Health Diplomacy

ÖZ Uluslararası ilişkilerin belirleyici unsuru güç ve en önemli aracı da diplomasidir. Küreselleşmeyle birlikte pekçok kavram gibi bu iki kavram da değişime uğramış, geleneksel anlam ve algılarının ötesinde yeni tanımlar ve uygulamalarla çerçeveleri genişlemiştir. Özellikle Soğuk Savaş sonrasında askeri ve ekonomik varlığa dayalı sert güç karşısında, özendirme ve cazibe oluşturmaya dayalı yumuşak güç uluslararası politikada giderek önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Aynı şekilde geleneksel diplomasi uygulamalarının yanında yumuşak güce dayalı birtakım yeni diplomasi modellerinin hayata geçtiği görülmektedir. Küresel sağlık sorunlarının çözümünde uluslararası işbirliklerini içeren ve sınıraşan sağlık hizmetlerinin etkili bir uluslararası politika aracı olarak kullanılmasına dayanan sağlık diplomasisi de bunlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada popülaritesi ve etkinliği giderek artan sağlık diplomasisinin uygulanma biçimleri, araçları, etkileşim düzeyleri ve aktörleri ele alınarak, gerçek bir dış politika aracı olup olmadığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. A B S T R A C T The decisive element of international relations is power and the it's most important instrument is diplomacy. These two concepts, like many concepts with globalization, have changed considerably and their frameworks have expanded with some new definitions and practices beyond their traditional meanings and perceptions. Especially in the post-Cold War period, the soft power based on the incentive and attraction against the hard power based on the military and economic existence in the traditional sense has begun to gain importance in the international politics. Similarly, a number of new diplomacy models based on soft power have been implemented in addition to traditional diplomacy practices. Health diplomacy, which includes international cooperation in the solution of global health problems and based on the use of transboundary health services as an effective international policy instrument, is one of them. In this study, it is emphasized whether there is a real foreign policy instrument by taking into consideration the forms, tools, interaction levels and actors of health diplomacy, whose popularity and effectiveness is increasing.

This article seeks to respond towards the growing skepticism questioning MIKTA's role in middle power diplomacy during the Covid-19 pandemic era. In recent years, the middle power informal forum MIKTA, consisting of Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia has been accused of being dysfunctional with lack of significant contributions towards multilateralism. Moreover, during the Covid-19 pandemic, MIKTA member states struggle to resolve domestic issues such as rising infections rate and economic recession, which indicate their withdrawal from regional and multilateral affairs. This article proves otherwise. The author argues that despite facing domestic problems related to Covid-19, MIKTA member states remain committed towards multilateralism through exemplary domestic regulations and regional contributions in a new public diplomacy role MIKTA has never taken before: health diplomacy. This descriptive-quantitative research implements quasi-experimental method by selecting five states representing middle powers from various regions and examine their health diplomacy role in domestic, regional, and multilateral affairs using indicators from Neo-Liberalist and Constructivist perspectives. This article concludes that MIKTA member states' role in health diplomacy remain essential in supporting global health diplomacy efforts during the pandemic. Domestically, Australia and South Korea's effective Covid-19 containment policy have served as an example for other states to follow. Regionally, MIKTA member states' assistance towards neighboring states highlight their commitment towards regional leadership. Multilaterally, all MIKTA member states have unanimously agreed on the need to support Covid-19 vaccine availability for all countries.

Abstract
Regional organisations can effectively promote regional health diplomacy and
governance through engagement with regional social policy. Regional bodies make
decisions about health challenges in the region, for example, the Union of South
American Nations (UNASUR) and the World Health Organisation South East Asia
Regional Office (WHO-SEARO). The Southern African Development Community
(SADC) has a limited health presence as a regional organisation and diplomatic
partner in health governance. This article identifies how SADC facilitates and
coordinates health policy, arguing that SADC has the potential to promote regional
health diplomacy and governance through engagement with regional social policy.
The article identifies the role of global health diplomacy and niche diplomacy in health
governance. The role of SADC as a regional organisation and the way it functions
is then explained, focusing on how SADC engages with health issues in the region.
Recommendations are made as to how SADC can play a more decisive role as a
regional organisation to implement South–South management of the regional social
policy, health governance and health diplomacy agenda.

