Ice Cores

The Australian continent is characterised by an extremely variable surficial geochemistry, reflecting the varied lithology of Australian basement rocks. Samples representative of Australian aeolian dust have been collected in (1) regions where meteorological records, satellite observation and wind erosion modelling systems have indicated frequent dust activity today (mainly the Lake Eyre Basin), and (2) from deposits of mixed dust materials. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic composition of the fine (< 5 μm) fraction of Australian dust samples was measured for comparison with the Sr and Nd isotopic composition of fine aeolian dust that reached the interior of the East Antarctic Plateau. The isotopic field for Australian dust is characterised by 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.709 to 0.732 and εNd(0) between − 3 and − 15. The low Sr radiogenic values and εNd(0) of − 3 obtained for Lake Eyre samples are explained by the lithology of the Lake Eyre catchment showing a dominance o...

... 11. PE Damon and JL Jirikowic, Solar forcing of global climate change?. Radiocarbon After Four Decades An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Springer-Verlag, New York (1992) p. 117–127 . 12. PE Damon and JL Jirikowic, Solar forcing of global climate change. ...

Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects mid-latitude emissions from ancient
lead-silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements
have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient
economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and
growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These
studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating,
limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we
show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions
between 1100 B.C.E. and 800 C.E. derived from sub-annually resolved
measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric
transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely
varied with historical events including imperial expansion, wars,
and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion,
accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman
mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum
under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with
wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic,
and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the 2nd
and 3rd centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver
coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of leadsilver
mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained
economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman
Empire, terminated by the 2nd-century Antonine plague.

... The 1.0 and 0.8%o reduc-tion in summer and winter Ô180 values, respectively, between AD 975 and AD 1720 signals the climate change from the highs of Medieval warming (Medieval Warm Period or MWP) to the lows of Little Ice Age (LIA) cooling. ...

Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) terrestrial proxy records (speleothem, NW Scotland; tree rings, Morocco) from close to the centres of action of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indicate that the MCA was characterized by a pervasive positive phase of the NAO(1). Spatial gradients across Europe in this MCA synoptic climatological interpretation were analyzed using the Proxy Surrogate Reconstruction approach based

The cosmogenic nuclide beryllium-10 (10Be), recovered from ice cores, is often used to study solar activity on long time-
scales. However, the 10Be signal is also influenced by factors other than the Sun. To identify and quantify various contributions to the 10Be signal, two Antarctic snow records from the Vostok and Concordia sites spanning the last 60 years were studied at a sub-annual resolution. Three factors that contribute to the 10Be signal were identified. First, a significant period of approximately 11 yr that can be associated with the modulation of 10Be production by solar activity was detected in both records. The solar imprint constitutes 20–35% of the variance within the total signal. The 11-yr 10Be snow component was attenuated by a factor of ~0.5 and was delayed by ~1.4 yr compared to the10Be production expected within the polar atmosphere. The result could be interpreted as the composite response of a stratospheric 10Be reservoir with an 11-yr modulation that was attenuated and delayed (with respect to 10Be polar production) and to a tropospheric 10Be reservoir with an 11-yr modulation that was not attenuated or delayed. Then, peaks in 10Be concentrations that were ~66% and ~35% higher than the average concentration were observed during the stratospheric volcanic eruptions of Agung (in 1963) and Pinatubo (in 1991), respectively. In light of these new results, published 10Be ice core records could be reinterpreted because spikes in 10Be concentration appear at the time of several stratospheric events. The data indicate that stratospheric volcanic eruptions can impact 10Be transport and deposition as a result of the roles played by the sedimentation of sulfate aerosols and the formation and rapid settling of polar
stratospheric clouds (PSC). Also, an interannual variability of ~4 yr was determined in both 10Be records, corresponding to
~26% of the variance within the signal at Vostok. As with species of marine origin (sodium), this 4-yr variability is interpreted
as a tropospheric modulation. The 4-yr variability could be associated with atmospheric circulation associated with the coupled Southern Ocean ocean–atmosphere system. The results presented here, from sites within the high Antarctic plateau, open new possibilities for ice core dating over the last few centuries and for the reconstruction of past solar activity in relation to climate.

In order to track catastrophes, I depend upon layer counting of GISP2 ice core for accurate dates. While researching Clovis impacts, I discovered an error of fifty years due to a single snowfall a hundred times normal. This led to a quest to find a way to improve the calibration of dates older that tree rings.
Professor Emilio Spedicato contributed in two ways.
First, he found that fiery planet Nibiru passed Earth every twenty years, usually striking Earth with a satellite, which left a spike of ammonium in the ice core.
Second, he found two calendars that when combined, confirm Plato’s statement that Atlantis sank in 9574 BC, Julian calendar, with year 0. With this fixed date, and using twenty-year passes of Nibiru as a metronome, the ice core could be calibrated.
Having begun, I found three new things:
Every sixty years, strikes tended to be more severe. This was caused by the alignment of Jupiter with a period of 12 years and Nibiru with a period of 20 years.
Every 1200 years Nibiru would nearly collide with Earth. These close passages would either raise a monster tide or uplift a mountain range. Sometimes there were major impacts, and sometimes not.
Strikes were often preceded by a strike eight years earlier. This came from the Head of Nibiru, which like Nibiru, carried a cloud of satellites. After Nibiru collided with Jupiter, the Head continued to menace Earth every twenty years.
Figure 1 shows the adjustment to GISP2 ages from 8,000 to 18,000 BP. Adjustments are minor until multiple Clovis strikes vaporized much of the Canadian ice sheet, which caused a deep snowfall at Greenland.

This study presents the results of a broad intercomparison of a total of 15 global aerosol models within the AeroCom project. Each model is compared to observations related to desert dust aerosols, their direct radiative effect, and their impact on the biogeochemical cycle, i.e., aerosol optical depth (AOD) and dust deposition. Additional comparisons to Angström exponent (AE), coarse mode AOD and dust surface concentrations are included to extend the assessment of model performance and to identify common biases present in models. These data comprise a benchmark dataset that is proposed for model inspection and future dust model development. There are large differences among the global models that simulate the dust cycle and its impact on climate. In general, models simulate the climatology of vertically integrated parameters (AOD and AE) within a factor of two whereas the total deposition and surface concentration are reproduced within a factor of 10. In addition, smaller mean normalized bias and root mean square errors are obtained for the climatology of AOD and AE than for total deposition and surface concentration. Characteristics of the datasets used and their uncertainties may influence these differences. Large uncertainties still exist with respect to the deposition fluxes in the southern oceans. Further measurements and model studies are necessary to assess the general model performance to reproduce dust deposition in ocean regions sensible to iron contributions. Models overestimate the wet deposition in regions dominated by dry deposition. They generally simulate more realistic surface concentration at stations downwind of the main sources than at remote ones. Most models simulate the gradient in AOD and AE between the different dusty regions. However the seasonality and magnitude of both variables is better simulated at African stations than Middle East ones. The models simulate the offshore transport of West Africa throughout the year but they overestimate the AOD and they transport too fine particles. The models also reproduce the dust transport across the Atlantic in the summer in terms of both AOD and AE but not so well in winter-spring nor the southward displacement of the dust cloud that is responsible of the dust transport into South America. Based on the dependency of AOD on aerosol burden and size distribution we use model bias with respect to AOD and AE to infer the bias of the dust emissions in Africa and the Middle East. According to this analysis we suggest that a range of possible emissions for North Africa is 400 to 2200 Tg yr-1 and in the Middle East 26 to 526 Tg yr-1.