Humus

Abstract. Organic agriculture is considered to be a durable system, in which the manure utilization assures a high quality of the production obtained and also of the soil’s properties. Through application of high quantities of the organic fertilizers, in dozes of 50t/ha and 100 t/ha of manure, comparatively with variants fertilized with NPK and unfertilized variants, results showed an improvement of the soil’s properties to all cultures as fallowed: pea-beans, wheat, potato and maize. The results obtained on argic phaeozem revealed that 50 t/ha manure applied on soil lead to increased the hydro stability of the soils aggregates between 5 and 8%, increased values of wilting point coefficient and also the pH values between 0,5 and 1 to all cultures. A higher quantity of manure, 100 t/ha has not showed high differences compare to witness regarding the aggregate stability and led to increase of the CO values, which means a negative effect during the drought season when plant cannot take...

Abstract-Biochemical changes related to stability of food waste compost are strongly affected by different composting techniques. For evaluation of compost maturity three locally fabricated composters and windrow process were examined at seven days interval up to 91 days by ...

Organic agriculture is considered to be a durable system, in which the manure utilization assures a high quality of the production obtained and also of the soil’s properties. Through application of high quantities of the organic fertilizers, in dozes of 50t/ha and 100 t/ha of manure, comparatively with variants fertilized with NPK and unfertilized variants, results showed an improvement of the soil’s properties to all cultures as fallowed: pea-beans, wheat, potato and maize. The results obtained on argic phaeozem revealed that 50 t/ha manure applied on soil lead to increased the hydro stability of the soils aggregates between 5 and 8%, increased values of wilting point coefficient and also the pH values between 0,5 and 1 to all cultures. A higher quantity of manure, 100 t/ha has not showed high differences compare to witness regarding the aggregate stability and led to increase of the CO values, which means a negative effect during the drought season when plant cannot take the water...

The author presents an ecological-necrological perspective on the ontology of the human dead body and remains in the context of Holocaust studies. The article examines the environmental history of mass graves and reflects on the ontological status and condition of human remains. The author proposes an approach that combines humanities and soil sciences while thinking about post-genocidal spaces and sites of mass killings in order to discuss the issue of protecting human remains from politicization and commercialization and to prefigure appropriate long-term approaches to the preservation of sites containing human remains. The article suggests focusing on humus while examining the process of dehumanization through decomposition (organic decay) and unbecoming human by “becoming-soil.” To enrich and problematize the humanities’ conception of humus, the article draws on conceptions of humus proposed by soil scientists. What is argued here is that the ecological perspective becomes a necessary and essential element in managing post-genocidal (and post-Holocaust) sites, particularly when it comes to planning their conservation and preservation.

Soil is very rich source of microorganisms such as Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa.  Soil Microorganisms play a very important role in nutrient recycling such as Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium etc. In this review the role of soil Microorganisms in making the nutrients available to plants is discussed.  Other roles of soil Microorganisms include Organic matter decomposition and formation of Humus.

In the 20th century, the arrival of intensive agriculture brought about the phenomenon of soil impoverishment. Chemical fertilization methods, the study of appliedgenetics, the mechanization of agriculture and the development of phytosanitary techniques have all increased agricultural production. Earthworm humus constitutes an authentic biological fertilizer in terms of organicmaterial and microbial population. The trials performedat CREA-OF, Pescia (PT),showed the ability of earthworm humus to increase the quality of basil plants, strawberry and sage, in terms of vegetative and root biomass.

* ÖZET Oğuzlar'ın Üç-Ok koluna mensup olan Salur ve Çoğun Türkmenleri XVI. yüzyılda Şam, Haleb, Hama, Hums ve Trablusşam sancaklarında yaşıyorlardı. Bu Türkmen grupları önemli bir nüfusa sahip oldukları gibi, çok sayıda hayvan da besliyorlardı ve onlara yiyecek temin etmek maksadıyla mevsimden mevsime yerlerini değiştiriyorlardı. Türkmen toplulukları cemâat adı verilen farklı gruplara bölünmüşlerdi ve her cemâat bir kethüda tarafından idare olunuyordu. Salur ve Çoğun Türkmenleri has reayası oldukları için serbest statüde idiler. Bu nedenle sancakbeyi ve subaşıları onlara doğrudan müdahale edemiyorlardı. Türkmenlere ait bütün vergi gelirleri Türkmen eminleri tarafından padişah hesabına toplanıyordu. ABSTRACT The Turkomans of Salur and Çoğun in the branch of Üç-ok of Oğuzs lived in the sanjaks of Damascus, Aleppo, Hamah, Homs and Tripoli as nomadic in the period of Ottomans. They had a significant population and a lot of animals, such as sheep and goats, in the sixteenth century. Because of having animals they needed new fields to survive and so changed their places from season to season. The communities of Turkomans were divided in different units (cemâ'ats). Every subdivision of a great tribe was managed by scoutmaster known as the kethüdâ. The Turkomans of Salur and Çoğun had free statute for being the population of hâs (their revenues were belong to sultan or state directly). So the sanjakbegi (administrator of sancak) and subaşı (police superintendent) didn't have the authority to interfere them. In sixteenth century, the whole revenue that belongs to Turkomans was collected by the Turkoman's emin (tax officer) for state.

