Substrates

Miniaturization reduces package size, cost and board space. System on Chip (SoC) integrates a system on a common silicon substrate, however there are some shortcomings with this approach such as high manufacturing cost. Handling of different levels of voltage and current on a common silicon substrate with controller IC operating in the range of several volts and milliamps, while power

In cloud computing, instead of building their own network and facilities, companies can allocate resources from network operators, thus reducing hardware investment and maintenance cost. The company's IT infrastructure can be designed as an abstract virtual graph of services to be mapped into the substrate network of the operator. In this paper, we refer to the virtual graph mapping problem

Self-assembled Si nanowires can be grown using chemical vapor deposition accelerated by metal catalyst nanoparticles. The diameter of the nanowires depends on the size of the nanoparticles, which in turn can be controlled by varying the amount of catalyst deposited and the annealing conditions. The nanowires make good electrical connection to the substrate on which they are grown. They generally grow epitaxially along directions and can grow laterally from one vertical (111)-oriented surface toward another and make good mechanical and electrical connection to the second surface. The nanowires can serve as sensors or as the channels of field-effect transistors.

Cassava starch production waste (cassava pulp) has been proposed as a high potential ethanolic fermentation substrate due to its high residual starch level and the small particle size of the lignocellulosic fibers. Saccharification of the residual starch from a 3% (w/v) dry weight basis (DS) of cassava pulp by α-amylase (100°C, 10 min) and glucoamylase (60°C, 2 h) resulted in a glucose yield of 22.6 g/l [67.8% (w/w) DS of cassava pulp] and in lignocellulosic fibers at 0.5 g/g DS cassava pulp. Pretreatment of the lignocellulosic fiber with dilute sulfuric acid and calcium hydroxide at 121°C, 15 lb/in2 for 30 min increased and decreased, respectively, its susceptibility to cellulase hydrolysis. Under the optimal conditions found, pretreatment of 6% (w/v) DS lignocellulosic fiber by 2% (w/v) H2SO4 for 30 min, followed by saccharification by cellulase (40°C, 9 h), yielded a glucose level of 26.6 g/l [79.8% (w/w) DS of the cassava pulp]. The starch and lignocellulosic fiber hydrolysates obtained from 30 g cassava pulp and 60 g H2SO4 pretreated lignocellulosic fiber were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, without the need for (NH4)2SO4 supplementation, to yield ethanol levels of 9.9 and 11.9 g/l, respectively, after 48 h.

This paper presents the design and optimisation of a very high quality (Q) factor inductor using MEMS technology for 10 GHz to 20 GHz frequency band. The effects of various parameters of a symmetric inductor structure on the Q-factor and inductance are thoroughly analysed. The inductor has been designed on silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrate because it offers superior characteristics of low

A tutorial work in which the mechanisms by which large shear strain may be induced in a damping layer are explored. The parameters of the system which determine the effectiveness of constrained layer treatments are identified from analyses of several geometric configurations. Advances of the past two decades in the design and analysis of damping layers as a means of controlling the amplitude of resonant vibrations are reviewed.

Published accounts of peat mass movements throughout the last 500 years reveal common characteristics among the failures; however, there has been no consistency in the terminology used to describe them. Given the apparently increasing frequency of peat failures in the British Isles and the possibility of more peat failures elsewhere in the world as a consequence of climate change, there is a need for a specific classification scheme. This paper proposes a scheme that uses clearly defined terms that can be readily applied and reliably used to understand and assess future hazards from peat mass movements. The paper begins with a general definition of what should constitute a ‘peat failure’, then presents a precisely defined classification scheme for peat landslides (i.e. excluding creep), using type of peat deposit and failure morphology as the key criteria. The new scheme for peat failures is discussed in the context of existing landslide classification systems. Definitions are provided for bog bursts (flow failure of raised bogs), bogflows (flow failure of blanket bogs), bog slides (shear failure and sliding of blanket bogs), peat slides (shear failure at peat–mineral interface in blanket bogs), peaty-debris slides (shear failure within mineral substrate beneath blanket bogs) and peat flows (natural failures of other types of peat deposits including flow failure caused by head-loading). Some practical problems of classifying peat failures are discussed.

Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University-Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1-Rockwool, T2-Coco peat, T3-Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4-Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)-obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.

In the 20th century, the arrival of intensive agriculture brought about the phenomenon of soil impoverishment. Chemical fertilization methods, the study of appliedgenetics, the mechanization of agriculture and the development of phytosanitary techniques have all increased agricultural production. Earthworm humus constitutes an authentic biological fertilizer in terms of organicmaterial and microbial population. The trials performedat CREA-OF, Pescia (PT),showed the ability of earthworm humus to increase the quality of basil plants, strawberry and sage, in terms of vegetative and root biomass.

IT'S HERE NOW!!! 
IT’S GOING TO BE REAL STRANGE.  PEOPLE MUST NOT BE AFRAID, IN FACT, ALL PEOPLE NEED TO BE REAL HAPPY ABOUT THIS EVENT AND BE READY TO GET OUTSIDE. GROUNDED.  THIS IS MEANT TO CLEAN ALL OF THE POLLUTION AND PROBABLY EVEN THE RADIATION FROM THE PLANET.

SOLID EVIDENCE OF THE INCOMING WAVE

Purpose A study was conducted to assess production of Pleurotus columbinus mushroom fruiting bodies for different formulations of rice or corn straw substrates mixed at different percent portions with the corresponding com-posted straw. Methods These formulations were: (1) raw straw (RS) mixed with 5 % composted straw (CS), (2) RS mixed with 10 % CS, (3) RS mixed with 15 % CS, (4) RS mixed with 25 % CS, (5) RS mixed with 50 % CS, and (6) 100 % RS. Composted straw (CS) was made of moistened chopped RS mixed with chicken manure and soil (4:1:1, v/v). Results Data showed a magnificent impact of the substrate on oyster mushroom fruiting bodies yield and characteristics. There was a significant progressive upgrading in all parameters studied of mushroom growth and crop outcome with increasing the percentage of CS mixed with the RS substrate up to 15 %. Utilizing CS at 25 % significantly downgraded these parameters. No mushroom growth was observed at all when cultivated in medium contained 50 % CS. Instead, molds of different colors grew on that latter substrate mixture. The formulation containing 15 % CS distinctly gave the uppermost fruiting bodies yield, biological efficiency, earliness for pinheads formation, fruiting body cap diameter, thickness and weight and stem diameter, length and weight. Up to 80 % increase in fruiting bodies crop outcome relative to sole RS was detected. Conclusions This study suggests that composted straw substrates hold a great promise for the development of Pleurotus mushroom production industry.