Covid-19

On 29 April 2021, the European Platform tackling undeclared work (hereafter the ‘Platform’) held a webinar on ‘COVID 19: combating fraud in short-term financial support schemes’.

The event brought together 31 participants from 20 countries, representing labour inspectorates and other enforcement authorities, as well as European level social partners, and representatives from Eurofound, the European Commission and the European Labour Authority (ELA).

Melalui beberapa tahapan seperti Call for Paper (CFP), penyeleksian dan review dari dewan redaksi dan mitra bestari, Berkala Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (BIMKMI) resmi merilis Jurnal Volume 9 Nomor 2 Januari - Februari 2022. Jurnal ini berisikan 8 artikel yang membahas tentang permasalahan-permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat.

Selamat membaca,
Salam Ilmiah!

Coronavirus disease is an emerging public health concern globally. Due to rapid spread and alarming incidences of COVID-19 cases, we intended to explore the knowledge and perception of health professionals. Objective of study to assess the knowledge and perception of health professionals through a web based study using voluntary sampling technique. Respondents were almost equal gender wise classified. Around 50% of participants had good knowledge about COVID-19 disease. The mean knowledge score was 18.49±4.257. In this study perception of health professional towards COVID-19; nearly half of them 49.2% had positive, followed by 35.3% had negative and 15.5% had neutral perception. The present study found significant association of knowledge with gender (p=0.002), occupation (p=.001), years of service (p=.001), Job (p=.001), heard about COVID-19 (p=.001) and source of information about COVID-19 (p=.001) at 5% p value. This study found insignificant association of perception with all demographic variables at 5% p value.

This study provides an overview of the situation and condition of the share price of publicly listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic experienced by the investor community on the performance of the Indonesia capital market. The data collection of this research was carried out by survey techniques by giving online questionnaires to the respondents. This study uses semantic scale analysis to measure respondents' views about the share price of their portfolio, the impact of the pandemic, and the performance of the Indonesian capital market. We performed validity, reliability, and hypothesis tests in forming a well-fitted model. The results of this study indicate that all the variables studied are valid and reliable, the hypothesis of the proposed statement is accepted that meets the significance level of the F-test and t-test, meaning that the strength of the issuer's stock price and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. This is able to explain and influence the performance variables of the Indonesian capital market by 74.7% out of 100 respondents in 2020.

The paper studies the effect on the stock market in India. It's a vivid picture which has emerged in India Stock market. This paper will try to evaluate the stock market fall from January 2020 to 17 th March 2020.The data are collected from secondary sources. This paper will help the people to understand clear picture about the different phases of COVAID-19 which is responsible for bearish mood of the market. The first outbreak came in China market. Afterward it has affected all the market throughout the world. It has effected in three phases. When I was going through reports I found there are three phases, In short the phases are-i) Incubation phase ii) Outbreak Phase iii) Fever phase or Pandemic. In Incubation the financial Institutions started paying attention in Outbreak stage the stocks started falling.

The paper studies the effect on the stock market in India. It’s a vivid picture which has emerged in India Stock market. This paper will try to evaluate the stock market fall from January 2020 to 17 th March 2020.The data are collected from secondary sources. This paper will help the people to understand clear picture about the different phases of COVAID-19 which is responsible for bearish mood of the market. The first outbreak came in China market. Afterward it has affected all the market throughout the world. It has effected in three phases. When I was going through reports I found there are three phases, In short the phases are –i) Incubation phase ii) Outbreak Phase iii) Fever phase or Pandemic . In Incubation the financial Institutions started paying attention in Outbreak stage the stocks started falling

Hakikatin önemsizleşmesi dönemi rasyonel süreçlerden bağımsız olarak bireylerin duygu
ve düşünceleri bağlamında ürettikleri gerçeklik inşası olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu dönem ise
yeni medya ortamlarının yaygınlaşmasıyla ilişkilendirilmekte, yeni medyanın kullanıcı türevli içerik
üretimi, denetimsiz yapısı, hızlı bir şekilde yayılıma imkân tanıması gibi özelliklerle ele alınmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada teyit/doğrulama hizmeti veren teyit.org’da yer alan Covid-19 aşı haberlerine yönelik
içerik analizi uygulanmış ve bu haberler hakikatin önemsizleşmesi bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın bulgularına göre aşı çalışmalarına yönelik aşının çok hızlı bulunduğu, dolayısıyla virüsün
insan yapımı olduğuna dair ve aşı ile insanlara mikroçip takılacağını öne süren komplo teorileri, aşı
kaynaklı birçok ölümün yaşandığı ve aşının kısırlığa yol açtığına dair asılsız haberler sıklıkla yeni
medya ortamları üzerinden dolaşıma sokulmuştur. Bu haberler geleneksel medya ortamlarında
da yer alsa dahi yeni medya ortamları hakikatin önemsizleşmesinde çok daha işlevseldir. Haberler
incelendiğinde haberlerin herhangi bir kaynağa sahip olmadığı, genellikle anonim hesaplar tarafından
paylaşıldığı ve sosyal medya ortamlarında oldukça etkileşim alarak yayılıma girdiği görülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla hakikatin önemsizleşmesinin önüne geçebilmek için genelde medya okuryazarlığı özelde
ise sosyal medya okuryazarlığı geliştirilmelidir.