Plant-derived cellulosic materials play a critical role when organic wastes are composted to produce a beneficial amendment for topsoil. This review article considers publications dealing with the science of composting, emphasizing ways in which the cellulosic and lignin components ...

La generación de desechos es uno de los problemas medio ambientales que más preocupan a todos los pueblos del mundo, debido al consumo de estos productos que cada vez Colocar el correo electrónico del autor de correspondencia. crece, y en muchos casos da lugar a la generación de desechos con características muy diferentes, estos pueden ser corrosivos, reactivos, explosivos, tóxicos o inflamables los cuales se deben gestionar adecuadamente de manera que no causen un impacto negativo en el entorno natural Resumen A continuación se presenta el procedimiento utilizado para la elaboración y mantenimiento de una vermicompostera, desde la recolección de la tierra hasta la obtención de humus y lixiviados, todo el proceso tuvo una duración de aproximadamente dos meses, en el presente trabajo se incluyen todas las etapas realizados de esta técnica. El vermicompost es el resultado de la descomposición de desechos orgánicos, debido a la degradación realizada por las lombrices, en este trabajo se utilizó la lombriz roja californiana, (Eisenia foetida), también conocida como lombriz compostera o lombriz de abono, que por sus características es más eficiente que otras especies de lombriz. Para favorecer el proceso de descomposición de la materia orgánica, el proyecto se desarrolló en un lugar cubierto, al cual se le dio un seguimiento diario, y semanalmente se midieron ciertos parámetros (Temperatura y pH), para garantizar que el proceso se encuentra en condiciones adecuadas para las lombrices, principalmente se utilizaron residuos orgánicos de comida para el proceso. En este trabajo, la comida se picó y se pesó antes de ser colocada en el vermicompost, de manera que se llegue a la relación carbono nitrógeno ideal (C/N= 30), favoreciendo así el crecimiento y reproducción de las lombrices y por tanto su eficiencia al degradar los desechos de materia orgánica que en su mayoría fueron residuos de comida, además se utilizó estiércol de vaca, lo que permitió alcanzar la relación deseada de C/N. Abstract Below is the procedure used for the development and maintenance of a vermicompost, from the collection of earth until the attainment of humus and leached, the process lasted approximately two months, in the present work includes all stages made of this technique. The vermicompost is the result of the decomposition of waste organic, due to the degradation made by them worms, in this work is used the worm red Californian, (Eisenia foetida), also known as worm compost or worm of fertilizer, that by their features is more efficient that others species of earthworm. For favor the process of decomposition of the matter organic, the project is developed in a place covered, to which is you gave a tracking daily, and weekly is measured certain parameters (temperature and pH), to ensure that the process is located in conditions appropriate for them worms, mainly is used waste organic of food for the process. In this work, the food is stung and is weighed before be placed in the vermicompost, so is reaches to the relationship carbon nitrogen ideal (C/N = 30), favoring thus the growth and reproduction of them worms and therefore its efficiency to the degrade them waste of matter organic that mostly were waste of food, also is used manure of cow allowing you to reach the desired ratio of C/N

Humic acids are ubiquitous, organic-end-products of the chemical and microbial degradation of dead biota in soils throughout the world. Humic acids can be transported in soil water as heterogeneous, supra-molecular, colloidal-agglomerates. Humic acid accumulation in the rhizosphere of transpiring plants may chemically stimulate development by increasing root availability of mineral nutrients and/or growth regulatory biomolecules. This report introduces novel, physical mechanisms by which humic acid can also reduce plant development. Effects of humic acid addition to the root media of intact maize plants (Zea mays L.) on their growth, transpiration and resistance to water deficits were assayed, as were the effects of external humic acid on the hydraulic conductivity of excised primary-roots. Humic acid reduced shoot growth, transpiration and resistance to water stress but not root growth. Root hydraulic conductivity was reduced by up to 44% via a time-, concentration- and size-dependent fouling mechanism resulting from humic acid accumulation at root cell-walls. Thus, humic acid is shown, apparently for the first time, to be able to exert novel physical effects in addition to its known chemical effects on plant development.

Recientemente, Naturefund tuvo la oportunidad de conversar sobre agroforestería dinámica con el Director de la Granja Modelo Pairumani (GMP) en Cochabamba. Se trata del Doctor en Filosofía José Sánchez, quien es especialista, innovador y promotor de la agrobiología en Bolivia con gran trayectoria en el desarrollo de la cosmovisión de organismos vivos. Es así que nos introduce a los sistemas agroforestales desde un punto de vista de organismos vivos para la restauración de ecosistemas degradados.

