealing the façades of the walls, the excavations in the squares was completed. A suite of architectural spaces appeared through excavations in these squares. Though there were slight differences, the plan was similar to the standard one suggested by Mohammad Rahim Sarraf. The revealed architecture includes one passage, three complete spaces, and parts of three other spaces. Based on the results of thermoluminescence experiment, it is rejected not only that this architecture belongs to the Medes, but also that its belonging to Parthians must be reconsidered.