Ichneumonidae

Strategies to invade and exploit hosts for survival are an essential part of the parasitic lifestyle. Species of the Polysphincta genus group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), which utilize spiders as hosts, are examples of parasitoids that present several behavioral strategies in host immobilization and egg laying. In this study, we characterized the oviposition behavior of the Darwin wasp Hymenoepimecis cameroni Townes, 1966 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on their host spider, performed the taxonomic description of the female, and redescribed the male parasitoid. We observed eight H. cameroni females endeavoring to parasitize young Leucauge volupis (Keyserling, 1893) spiders. Each female made up to 12 successive attempts at oviposition, totaling 36 observed attacks, with only two successful attacks. The main oviposition behavior of H. cameroni individuals consists of flying close to the web and performing a direct attack on the spider, which often results in the spider escaping into the vegetation. We observed that in seven events where the spiders fled into the vegetation, the individuals of H. cameroni adopted a second strategy, which consisted of hanging from the hind legs in the web hub. This observation showed that the females of H. cameroni have the ability to modulate the oviposition strategy after a failure in the initial attack. The pattern observed for the attack of H. cameroni indicates that the ability to adjust the approach could be specific to the behavioral habits of L. volupis.

Some Ichneumonidae wasps, including the genus Acrotaphus Townes, 1960 (Ephialtini: Pimplinae), induce behavioral modification in their spider hosts. Acrotaphus is a New World parasitoid wasp genus with 26 described species. This genus belongs to the Polysphincta genus group, which are ectoparasitoids of spiders of the Araneidae. In this study, we describe a new species (Acrotaphus wagnerianae sp. n.) found in the Brazilian Amazon. In addition, we discuss for the first time the behavioral modification of spiders of the Wagneriana genus (Araneidae) by wasps of the Polysphincta genus group.

Se revisan dos de los principales grupos de hime-nópteros parasitoides en México, los calcidoideos y los icneumonoideos. Se enfatiza particularmente en ocho familias (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophi-dae, Mymaridae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae e Ichneumonidae) y algunas especies introducidas o nativas con importancia en el control biológico de plagas agrícolas. Además, se in-cluye una síntesis sobre sus hábitos, diversidad, huéspedes, distribución y parasitismo.

Two of the main groups of parasitoid wasps in Mexico, inchenumonoids and chalcidoids, are reviewed. We discuss particularly eight families (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Pteromali-dae, Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae e Ichneu-monidae), and some native or introduced species important in biological control of agricultural pests. In addition, behavior, diversity, hosts, distribution and parasitism are briefly discussed.