The article proposes a definition of necrohumanities as a multidisciplinary and transcultural field of knowledge focused on the ontology of dead bodies and remains. They are considered in particular through the context of their species belonging, organic or inorganic materiality and various forms of agency (not only symbolic). The task of necrohumanities is to create but also to “complement and supplement” knowledge produced on this subject both in the humanities and social sciences as well as the natural sciences, as well as by representatives of various indigenous knowledges. The article considers necrohumanities as a future-oriented field seeking to generate new research categories, approaches and theories, as well as forms of representation, style and vocabulary specific to the subject. In turning to the necrohumanities, the author is particularly interested in the process of un-becoming human through what she terms necrotic metamorphosis. In light of the "soil science renaissance", the author suggests combining reflections on the ontological status of human remains with soil-inspired reflections on soil ontology and organic matter, as well as on biological, chemical and physical processes occurring in the soil. The author presents humus as the key metaphor of necrohumanities, with dehumanization by decomposition and becoming-soil/humus providing its basic ideas. Examination of human remains as a component of soil organic matter and taking an interest in necrosols as specific types of anthropogenic soils is not intended to scientize and/or naturalize the humanities, but instead seeks to problematize the dead body and remains while strengthening efforts to generate a more comprehensive and complementary understanding of processes related to its decomposition, thus providing an ethical approach to human remains and suggesting a way to protect them.

Even though advantages of vertical gardens compared to standard facade solutions have been the subject of numerous researches, there have been only a few research papers regarding absorption properties of these systems. While the design of vertical gardens may vary in general,  plants, soil and drainage, which are the subject of this research, remain constant. Absorption coefficient of various combinations of plant (fern), soil (humus and coconut fibres) and drainage (clay granules), ware tested inside an impedance tube, using the ISO 10534-2 standard. Samples of different thickness and humidity were also tested. The results correspond to normal incidence conditions, and they are valid in the frequency range defined by tube dimensions. The impedance tube used in these measurements provides results in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 2 kHz. The obtained results were discussed and compared not only to other types of facades, but also to previous similar measurements.

Con base en camas de bovinaza (BOV), conejaza (CON), porquinaza (POR) y un testigo homogéneo (Mezcla), se midió la capacidad de la lombriz roja en colonizar sustratos en camas verticales. El valor nutricional de los sustratos fue diferente (P<0.05) donde POR y BOV expresaron mejor aporte de proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN) respectivamente. La mayor formación de oviposturas e individuos viables se presentó al finalizar el ciclo de humificado y no se presentaron diferencias entre tratamientos para el conteo de adultos (P>0.05) pues la población hace clímax al agotar el sustrato.

In Europe an abundance of humus taxonomies exists starting with early approaches in the late 19th century. Frequently used in an international context, they do not cover all site conditions in the European area. Although having basic concepts and general lines, the European (and North American, Canadian) classification systems differ in important parameters used for the description and classification of humus forms. These discrepancies result in incongruities, so require adjustments when exchanging partially compatible soil data, even between nearby countries. In 2003, 26 European specialists in humus forms met in Trento (Italy) and decided to formulate rules of classification based on morphogenetic descriptions and diagnostic horizons, adapted to European ecological conditions. Taking into account old and new European and North American systems of humus forms classification, six main references (Anmoor, Mull, Moder, Mor, Amphi and Tangel) were defined, each of them further dividing...

From experiences as postgraduate teacher in different Latin-America Universities, I describe the main errors and confusions usually listen when people speak on soil organic matter. There are confusions with standing litters, with composts, with vermis-composts, with organic crop residues, with organic agriculture, etc., in relation to humic substances; also including the use of some soil parameters as quality index of soil organic matter, soils or environment. This communication tries to clarify the concepts and terms before indicated, acting as an introduction to the content of the book ‘Soil Organic Matter’, published in three countries (Argentina, Mexico and Spain).

A wet digestion method of soil samples has been developed for analysis of &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;total&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; concentration (acid extraction) of elements by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). This HNO3-H2O2 wet digestion method is a simple, fast and safe sample preparation method ...

An important surface of Maramureş County is historically polluted, mainly due to mining and metallurgical activities carried out for decades in this part of the country. The negative effects on the ecosystems from the adjacent areas fully justify ecological activities which were supported by a major financial investment. This was made in the western area of Baia Mare City, especially in the residential neighbourhood of the tailing dump Meda which was rehabilitated in 2004. Subsequent monitoring of the environmental factors completes the functioning of already made investments. The observation performed in the field and the data collected during 2009-2011 period recommend a study on the some macro and micronutrients supply from the freshly applied soil, because the surface is still subjected to anthropogenic pressure. The present study emphasizes the contents of some microelements potentially toxic and their importance as nutritive elements for plants as well as the soil ability for ...