Após a abolição da tortura como meio de obtenção de provas, o acesso direto do preso ao Poder Judiciário tornou-se um enorme desafio para a concretização do princípio da dignidade humana no processo penal. Em razão disso, o presente trabalho analisa a Audiência de Custódia, desde sua previsão na Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos – em 1969 – até sua efetiva implantação no Brasil através da Resolução n.º 213/15, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça. É necessário concatenar os principais eventos políticos e jurídicos que impediram a efetivação desta garantia; primeiro um considerável empecilho de entrar em vigor, já que sua ratificação pelo Brasil ocorreu somente em 1992, e segundo a necessidade de se concluir o papel no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro de uma norma de Direitos Humanos prevista em Tratado Internacional. Além de esmiuçar tais eventos, adotou-se por objetivo a avaliação da regularidade da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça ao editar Resolução regulamentando o procedimento da Audiência de Custódia, bem como identificar as principais ameaças e desafios para o futuro da garantia no Brasil. Para tanto, adotou-se como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, em especial sobre artigos científicos, livros, Tratados Internacionais e legislação interna, que auxiliem a compreensão da evolução histórica convencional e legislativa da Audiência de Custódia. Ao abordar os principais eventos históricos desde a Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos, trabalha-se com a hipótese de que a maior dificuldade para a efetividade da Audiência de Custódia no Brasil é proveniente do regime antidemocrático vigente no país à época e, num segundo momento, a pouca vontade política de agregar Direitos Humanos ao ordenamento jurídico pátrio, mormente quando ainda são destacados preconceitos contra todo aquele acusado da prática de delito. Já consolidada a concepção de Audiência de Custódia, buscou-se avaliar as ameaças à sua permanência, bem como os problemas decorrentes do cenário de pandemia de Covid-19 no cotidiano forense, a fim de assegurar a continuidade do acesso de presos ao Poder Judiciário.

In the Western Balkans, as elsewhere around the world, governments took extraordinary measures to effectively contain the spread of COVID-19, measures that entailed serious restrictions to individual freedoms. They also introduced extra powers that upset the ordinary division and balance of governmental power. In this context, several analysts have expressed concern that the authoritarian trend observed in the region during the last decade will become further entrenched. The worst fear, that some of the Western Balkan leaderships may retain extraordinary powers indefinitely, has not been confirmed. However, constitutionally prescribed procedures were disregarded and the operation of formal and informal mechanisms of checks and balances ignored. The article argues that the ease with which the Western Balkan leaders removed any checks and controls over their rule raises the valid question of how they may deal with future circumstances which may endanger their power.

Le confinement lié au coronavirus semble avoir ravivé un élan de solidarité et d'entraide bénévole parmi la population. Le tiers secteur ne peut que s'en réjouir ! Mais comment construire et tirer profit de cet élan ? Dans l'attente d'une recherche approfondie sur les formes et motivations de cette solidarité, nous pouvons en identifier trois composantes fondamentales – qui peuvent avoir un impact pour le recrutement et la motivation des bénévoles.

The purpose of this paper is to measure the risks posed by the COVID-19 outbreak on financial market indicators, which caused uncertainty and fear all over the world. In the paper, the Fourier KPSS unit root test, which helps to measure structural breaks more precisely by means of the Fourier transformations in time series, the Fourier-SHIN Cointegration Test to determine long-term relationships between time series, and the Fourier Granger Causality Test to determine causality relationships are used. As a result of these tests applied on the daily price series between 31.12.2019 and 01.05.2020, it has been found that in the long term, the COVID-19 outbreak has a significant effect on stock markets, crude oil representing oil markets, and fear index; but no significant effect on Bitcoin which represents money markets. In the short term, it is concluded that COVID-19 has had a significant effect on stock markets, crude oil, fear index, and Bitcoin.

