IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics

Abstract: A detailed gravity data obtained from SRTM agency over a part of Prakasam Alkaline province has been interpreted. Interms of depths, attributing different densities and density contrast a two dimensional modeling has been attempted. A gravity profile between 15.4 N Latitude and 79.5 E Longitude of 100km from Kandukuru to H.M.Padu traversing Kanigiri plutonic complex has been selected. The basement depth has been estimated as 3.2 km on an average. The nature of the negative gravity anomaly has been interpreted interms of geology, geochemistry. The physical parameter density is essential in interpreting gravity anomaly. An attempt has been initiated to explain interms of geochemical and geological process. Further “negative” nature of the anomaly has been explained. Keywords: Alkali Granite, Gabbro, Negative Bouguer Anomaly, Pluton, Density Contrast.

Abstract: Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent years. Keywords: Artificial Neural Network , Fuzzy Logic, GIS, Landslide, Susceptibility Mapping, Support Vector Machine

Abstract: This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project. Keywords: Bearing Capacity, Geotechnical investigation, Gombe Sandstone, Soil samples, Upper Benue Trough

Abstract: Level of tourists’ satisfaction, discovering factors affecting their satisfaction and efforts to attract their satisfaction are among the important factors in attracting tourists and developing tourism In an area. This study is a survey and has aimed to determine the level of tourists’ satisfaction of rural facilities and services in Neyshabour. It had a sample size of 384 Tourists. Findings show that tourists’ satisfaction with facilities and services available in rural areas is low; however, due to high tourist attractions willingness to travel to rural areas is high which indicates the need for more attention to the development of tourism facilities and services. Keywords: Rural tourism, satisfaction, Facilities and services, Neyshabour

Analyses and interpretation of aquifer tests of 21 boreholes in the weathered aquifers of Ibadan metropolis, SW-Nigeria were carried to characterize the influence of bedrock types (i.e. banded gneiss, augen gneiss, and quartz-schist) on the hydraulic properties and implications for groundwater recharge. The study involved evaluation of borehole data and pumping / sludge test data, on the basis of which hydraulic properties of the weathered regolith/fracture crystalline aquifer were estimated. The results revealed varied weathered regolith thickness of 21.6 – 60m in banded gneiss, 12.1 – 68m in augen gneiss and 60 – 87m in quartz-schist. The observed yield is generally low with average value of about 80.8m 3 /d in all the three bedrock settings. The estimated average specific capacity (Sc), range from 5.2m 2 /d in the banded gneiss and quartz-schist to 13.8m 2 /d in the augen gneiss. Further evaluation of overall aquifer parameters show that the augen gneiss setting exhibits higher hydraulic potentials in terms of infiltration and aquifer recharge compared to banded gneiss and quartz-schist settings. Nonetheless, weak correlations (R =<0.1) of the yield and Sc with respect to saturated aquifer and total regolith thicknesses are indications of the interplay of the bedrock geology and hydraulic characteristics on the infiltration process and aquifer recharge.

Abstract: A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between 30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in maximizing the borehole yield. Keywords: Vertical Electrical Sounding, Weathered regolith, fractured bedrock, Geoelectric, Borehole failure, Schlumberger array, Kumbotso, Kano State

Abstract: El Gilf El Kiber area is located in the Southwestern part of the western desert, Egypt which is delineated by longitudes 25° to 26° 30' E and latitudes 22° to 23° 20' N, at the border between Egypt with Libya and Sudan. It is considered as one of the most important promising areas of reclamation and urban growth. The area approximately covers 16600 Km2. The rock units in the study area can be arranged in ages from Precambrian (mainly granite) to Quaternary (mainly sand). Airborne geophysical surveys (gamma-ray spectrometry) data was collected over El Gilf El Kiber area by the airborne geophysics department of the Nuclear Materials Authority of Egypt. This data was analyzed and processed to produce maps for the concentration of radioactive elements (U, Th and K). Moreover, the identification and significance of uranium anomalies were also studied. The high radioactive anomalies were associated with the granitic rocks and have NNE-SSW direction. Sand sheets have also high radiation in that direction because of the leaching of uranium from the surrounding outcropping. Promising sites for uranium mineralization have been detected for further ground confirmation detailed studies. Keywords: Uranium; Airborne gamma ray spectrometry; Radioactivity; Western Desert; Egypt.