1. Medio Físico
1.1. CAPITULO 1. Historia y situación actual de la Reserva de la Biósfera Ría Lagartos
Cristóbal E. Cáceres G. Cantón y Rafael Robles de Benito.........................................................................14
1.2. CAPITULO 2. El medio físico: Clima, geoformas, suelos y agua
Francisco Bautista, Jorge Leirana, Yameli Aguilar, Carmen Delgado y Oscar Frausto................................21
1.3. CAPITULO 3. Estado de conservación de la vegetación
Sachiko Chiriguchi Murayama y Luis Salinas-Peba......................................................................................41
1.4. CAPITULO 4. Hidrocarburos en sedimentos recientes
Pedro F. Góngora-Góngora, Víctor M. Cobos-Gasca y Roberto C. Barrientos-Medina...............................68
2. Medio Biótico
2.1. CAPITULO 5. Estructura de la vegetación de la selva baja caducifolia y de la selva baja
inundable
Patricia Guadarrama, Luis Salinas-Peba y Silvia Castillo-Argüero..............................................................87
2.2. CAPITULO 6. Fenología de floración y visitantes florales de especies herbáceas
Víctor Parra-Tabla, Luis Abdala-Roberts Patricia Téllez, Nataly Celaya, Luis Salinas-Peba y Conchita
Alonso..........................................................................................................................................................105
2.3. CAPITULO 7. Tres especies de arbustos como “constructoras” de hábitat en el matorral
costero
Jorge L. Leirana Alcocer, Luisa A. Ríos Candila, Francisco Bautista, Jorge A. Navarro Alberto y Manuel B.
Crespo.........................................................................................................................................................123
2.4. CAPITULO 8. Respuestas ecofisiológicas de plantas cactáceas: Fijación de CO2,
productividad y supervivencia
J. Carlos Cervera Herrera, Raiza J. Castillo Argáez e Irving R. Vargas Solís..............................................140
2.5. CAPITULO 9. Hongos micorrizógenos: organismos clave para la vegetación
José Ramos-Zapata, Patricia Guadarrama, Laura Hernández-Cuevas, Luís A. Salinas Escobar, Ángel
Patrón, Gema Galindo-Flores, Alejandro Kong-Luz, Guadalupe Santiago-Martínez y Rosabel Juárez
Barradas.....................................................................................................................................................160
3. Biodiversidad
3.1. CAPITULO 10. Diversidad de insectos parasitoides: avispas Ichneumonidae
Alejandra González-Moreno, Hugo Delfín-González y Santiago Bordera...................................................179
3.2. CAPITULO 11. Riqueza y abundancia de los murciélagos en las selvas secas
Celia Sélem-Salas y Juan Tun-Garrido........................................................................................................195
3.3. CAPITULO 12. Las poblaciones de cocodrilianos (Crocodylus acutus y C. moreletti)
Mitzi A. Olvera-Morales, Roberto C. Barrientos-Medina, José R. Cedeño-Vázquez, Jorge A.
Navarro- Alberto y Felipe G. Be-Estrella.....................................................................................................207
3.4. CAPITULO 13. Los peces continentales
Roberto C. Barrientos-Medina, Alejandra Aguillón-Negreros y Lizbeth Chumba-Segura..........................219
4. Interacciones Bióticas
4.1. CAPITULO 14. Visitantes florales y redes de interacción planta–polinizador
María José Campos Navarrete, Rommel Moo Aldana, José Ramos Zapata y Víctor Parra Tabla.............231
4.2. CAPITULO 15. Interacciones planta-colibrí en la duna costera
Pamela Medina y Víctor Parra-Tabla...........................................................................................................249
4.3. CAPITULO 16. Interacción planta-hongos benéficos en la restauración de la vegetación de
duna costera
José A. Ramos-Zapata, Ricardo Aldana Blanco y Patricia Guadarrama Chávez.......................................266
4.4. CAPITULO 17. Murciélagos frugívoros y polinectarívoros
Celia Selem-Salas, Juan Tun-Garrido J, Lorena Tzab-Hernández y Miguel Peña-Tun...............................281

Los ichneumónidos (Ichneumonidae) constituyen la familia del Orden Hymenoptera con el mayor número de especies descritas a nivel mundial, más de 24,000 (Yu et al., 2012), aunque se estima que puede haber más de 100,000 especies (Gauld, 2000). Junto con Braconidae forman la superfamilia Ichneumonoidea. El número de subfamilias ha variado bastante, y se reconocen entre 30 y 40 subfamilias; en México se han registrado 1,301 especies de 373 géneros y 28 subfamilias (Ruíz, 2015).