One limitation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response has been the lack of widely available, practical tools to measure factors, such as ventilation and airflow, that can impact transmission risk. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that steps be taken to improve ventilation in healthcare facilities, schools, businesses, and households. 1 However, limited guidance has been provided on how to evaluate the adequacy of ventilation. To be useful in real-world settings, tools to assess ventilation must be inexpensive, safe, and easy to use. An ideal tool would provide rapid and easy-to-interpret results that could be used to identify areas with inadequate ventilation and to assess the impact of interventions. One promising candidate as a practical tool to assess ventilation is carbon dioxide monitoring using inexpensive handheld devices that measure carbon dioxide concentrations. The concentration of carbon dioxide in outdoor air is ∼400 parts per million (ppm) versus ∼40,000 ppm in exhaled breath. 2 Thus, carbon dioxide levels rise in occupied spaces that are inadequately ventilated. 2 According to the CDC, carbon dioxide readings >800 ppm in buildings are an indicator of suboptimal ventilation requiring intervention. 1 Carbon dioxide monitoring has been used to assess ventilation and to identify measures to reduce risk in settings such as schools, university buildings, dental offices, motor vehicles, and hospitals. 3-7 The most important limitation of carbon dioxide monitoring is that it does not account for filtering of air. For example, carbon dioxide levels rise above 800 ppm in the cabin of airplanes both in flight and during boarding and deplaning, but the risk for viral transmission may remain low because the air conditioning system provides rapid recirculation of air through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. 5 Other potential tools to assess ventilation include handheld particle counters and devices that measure total volatile organic compounds. 8,9 In an assessment of ventilation in public spaces,

In this introductory essay, we build on the articles in this special issue to provide a novel theoretical framework for the understanding of current and future trends in the digitalisation of teaching and learning in Nordic higher education (HE). We highlight three key elements. Context is critical and should be systematically expanded to include not only the immediate context of the virtual and blended classroom, but also the broader organisational and national contexts within which digital learning takes place. The involvement of individual actors, higher education institutions and national policy-making agencies in the development and implementation of digitalisation policy ideas and practices is also shaped by multiple mediations, which include the mediating role of technology itself, but also of other human, organisational and policy actors, ideas and practices. Finally, digitalisation of HE teaching and learning can lead to a variety of gradual or more radical digital transformations, operating at multiple scales and with multiple potential positive or negative effects. This framework helps put into focus the key question of how to go about searching for a flexible set of "Nordic characteristics" that might affect digitalisation of teaching and learning in the Nordic region, albeit in uneven and diverse ways. While it is too early to provide a systematic analysis of the impact of the rapid digitalisation of Nordic HE teaching and learning spurred by the Covid-19 pandemic, we make some preliminary observations that offer this emerging theoretical framework as a way to assess these trends both before and after the pandemic.

Le questioni poste dall’impatto della crisi sanitaria sui sistemi alternativi di risoluzione delle controversie sono inizialmente rimaste senza esplicite da parte del legislatore. Successivamente, tuttavia, si è stratificata una consistente normativa. Così è avvenuto soprattutto in materia di mediazione, dove si è assistito a significativi interventi non solo di contenuto strettamente emergenziale ma anche strutturalmente diretti a consentire un più agevole ricorso alle forme telematiche. Senza contare, poi, l’introduzione di una nuova ipotesi di mediazione obbligatoria, specificamente dedicata alle controversie in cui il coronavirus possa essere assunto a parametro di valutazione della sussistenza di un inadempimento. Quanto poi alla negoziazione assistita e all’arbitrato, non pochi problemi sono stati suscitati, per quest’ultimo, da una normativa che solo in sede di conversione del cosiddetto Cura Italia ha espressamente previsto l'applicazione della normativa emergenziale dovuta al Covid-19 anche agli arbitrati rituali. La legge ha infatti risolto un dubbio che in precedenza poteva porsi in merito alla sospensione dei termini e al rinvio delle udienze nel periodo in cui tale regime ha operato per il processo, ma nel contempo, attribuendo efficacia sostanzialmente retroattiva al chiarimento, ha posto interrogativi non da poco, da risolvere con una interpretazione di tipo conservativo, circa il destino degli atti che siano stati compiuti ovvero alle udienze che siano state ugualmente svolte in quel lasso di tempo. In tale frenesia di regolazione, nulla è stato invece disposto dal legislatore per l’arbitrato irrituale, di cui deve essere pertanto valorizzata la natura meramente negoziale con conseguente esclusione dell’applicabilità della disciplina emergenziale del processo.

É nos períodos de crise, como aquele que vivemos, que mais úteis se tornam os conhecimentos acumulados ao longo de anos de investigação fundamental.
No caso de Moçambique, as anteriores pesquisas acerca dos particularismos culturais e das condições de existência da população permitirão, agora, adaptar as regras supostamente universais de prevenção da covid-19 às realidades do país, tornando-as praticáveis e eficazes. Paulo Granjo 5 de Julho de 2020, 7:33 A frase de abertura deste artigo poderá parecer paradoxal a alguns leitores. Então não é verdade que-diz-nos o sociólogo Patrick Lagadec-a "crise" é uma situação de incerteza em que as dificuldades se entrecruzam num fenómeno global, no qual as formas habituais de análise e gestão e os instrumentos de resposta que estavam previstos se revelam inúteis, quando não agravam os problemas?