Abstract: The work investigated groundwater contamination in the study area using Vertical Electrical Sound
technique and Physio-chemical analysis of soil and water samples within the vicinity of the Site. ABEM
Terrameter SAS 4000 was used to carry out the geophysical survey. The VES data were plotted as pseudo and
resistivity-sections so as to reveal the spatial distribution of the contaminant plumes. The interpreted VES data
observed in the dump showed contamination plume as low zone with resistivityvalues between 1-20.5Ωmfrom
the surface extending to a shallow aquifer of 5.8m, while the VES observed at the area free of waste dump
showed a resistivity values of 174-178.5Ωm from the surface to the aquifer which is free from being polluted.
The Physio- chemical analysis of soiland groundwater showed elevation in some of the parameters.
Keywords: Groundwater, Vertical, Plume, Resistivity, Spatial, Municipal

Abstract: The thermal maturity parameter used in the evaluation of the hydrocarbon generative potential of the sedimentary organic matter is based largely on the extent of molecular transformation of the biological markers due to geothermal stress which is a function of depth or burial history. In particular the transformations leading to the formation of Polynuclear Aromatics usually occur at the end of diagenesis up to the onset of catagenesis. . An in-depth study of the transformation leading to the formation of polynuclear aromatic steroidal hydrocarbons revealed a step by step thermally mediated aromatization of the non-aromatic biogenic species during diagenetic/catagenetic evolution of organic matter in an anoxic environment. Since the formation of PAHs is a heat mediated process which increases with depth, then its concentration or the amount per unit mass of the rock sample can be used to estimate the thermal maturity of organic matter in the sediment .In light of the above, this work has evaluated the distribution profile of the PAHs in the Cretaceous sediments of the Calabar Flank using Gas Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS),an analytical tool combination widely used in the study of petroleum geochemistry. The results of the study based on the most dominant polynucear aromatic species namely, anthracene and phenanthrene revealed that Nkporo Shale(NS)samples from various locations in the Basin had a average PAH of 0.05mg/Kg (anthracene) and 0.06mg/Kg (phenanthrene).While the PAH value of Ekenkpon Shale(ES) samples was on the average 0.01mg/Kg and 0.02mg/Kg for anthracene and phenanthrene respectively. New Netim Marl(NNM) however gave the PAH value of only 0.001mg/Kg for phenanthrene and nil for anthracene .On the other hand Awi Sandstone (AS), Mfamosing Limestone (ML) and Nkporo Mudstone(NM) all fell within the non-detectable range. Based on the foregoing, PAH values can be used to evaluate the maturation level of organic matter in the sediments. Keywords: Cretaceous Sediments, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Thermal Maturity, Distribution Profile

Abstract: Centralization in small town is led to functional changes due to increasing Inequality between rural settlement and cities. On the other hand, mentioned changes are different based on distance with urban center. Also, these cities effect germ and parasitic role on rural area according to their structure. The methodology of this study is descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-library. The data are generally gathered from scientific centre libraries like universities, organizations, institutes and research centers such as management and planning organization and internet, official statistics and censuses, Urban Development Plans By Consulting Engineers, Field Study And So On. Studied Area Is Shandiz & Torqabeh Cities. Infact, Has Been Studied The Effect Mentioned Cities On Hesar Golestan & Hesar Sorkh Villages. In Order To , Was Used From Network Analyzed. On The Other Hand, Was Used From Questioner Tool. Finding Shows, The Relation Between Urban And Rural Area Is Parasitic Theory. Keyword: Decentralized, Small Towns, Spatial Organization, Rural Settlement, Hesar Sorkh, Hesar Golestan

Abstract: Distinguishing multiples from primaries and transforming them into useful signals has been one of the most serious difficulties faced by Geophysicists when processing and interpreting data. Multiples are multiplicative events seen in seismic sections which often seriously impedes correct mapping of the subsurface geology in search of oil and gas reservoirs. These events have undergone more than one reflection. In this paper, we present an approach to transform shot gathers from multiple reflections into primaries by combining a multi-channel weighted cross-correlation (WCC) with surface-related multiple elimination (SRME). The new primaries obtained from the combination exhibit the same kinematics as the original dataset with few transformation artefacts. We also demonstrate that this primaries can accurately estimate missing traces as long as the gaps are within the acquisition spread.While this combination allows the transformation of multiples into primaries for surface seismic data, the latter means that nonlinear seismic imaging can be implemented by a number of linear steps. The result shows that the multiple reflections contain a wealth of information that should be used in seismic processing to improve the resolution of reservoir images beyond current capability. Keywords: Multiple reflection, Surface-Related Multiple Elimination (SRME),Weighted Cross-Correlation (WCC) and Multiple Transformation.