Abstract. 1Parasitoid wasps are species-rich and likely to be sensitive indicators of environmental change. Malaise traps are widely used for sampling certain taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera, but little is known about how they should best be used to monitor the community at an individual site.2To investigate the effects of sample duration, trap location and replication on the parasitoid assemblage, we sampled four ichneumonid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) intensively using Malaise traps in two farm woods in the Vale of York, UK.3Species accumulation curves showed that even with 16 Malaise traps per wood, the community is incompletely sampled. Despite this, we caught up to 28% of all UK species in a single wood, implying that local parasitoid diversity may be very high.4Abundance and species richness of parasitoids differed significantly between sample periods (fortnights) and between traps, but did not differ overall between core and edge locations.5Parasitoid community composition differed between core and edge traps, but differences were much stronger in one wood than the other. One subfamily, the Poemeniinae, was found predominantly in edge locations. Catch differences became greater with increasing distance between traps.6The previous year, two traps in each of the same woods caught only half as many species, but species abundance was positively correlated between years.7Our results suggest that a small number of traps can contain useful information about the parasitoid community but is likely to seriously underestimate total species richness. To achieve extensive species coverage, sampling should continue over several weeks, with widely separated traps sampling both core and edge locations. Our focal taxa should prove excellent for monitoring the effects of environmental change on biodiversity.Parasitoid wasps are species-rich and likely to be sensitive indicators of environmental change. Malaise traps are widely used for sampling certain taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera, but little is known about how they should best be used to monitor the community at an individual site.To investigate the effects of sample duration, trap location and replication on the parasitoid assemblage, we sampled four ichneumonid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) intensively using Malaise traps in two farm woods in the Vale of York, UK.Species accumulation curves showed that even with 16 Malaise traps per wood, the community is incompletely sampled. Despite this, we caught up to 28% of all UK species in a single wood, implying that local parasitoid diversity may be very high.Abundance and species richness of parasitoids differed significantly between sample periods (fortnights) and between traps, but did not differ overall between core and edge locations.Parasitoid community composition differed between core and edge traps, but differences were much stronger in one wood than the other. One subfamily, the Poemeniinae, was found predominantly in edge locations. Catch differences became greater with increasing distance between traps.The previous year, two traps in each of the same woods caught only half as many species, but species abundance was positively correlated between years.Our results suggest that a small number of traps can contain useful information about the parasitoid community but is likely to seriously underestimate total species richness. To achieve extensive species coverage, sampling should continue over several weeks, with widely separated traps sampling both core and edge locations. Our focal taxa should prove excellent for monitoring the effects of environmental change on biodiversity.

RESUMEN Los ichneumónidos son agentes de control natural y biológico de artrópodos en ecosistemas naturales y en cultivos. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica de publicaciones científicas con ayuda de los buscadores google académico y webofknowledge, se obtuvieron indicadores de control natural y biológico de insectos plaga en México con Ichneumonidae, además de otros aspectos de su biología, y cumplir con el objetivo de proponer el estudio y uso de cinco especies de Ichneumonidae para el control biológico de algunas plagas de cultivos de importancia económica en México, resultando la propuesta de cinco especies relevantes. ABSTRACT Ichneumonidae are agents for natural and biological control of arthropods in natural ecosystems and in crops. Through a bibliographical review of scientific publications with the help of the Academic Google and webofknowledge search engines, indicators were obtained for natural and biological control of plague insects in México with Ichneumonidae, in addition to other aspects of their biology, and to fulfill the objective of proposing the study and use of five species of Ichneumonidae for the biological control of some plagues of crops with economic importance in México, highlighting the proposal of five relevant species.

The subfamily Cryptinae Kirby, 1837 is considered the largest group in the Ichneumonidae with more than 400 described genera including around 4500 species. The subfamily has a worldwide distribution and its members play a key role in the biological control as parasitoids of many important pests. The study provides a new and updated overview of the Slovakian ichneumonid fauna after 28 years. So far over 750 species of Ichneumonidae have been reported from Slovakia, including around 150 species in the subfamily Cryptinae. Our study presents a complete checklist of Cryptinae and adds 32 species to the Slovakian fauna.

By means of an international project, Argentinian and Italian researchers are carrying out joint research to study biological and ecological aspects of Tuta absoluta biological control.
This paper lists indigenous natural enemies reported for T. absoluta, as well as the current results on T. absoluta egg and larval parasitoids in both countries. Parasitoid species that
conformed to different guilds are shown to coexist in cropping conditions, and some show positive characteristics as potential biocontrol agents against T. absoluta by means of augmentative
releases. Future laboratory and field evaluations of the efficacy of biological control programs in Argentina and Italy are proposed.