Due to increasing prevalence of the COVID-19 virus, athletes were unable to train optimally. This study aimed to determine the differences in aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index in soccer players as the effect of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Fourteen male participants were recruited from the university soccer team. Anthropometric characteristics were as follows: age = 20.75 ± 1.48 years, height = 174.35 ± 5.59 cm, body mass = 68.95 ± 6.17 kg, and body mass index = 21.92 ± 0.94 kg/m 2. Single-group pretest and posttest designs were selected to conduct this study. A multistage fitness test determined aerobic capacity. ANOVA test was used to identify aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index differences between pretest and posttest on university soccer players. Results: The pretest and posttest were similar in anthropometric characteristics, and there were no significant differences in age (P = 0.382), height (P = 0.106), and body mass (P = 0.068). Our findings showed significant differences between pretest and posttest for aerobic capacity (P = 0.042) and body mass index (P = 0.037) in university soccer players. Conclusion: We conclude that there was a significant effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the soccer player's aerobic capacity and body mass index. These findings may have implications, namely, as functional test's organization, administration, and outcomes while testing the players. Team coaches, trainers, and physiologists must consider the effects of lockdown on the players' performance while preparing players for competition. Further researchers should be established to modify other types of tests, conduct studies with a larger sample and population, and add other variables.

The pharmacology of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, Molnupiravir (M) and repurposed Ivermectin (IV) were compared. The IC 50 for the inhibition of viral replication were 0.3µM for M and 2.8µM for IV. Both drugs have good oral absorption, with M achieving peak plasma concentrations by 2 hours and IV by 5 hours. The plasma half life were 7 hours for M and 81-91 hours for IV. M inhibits viral replication inducing viral mutagenesis in RdRp, causing viral error catastrophe and viral extinction. IV affects viral cell entry, nuclear transport and inhibits replication via RdRp. IV has additional effect to suppress cytokine production through STAT-3 inhibition. M is a more potent antiviral drug and IV has a longer residence in the body. Their effects on RdRp and cytokine inhibition are potentially complimentary for anti-COVID-19 activity. Both IV and M should be compared in randomized controlled clinical trials, and the possibility of their combination for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral actions, explored further.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine has emerged worldwide as an indispensable resource to improve the surveillance of patients, curb the spread of disease, facilitate timely identification and management of ill people, but, most importantly, guarantee the continuity of care of frail patients with multiple chronic diseases. Although during COVID-19 telemedicine has thrived, and its adoption has moved forward in many countries, important gaps still remain. Major issues to be addressed to enable large scale implementation of telemedicine include: (1) establishing adequate policies to legislate telemedicine, license healthcare operators, protect patients' privacy, and implement reimbursement plans; (2) creating and disseminating practical guidelines for the routine clinical use of telemedicine in different contexts; (3) increasing in the level of integration of telemedicine with traditional healthcare services; (4) improving healthcare professionals' and patients' awareness of and willingness to use telemedicine; and (5) overcoming inequalities among countries and population subgroups due to technological, infrastructural, and economic barriers. If all these requirements are met in the near future, remote management of patients will become an indispensable resource for the healthcare systems worldwide and will ultimately improve the management of patients and the quality of care.

El presente trabajo realiza un análisis sobre los factores que inciden en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en un contexto contingente. El principal objetivo es identificar cuáles son los principales elementos que facilitaron el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje en dos facultades de la UABC en el ámbito virtual durante la contingencia causada por el virus Sars-Cov-2. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo, en donde se implementó un cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos, en el que participaron 271 sujetos. Entre los principales resultados se tiene que la mayor parte de los participantes registraron reducidos obstáculos en las condiciones de desventaja para realizar sus labores académicas, además de presentar una inclinación hacia la absorción de contenidos disciplinarios mediante sesiones cortas. Adicionalmente se observó que los estudiantes muestran una marcada preferencia por el uso de las plataformas institucionales para mantener contacto.

This paper carries out an analysis of the factors that affect the teaching-learning process in a contingent context. The main objective is to identify the main elements that facilitated the teaching-learning process in two UABC faculties in the virtual field during the contingency caused by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. This is a qualitative cross-sectional study with a descriptive scope, where a questionnaire was implemented as a data collection instrument, in which 271 subjects participated. Among the main results, most of the participants registered reduced obstacles in disadvantageous conditions to carry out their academic work, in addition to presenting an inclination towards absorbing disciplinary content through short sessions. Additionally, it was observed that students show a marked preference for the use of institutional platforms to maintain contact.