Herein the relationships between porosity (Ф) and permeability (K), reservoir quality index (RQI) and flow zone indicator (FZI) were further verified and used to evaluate the selected reservoirs. This work is aimed at presenting porosity dependent equations for formation evaluation, through; (a) modification of traditional equations and (b) generation of curves/models for the estimation of K, RQI and FZI based on three fundamental ideas to aid the evaluation of the reservoirs flow units. Two reservoirs (R-M and R-N) were correlated across three wells (R-Da, R-Db and R-Dc) in Ritchie&#39;s Block, offshore Niger Delta. The equations (Tixier&#39;s, Timur&#39;s and Coates&#39;) for K determination and the expressions for RQI and FZI were modified and used for the evaluation of hydrocarbon potential of the two reservoirs mapped across the selected wells. Three porosity dependent equations suggested for use in sandstone units were presented for each of K, RQI and FZI. These equations were...

Abstract: The determination of subsurface stratification and aquifer characterization were carried out at Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau using the Schlumberger electrical resistivity array with maximum current electrode separation of 200m. Twenty four Vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted along six profiles.WinGlink software has been used in interpreting the results. Two and three subsurface layers exist in the study area. The topmost geoelectric layer has resistivity mostly within the range of 1-522.The lithology of the topsoil is mainly clay to sandy clay. The topsoil thickness ranges from 0.40 to 4.0 m while the overburden thickness of the surveyed area ranges from 0.40 to 18.0 m. The aquifer thickness of the study area ranges from 1.00 to 19.32m. The interpreted results suggest that the main aquifer in the area appears to be the weathered and fractured basements. Productive boreholes can be located around VES 3, 10, 16 and 17. The stratification of the survey revealed mainly clay, sandy clay, weathered and fractured sand which show the formation characterization obtained through interpretation of VES curves and this corroborate with the borehole log of the area. Keywords: Vertical electrical sounding, Stratification, Aquifers, Overburden, geoelectric section and geologic section.

Abstract: Seismic refraction tomography was carried out to for purpose of determining lithological characte-rization in part of Kubanni basin, Northern Nigeria. The major instrument used for this survey were Terraloc Mark6 Digital Seismograph, set of vertical geophones. The layout geometry was such that both the receivers and source were on a straight line. The receivers (geophones) are placed at interval of 5m, and shots fired at the beginning of the profile offset at some distance and at each geophone position. These shots send seismic waves which are detected at the surface by small receivers. The data were processed and interpreted from seismic tomography models generated. Inferences from the seismic tomography model shows that most of the profiles had 3-4 layer cases, with different lithological units comprising topsoil, which were made of mainly sand and sandy clay, weathered basement with saturated water and fresh basement. Also, models obtained from the study area indicate that that at depth greater than 30m it would not be possible to delineate the lithological unit, because the study was done using a shallow seismic method. Keywords: Seismic, Tomography, Geophone, Lithology, Models

Abstract: The sedimentary deposit is a part of the south of Lampang basin with the age of Tertiary to present. Clays in this deposit was divided into three layers covered with red clay. Clay layers were overburden which was the clay overlying on top of coal seam; interburden was the clays lie between coal seams; and underburden was the clay lie under coal seam. The basement rock was rhyolitic tuff. Major minerals found were quartz, kaolinite, illite, potassium feldspar and montmorillonite, respectively. There was no distinct relationship of quartz content in each clay layers. However, kaolinite and illite contents slightly increased in deeper clay layers. Additionally, montmorillonite presented in basement rock sample and some of overburden clay. Keywords: ceramic, clays, Lampang, mineralogical, sedimentary