Bu çalışmada günümüzde sağlık diplomasisi olarak adlandırılan sağlık
alanı, uluslararası işbirliğinin tarihi gelişimi, küresel siyasetteki yeri ve
öne çıkan aktörleri açısından değerlendirilerek Türkiye’nin küresel sağlık
diplomasisindeki konumu incelenecektir. Bu çerçevede öncelikle sağlık
alanında uluslararası işbirliğinin gelişimiyle doğrudan alakalı olan
küreselleşme kavramı açıklanarak küreselleşmenin sağlık diplomasisiyle
olan ilişkisi tartışılacaktır. İkinci bölümde sağlık diplomasisinin geçirdiği
dönüşüm ve günümüzdeki durumu tarihsel bağlam dikkate alınarak ana
hatlarıyla incelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde sağlık diplomasisinde rol alan
aktörler ve bu alanda kullanılan araçlar incelenecektir. Aktörlerin çeşitlenmesi ve uluslararası kuruluşların diplomasi alanına dâhil olması tartışıldıktan sonra bu aktörler arasındaki farklı iş bölümleri ve işbirliklerinin küresel sağlık diplomasisini nasıl şekillendirdiği tartışılacaktır. Son olarak, Türkiye’nin sağlık diplomasisi çerçevesinde gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetler ve bağlantılı politika başlıkları kısaca incelenerek Türkiye’nin küresel sağlık diplomasisindeki rolü tartışılacaktır. Sonuç kısmında sağlık diplomasisinin günümüzde ulaştığı nokta değerlendirilip avantajlar ve riskler kısaca tartışılacaktır.

The most common patient right across the globe is the right of access to health care. As the COVID- 19 pandemic increases the numbers of patients flowing into the hospitals with respiratory symptoms, health professionals are being extra careful about medical consultation for „outpatients“. Many „inpatients“ are released from the hospital, as well, in order to protect them from infection. This can present ethical and moral dilemma to health professionals who must choose between providing care or postponing already scheduled diagnostic and therapy process. Obviously, for some patients that can be very dangerous. They may be chronic patients with unrecognized complication or acute conditions, for whom delayed reaction and emergency response will not be adequate. We definitely deal with a world crisis, where everybody has a fear to become a regular, non- COVID-19 patient. However, we need to keep in mind that patients have their rights and that they must get full respect of their human right to health care even in the situation of COVID-19 or any other pandemic. We also have to keep in mind that this is a very difficult time for health professionals, who have to balance the fear about their own safety with providing full care to their patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has also shown the importance of global health. COVID- 19 transcends national boundaries and governments, and calls for global action to determine the health of people. However, understanding the needs of each individual patient locally brings together the best outcome of treatment and establishes a stronger relationship of trust between patients and health workers. Now, we can see how Public health is important: like an answer to the high- level question in health diplomacy. Also, it is not negligible that the private health system can bring an apprehension that even contagious, patients without insurance can be ignored. We need a more systematic and pro-active approach to identify and understand key current and future changes that impact patient rights, and to build capacity among the Member States to support the necessary collective action to take advantage of all opportunities in ensuring that these rights are fully observed. We need to understand better the tracking statistics so that we clearly see how patients we affected in relation to their nonCOVID-19 health problem. Currently, we see many different numbers, and it is not clear whether deaths are due to COVID- 19 or the death occurred with but not directly from COVID-19. Figuratively, if you're shot, did you die from the gunshot or died with the bullet?

Tradition, Technology and Treatment: The Politics of Health in Africa

The purpose of the paper/presentation is four-fold. First, it will attempt to focus on political issues that cause and result from health issues on the continent. Examples of this include health disasters caused by war, conflict and the displacement of vulnerable people. The second purpose is to focus on the complexities of providing and accessing health services in particularly traditional societies in rural less developed areas. Although several studies on, particularly HIV and AIDS attest this these complexities, the paper/presentation will use other examples such as the provision of humanitarian medical aid, and cultural sensitivities vis-à-vis, for example, the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, organ transplant and blood transfusion. The third objective is to review the use of medical technology on the continent and its impact on treatment in traditional rural societies. Finally, the paper/presentation will attempt to provide some suggestions for the future link between tradition, and medical technology and treatment in Africa.