Réponse à un appel à contribution mené par le site La pause philo, afin de participer à la réflexion sur la pandémie de Covid-19. À cette occasion, j’ai proposé un article intitulé "Le masque : entre soin et dérive autoritaire". La question posée était la suivante : une société dans laquelle le masque est porté par tous est-elle une société attentive qui place le soin au coeur des relations, ou une société vigilante, qui prône la méfiance comme valeur, au nom de la Santé ?

This paper looks at the substantial role of informal traders in ensuring food security, and other economic and social goods in South Africa and how they have been impacted by Covid-19 and responses to it. The state responses have reflected a continued undervaluing and undermining of this sector to the detriment of the traders themselves, their suppliers, and their customers. There is a need for a new valuing of the sector that would recognise and build on its mode of ordering and key contributions to society. This needs to include: shifting the narrative about the actors involved and challenging the concept of “informal”; planning and regulating to ensure more space for owner-operated small-scale food retailers; and putting in place a social-safety net to support them in times of crisis.

Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to the genus Coronavirus with its high mutation rate in the Coronaviridae.
The objective of this review article was to have a preliminary opinion about the disease, the ways of treatment, and
prevention in this early stage of COVID-19 outbreak.

The coronavirus, which started to be mentioned in the last days of 2019, spread rapidly all over the world at the beginning of 2020 and caused the death of more than 600 thousand people in parallel with the increase in the number of cases. With the World Health Organization making a pandemic decision, significant restrictions (stopping travels, interrupting education, social distance rule, cancellation of crowded organizations etc.) have been implemented in all countries. Considered the nature of the globalizing sports industry, there are relationship-based sports events that bring athletes together; it can be said that fans and media professionals will only serve to increase the potential threat to the spread of the disease. Postponing sports organizations are among these measures. The prolongation of the process caused the sports industry to start to shake economically, as in all sectors. This review study focuses on the effects of postponing or cancellation of large sports organizations due to the Covid-19 pandemic on the sports industry and possible financial consequences, the expectations of sports fans about the conditions that must be created in normalization process to decide participating sports events again even Covid-19 still exists. This study also provides several recommendations to individuals and officials who are in charge of organizing sports events. The fact that sports organizations will be launched within the framework of certain policies and rules will also add extra costs to sports clubs and federations. For this reason, all states should undertake some of the extra burdens on the clubs and federations by providing a little more economic support to the sports industry during this normalization process.