Abstract: The Zaria granite batholith in northern Nigeria is an example of syn-tectonic batholith emplaced about 600 ± 150 Ma, ago during the Pan - African orogeny. Its strain history and strain marker behavior have been studied in order to further elucidate the tectonics of the Pan- African orogeny. Field observations, measurements and different methods of strain estimation were applied on 623 data to determine the strain intensity, direction of maximum elongation (σ3) and compression direction (σ1). The different methods produced strain values between 2.66 and 2.07, maximum elongation took place in the N - S direction while the σ1 (maximum compression) trajectory was oriented E – W, making the direction the least favourable for strain marker (phenocryst and xenolith) growth. Strain partitioning revealed that the N - S direction experienced the highest strain while the NE - SW orientation showed a lower strain value than the NW - SE direction regardless of the number of markers preferring the directions. Xenoliths, faults and joints lend credence to the measured strain results. It would seem that the E - W compression during the Pan - African orogeny was widespread and fairly constant throughout most of the period tracked by the granites. Keywords: Granite, Strain, Batholith, Pan-African, Phenocryst

Abstract: Geophysical investigation involving the use of vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was employed in the search for potential ground water target at twenty (20) locations within parts of Pegi, in Kuje Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The results of the survey indicated the presence of at least two layers of overburden (1.2-32m thick and 10Ω-m to 2,300Ω-m) before the bedrock. The resistivity of the basement varies from 168Ω-m to 6,300Ω-m.A transition zone of considerable thickness composed majorly of partly weathered bedrock underlies about two-third of the surveyed area. The two major aquifers in basement terrain i.e. weathered (overburden) and fractured bedrock were delineated from the geophysical investigation. Boreholes drilled within this area intercepted both the weathered and fractured bedrock aquifers. The potential for ground water in this area is good and the yield is sufficient enough to meet the demands of the clients. Keywords: Aquifers, Resistivity, Transition zone, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), yield

Abstract: The present paper presents a new approach for total ozone column forecasting using an Artificial Neural Network technique for Baghdad, Iraq. Total ozone column data for the period (1979-2000) were used as training and the period (2009-2011) for testing and one year(2012) for forecasting also the combination of meteorological elements have been used as input parameters (stratospheric temperature, Geopotential height and zonal wind). at 50 and 70 mb respectively. The developed ANN models are being applied for aimed at providing forecasts in a near real time schedule, different network types were tested with different kinds of input information. Preliminary tests showed that a generalized feed forward ANN model using Gaussian activation function achieved the optimum forecasting of total ozone column. To calculate differences between measured and forecasted values of total ozone column, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Relative error (RE) and determination coefficient (R2) were calculated. According to four statistical indices were determined in order to examine the accuracy of the optimum ANN model, it was found that the more accurate model among the four considered statistical indices were RMSE, MAE, RE and R2 was 0.05244, 0.0392, 0.4709 and 0.9974 respectively, these results show that ANN forecasts of total ozone column over Baghdad have superiority and highly satisfactory especially for a high variable gas like ozone. Keywords:Artificial Intelligence, Neural Network, Total ozone, Baghdad, Iraq

The aim of the study was to assess the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Kerio Basin in the Kenya Rift. An Isostatically corrected anomaly map produced from a Bouguer anomaly grid was filtered using a Hanning low pass filter of order 2 to remove low wavelengths. Four profiles were extracted from the grid to give 1D interpretation along straight lines. Magnetic grid was corrected for IGRF, diurnal, filtered using a 1 Hz low pass 10km Hanning filter to reduce noise, later, reduced to equator to place all anomalies directly over underlying sources and make anomalies less complicated. Tilt derivative of the magnetic grid was used to estimate depth to basement. The residual analytic signal anomaly map derived from the magnetic grid was used to capture the response of existing near surface magnetic signatures even the reversely magnetized ones. Kerio basin is characterised by low gravity anomalies ranging between 35mGals to −100mGals related to variations in quantities of sediments deposit...

Construction activities close to cultural heritage sites are increasing in Egypt. Urban sprawl coupled with rising groundwater levels have a direct impact on cultural materials. Engineering and construction activity can be detrimental to the integrity of any site, particularly if ancient objects or structures are encountered. Damage to ancient subsurface materials is a potential possibility. On the other hand, contractors may also suffer from archaeological material encounters causing schedule delays or lower production, resulting in cost inefficiencies. During the design phase and preconstruction planning of any engineering project, site subsurface analysis must be included. A planning structure of avoidance or salvage can be reached within the framework of cultural preservation and economics on a construction site. Subsurface mapping is a necessary part of the production planning and risk reduction process on sites with cultural material present. Use of geophysical tools is the be...