La pandemia da COVID-19 rappresenta una minaccia alla salute globale con un impatto
senza precedenti negli ultimi 100 anni.
Bisogna infatti risalire alla pandemia di influenza “spagnola” del 1918-1919, che provocò
fra 50 e 100 milioni di morti, per trovare un evento epidemico infettivo di gravità
paragonabile a questo in termini di morbosità e di letalità. Tuttavia, i due eventi sono
difficilmente raffrontabili perché lo scenario sociale, economico e sanitario è da allora
profondamente, irruentemente mutato come la storia degli ultimi cento anni.
La malattia da COVID-19 (coronavirus disease – year 2019) si è manifestata nella
provincia cinese di Hubei, con epicentro nella città di Wuhan, negli ultimi mesi del 2019.
Il 31 dicembre 2019 la Cina ne ha notificato ufficialmente la presenza all’Organizzazione
Mondiale della Sanità (OMS; WHO). È stato identificato come agente causale un nuovo
Coronavirus strutturalmente correlato al virus che causa la sindrome respiratoria acuta
grave (severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS) e pertanto in seguito denominato
SARS-CoV-2
I Coronavirus, considerati a lungo alla stregua di banali virus respiratori stagionali (virus
“del raffreddore”), in realtà negli ultimi 18 anni sono stati responsabili di patologie
gravate da elevata mortalità: la SARS appunto (nel 2002), epidemia apparentemente
risoltasi nel 2003 e la sindrome respiratoria mediorientale (Middle East respiratory
syndrome, MERS), manifestatasi nel 2012, tuttora presente in casi sporadici.
L’apparente scomparsa in due anni della SARS (attualmente meglio definita come SARSCoV o SARS-Cov-1) e la limitata diffusione geografica della MERS, hanno fatto sì che
inizialmente l’epidemia da COVID-19 sia stata essenzialmente sottovalutata, ritenuta
limitata alla Cina e ad alcuni Paesi asiatici viciniori (Corea del Sud, Taiwan, Giappone,
Thailandia, Vietnam e Singapore) e prontamente estinta dalle appropriate misure di
confinamento (lockdown), isolamento e quarantena adottate in quei Paesi, con strategie
differenti ma tutte efficaci, almeno nel fronteggiare la “prima ondata”.
L’omologia con SARS-CoV o SARS-COV-1, hanno consentito la inevitabile denominazione
di SARS-CoV-2 e la previsione di una potenziale diffusione epidemica, già inizialmente
sostenuta dalla dimostrazione di una trasmissione interumana nel personale di
assistenza dell’Ospedale di Wuhan con la morte di un medico, il dott. Li Wenliang, oggi
assurto a simbolo di sacrificio professionale, che per primo segnalò la nuova malattia
com’era avvenuto per la SARS-CoV (costata già la vita ad un medico infettivologo
italiano, il Dr. Carlo Urbani, in Vietnam).
L’indice di letalità nella casistica cinese risultava inferiore rispetto alla SARS, dell’ordine
del 4,2%, ma l’allarme internazionale è stato da subito molto più elevato.
Causa ne fu la dimostrazione di una rapida diffusione globale, con un numero crescente
di casi rilevati in Medio Oriente (prevalentemente in Iran) e presto in Europa, tanto che
l’11 marzo 2020 l’OMS dichiarava lo stato di pandemia, essendo stati registrati casi in
tutti i continenti: in vari Paesi dell’Asia, Europa, America del Nord e del Sud, in Africa e
in Australia.
Il raffronto fra COVID-19, SARS, MERS e le pandemie influenzali del 1918 e del 2009 ci
consegna un quadro in cui si evidenziano evidenti analogie ma spiccano anche alcune
marcate differenze. In sintesi COVID-19 presenta un indice di trasmissibilità medio di 2,5
R0 (in assenza di interventi di contenimento), nettamente più elevato rispetto
all’influenza del 1918 (indice R0 = 2,0) e 2009 (indice R0 = 1,7), un periodo di incubazione
medio più protratto (4-12 giorni vs 2 giorni per l’influenza), una prevalenza di casi di
malattia lieve non necessitante di ospedalizzazione simile all'influenza, ma un quoziente
nettamente più elevato di casi di malattia grave necessitanti di ricovero in terapia
intensiva rispetto all’influenza stessa e soprattutto, un’incidenza nettamente inferiore
di malattia e di letalità nei bambini e nei soggetti con età inferiore a 65 anni (0,6-2,8%)
rispetto alle pandemie influenzali (in cui queste classi di età figurano nell’80-95% dei
casi). La letalità per SARS-CoV-2 incrementa infatti in modo drammatico nelle classi di
popolazione di età più avanzata (iniziando dallo 0,6% tra i 50-59 anni, aumentando ad
un più significativo 2,7-2,8% nella fascia 60-69 anni, fino ad arrivare al 27,7% negli
ultranovantenni).
In definitiva, COVID-19 rappresenta un pericolo a livello mondiale che, per quanto
l’avvento di una pandemia fosse prevedibile (come confermato dai piani pandemici
messi a punto nei decenni precedenti da vari governi), ha sorpreso per la rapida
estensione del contagio e per la gravità della malattia condizionata da diversi moventi
patogenetici (“tempesta citochinica”, turbe della coagulazione, predisposizioni
genetiche). COVID-19 coinvolge non solo i polmoni ma una globalità di organi e sistemi
e lascia come reliquati la possibilità di sequele invalidanti, in primis neurologiche,
polmonari, cardiovascolari, renali.
Inoltre, comporta gravi riflessi sociali poiché le popolazioni, indipendentemente dall’età
più vulnerabili, non possono evitare di esporsi al rischio di contagio e più spesso
presentano comorbilità [diabete, obesità, broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva
(BPCO) ecc.]. Ciò senza contare i riflessi economici, documentati da una caduta del
prodotto interno lordo (PIL) mondiale, superiore non solo alla crisi bancaria del 2008 ma
anche alla grande depressione del 1929.
Ad oggi 4 vaccini (2 a mRNA, 2 a vettore adenovirale) sono stati approvati da FDA ed
EMA e sono in atto campagne vaccinali attualmente estese soprattutto in Nord America
e in Europa. Il tempo dovrà chiarire una serie di quesiti sul tipo di protezione conferita,
sulla durata della protezione, sulle specifiche popolazioni protette ecc. Come è successo
per i farmaci anti-HIV, sarà eticamente doveroso rendere i vaccini disponibili ovunque e
a costi accettabili e fornirli gratuitamente alle popolazioni che abitano i 3/4 del pianeta
e che vivono tuttora in condizioni di sottosviluppo e di povertà. (0)
La situazione “sul terreno di scontro” è in costante, rapida ed inevitabile evoluzione.
Questo dal momento che i virus, forma assolutamente primordiale di vita organica a
sequenza di DNA od RNA, mutano geneticamente ed in ragione della pressione selettiva
loro applicata, risultante dalla somma dalle difese immunitarie del contagiato, dai
distanziamenti sociali, dai dispositivi di protezione individuale, dalle terapie genetiche e
convenzionali.
La presenza infine, sulla linea del fronte, di nuovi vaccini e dei loro aggiornamenti mirati,
unitamente all’introduzione di nuovi farmaci antivirali, va cambiando costantemente e
repentinamente le regole della guerra asimmetrica in corso tra noi e “loro”.

While there are no new frauds, internet technology provides new opportunities for fraudsters by facilitating volumes of attacks that law enforcement then struggles to address. Moreover, since context can affect how potential victims respond to frauds, crisis context influences how fraudsters design frauds. This article assesses fraudsters’ fraud design strategies during two external crisis events that impacted Australia: The Black Summer Bushfires that occurred from September 2019 to March 2020 and the onset and first year of the COVID-19 pandemic that occurred from January 2020 through January 2021. Targets, during these crises, were more likely to be vulnerable according to Steinmetz’s model victim for social engineering framework. This study shows that, in both crises, fraudsters deployed the social engineering techniques of “authority” and “scarcity,” techniques that are more likely to be successful based solely on initial contact. Fraudsters designed their requests to be easily actioned and crafted their scams to reference very recent events as the external crisis events evolved. Thus, they targeted broad audiences with minimal personal involvement. Furthermore, this study shows that fraudsters, when disseminating their scams via social media outlets, attempted to build “social proof” to expand their potential victim pool to include the marks’ social circles.

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in China represents a significant threat to global health. Unfortunately, effective therapeutic drugs and vaccines to cure SARS-CoV-2 are still lacking. Convalescent Plasma therapy which induces passive immunization seems a successful treatment for COVID-19 patients and also proves to be of huge value in terms of saving the severely ill patient. Plasma therapy acts by Blocking the Virus (Neutralization), Enhancing Phagocytosis (Opsonization), Immune System Activation (Complement Activation), and finally killing Virus (Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity). Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States was also given the stamp of approval for use of plasma therapy on 23 August 2020. In this review, we introduced the effective level of antibodies, potential mechanisms of CPT, WHO criteria for donating the plasma as well as future uncertainties of convalescent plasma therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome that emerged in early December 2019. Global proliferation, abrupt increases in confirmed cases, and the risk of self-infection have caused significant stress and anxiety among staff working in opioid treatment services (OTS). The aim of our study was to determine the psychological status of staff working in OTS during the outbreak period of COVID-19 in Tehran. Methods: In a short-term longitudinal survey, 621 staff members, including physicians, psychologists, nurses, and social workers, who were selected using probability-based online panel. Data was gathered using online questionnaires including the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), and the Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS). Longitudinal assessment of anxiety, depression, fatigue and sleep problems in three periods including pre-outbreak, outbreak, and nonepidemic outbreak was done through the online panel. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and repeated measures correlation. Results: The rates of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep problems of the staff working in OTS during the outbreak period were significantly higher than that of the pre-outbreak period (P<0.001), and it remained significantly higher during the nonepidemic outbreak and did not decrease significantly (P>0.05). The correlation coefficient between the anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep problems was significant in all three periods and the highest correlation was in the outbreak period (P<0.001). Conclusion: Mental health problems of staff were common during the outbreak of COVID-19. Mental health problems of staff can limit the effectiveness of addiction treatment programs in the long time.

After the pandemic COVID-19, the severe patient has persistent symptoms for a long period
without a definitive disease is called post COVID-19 syndrome. It affected 10% of affected
COVID-19 patients after discharge from the hospital. The relation between ACE2 protein
deficiency and COVID-19 is more concerned in this article as covid-19 enters the host through
ACE2. The ACE2 level and angiotensin (1-7) levels affect the symptoms in post-COVID -19. The
function of angiotensin (1-7) is required to know the relation between angiotensin (1-7) and
COVID-19. Pulmonary rehabilitation affects the COVID-19 symptoms which persist after
discharge from the hospital. The researcher reviewed more scientific-based articles to know the
most persistent symptoms after post-COVID-19, organ involvement, the association of ACE2
deficiency in COVID-19, Ang (1-7) function in our body, the pulmonary rehabilitation benefits in
post-COVID -19 syndrome. The elder people will most have multiorgan involvement in the aging
process. When they will be affected with COVID-19. It will enhance their symptoms to severe
forms. The improvement of quality of life in elder patients is possible through pursed lip breathing,
diaphragm breathing, slow breathing exercise correctly with proper guidance in the pulmonary
rehabilitation center.

the Dutch degrowth plaform Ontgroei and leading an action research and social justice programme with practitioners in Bangladesh. He recently published empirical research on exclusion and adverse incorporation in Ethiopia and water-related injustices in Bangladesh, as well as more theoretical research on financial instability, growth and decoupling, and on the connections between ecological economics and Marxian theory. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic is said to have reversed a decade of progress towards poverty alleviation. This opinion piece contends that this diagnosis is incomplete and possibly incorrect. It distracts us from understanding the ways in which the impacts of the pandemic are embedded in a longer trajectory of unjust economic development. Two problems are highlighted: extreme poverty is on the rise with a more reasonable poverty line and the alleged progress fails to account for relatively fast-rising food prices. COVID-19 is therefore not reversing any meaningful trend; it is merely aggravating the problem. Ignoring this

Resumen: Las diversas medidas que se han tomado para el control de la pandemia COVID-19 han puesto de manifiesto los límites de un enfoque individualista del principio de autonomía, tal y como se venía concibiendo desde el nacimiento de la bioética. Esta circunstancia puede acelerar la incorporación del concepto relación al principio de autonomía que ya se había iniciado tímidamente en la bioética desde diversas instancias. Este trabajo se propone mostrar cómo la filosofía de la naturaleza, la antropología, la ontología y la ética han incorporado a lo largo del siglo XX la categoría relación, mostrando el camino a la bioética para lograr con éxito un necesario giro relacional de la misma. Palabras clave: Autonomía, relacional, COVID-19. Abstract: The various measures taken to control the COVID-19 pandemic have shown the limits of an individualistic approach to the principle of respect for autonomy , at least, as conceived in its mainstream interpretation. This circumstance may accelerate the so-called 'relational turn' in bioethics. A turn that had been demanded from several approaches yet timidly initiated in bioethics. This work aims to show how the philosophy of nature, anthropology, ontology and ethics have incorporated the category of relation throughout the 20th century, showing the way to bioethics for a successful relational turn of it.

COVID-19 is currently a perilous disease that has an incubation period of between 4 and 6 days. The United States Disease Control and Prevention Centers posited that in certain cases, coronaviruses are zoonotic, which means that they have been responsible for moving from animals to humans. The outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has had an enormous impact globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) has put in place various safety measures that will help alleviate the spread of the epidemic. This paper presents an SEIRD epidemic model with government policy to predict the spread of COVID-19. Through mathematical analysis, the essence of the model is investigated. The basic reproductive number of the envisaged model is computed and decides whether or not the disease is present in the population. Disease-free and symptomatic equilibria are studied for their existence and stability via the Lyapunov function. It is established from our numerical simulations that the introduction of government policy helps to alleviate the spread of the disease, where the basic reproductive number takes part in sustaining their stability. In the prediction of infected and death cases that were very similar to real-life data, it was established that the model was effective.

La orden del día es telemedicina, teletrabajo, la línea Pas (Primera Ayuda Sicosocial), información para evitar la propagación del coronavirus, conferencias de prensa, actividades para los niños en cuarentena, solicitudes de ayudas para mitigar la falta de ingresos, solicitudes de desempleo… Todo, a través de Internet, partiendo de la falsa premisa de que todas las personas en Puerto Rico poseen computadoras, laptops, tabletas, teléfonos inteligentes y conexión a Internet de alta velocidad. Y es que desde la abundancia es muy difícil reconocer la necesidad del otro. No todos poseen acceso a esas tecnologías. Entendemos que esto ocurra en el África Sub-Sahariana, donde ni siquiera muchos cuentan con teléfono. Mas no en Puerto Rico, donde se han asignado miles de millones de dólares para integrar la tecnología en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje desde los tiempos del exsecretario del Departamento de Educación (DE) Víctor Fajardo, pasando por la exsecretaria Julia Keleher y su subsecretario, y ahora secretario, Eligio Hernández Pérez.

The pivot from a hybrid learning environment to a fully online one brings to the fore questions of fairness and equity for marginalized individuals and groups of students at our minority-majority university. Because effective distance education requires adjustments to instruction at all levels, the shift to remote teaching raises questions about effective preparation of in-service and preservice teachers who work with students from diverse cultural, linguistic, and ability backgrounds. In this paper I address some of the difficulties faced by students, teachers, and families in New Mexico during the sudden transition to remote education. I outline educator perspectives related to the graduate and undergraduate technology integration courses I teach, emphasizing the need to support students from diverse linguistic, sociocultural, and ability backgrounds, particularly those living in geographically isolated communities.
Available at:
https://www.digitalcultureandeducation.com/reflections-on-covid19/new-mexico