About 1383 species of ichneumon wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of 32 subfamilies have
been recorded from Moravia to date. Ten additional species from four subfamilies (Acaenitinae, Banchinae,
Campopleginae, Cryptinae) are presented herein. Their known distribution and hosts are also indicated.

1Insect parasitoids comprise a large fraction of terrestrial biodiversity. Because of this diversity, species-level conservation of most parasitoid species is impractical and habitat conservation must substitute. However, habitat indicators of parasitoid abundance and diversity are poorly known.2To identify such habitat indicators, parasitoid wasps in four ichneumonid subfamilies were sampled in the field herb layer of 15 woodlands in the Vale of York, UK, using Malaise traps. The catch was related to vegetation characteristics.3A total of 1543 individuals in 60 species was recorded, representing 36% of UK species in the taxa sampled. Parasitoids tended to be more abundant and species rich in woodlands with a high broadleaf content and tree species richness. This pattern was observed in the ichneumonid subfamilies Pimplinae, Poemeniinae and Diacritinae.4However, the ichneumonid subfamily Diplazontinae was found to vary in abundance and richness within rather than between woodlands and showed no association with measured habitat variables.5Reserve selection analyses indicated that coniferous woodlands, and woodlands with a low abundance and richness of parasitoids, none the less can contribute to maximizing parasitoid diversity at the landscape scale.6Synthesis and applications. At the individual woodland scale, broadleaved woodlands with high tree species richness appear best for conserving parasitoid abundance and diversity. At a landscape scale however, a variety of woodland habitat types can maximize diversity of all parasitoid taxa. We hypothesize that the degree of association between parasitoid abundance and diversity, and characteristics of the vegetation within habitats will decrease with an increase in the number of trophic links that separate them.Insect parasitoids comprise a large fraction of terrestrial biodiversity. Because of this diversity, species-level conservation of most parasitoid species is impractical and habitat conservation must substitute. However, habitat indicators of parasitoid abundance and diversity are poorly known.To identify such habitat indicators, parasitoid wasps in four ichneumonid subfamilies were sampled in the field herb layer of 15 woodlands in the Vale of York, UK, using Malaise traps. The catch was related to vegetation characteristics.A total of 1543 individuals in 60 species was recorded, representing 36% of UK species in the taxa sampled. Parasitoids tended to be more abundant and species rich in woodlands with a high broadleaf content and tree species richness. This pattern was observed in the ichneumonid subfamilies Pimplinae, Poemeniinae and Diacritinae.However, the ichneumonid subfamily Diplazontinae was found to vary in abundance and richness within rather than between woodlands and showed no association with measured habitat variables.Reserve selection analyses indicated that coniferous woodlands, and woodlands with a low abundance and richness of parasitoids, none the less can contribute to maximizing parasitoid diversity at the landscape scale.Synthesis and applications. At the individual woodland scale, broadleaved woodlands with high tree species richness appear best for conserving parasitoid abundance and diversity. At a landscape scale however, a variety of woodland habitat types can maximize diversity of all parasitoid taxa. We hypothesize that the degree of association between parasitoid abundance and diversity, and characteristics of the vegetation within habitats will decrease with an increase in the number of trophic links that separate them.

Ichneumonids are parasitoid wasps attacking other arthropods, mainly insects from the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera; some species are external parasitoids on spiders and larvae of some others are really predators in egg shells of spiders or pseudoscorpions. Their role in natural control of holometabolous phytophagous insects is relevant in forests, grasses and shrubs in Mexico. In biological control programs, ichneumonids are outstanding, being one of the most important families in order to reduce populations of lepidopteran pests in forests and crops in temperate regions. In the Mexican Republic, 59 species have been recorded as parasitoids of diverse moths, beetles and sawflies that are primary pests or having the potential to be important pests (33 species) in forests and agricultural crops in 22 states. Only 4 species have been used in biological control programs: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), Diadegma insulare (Cresson), Mallochia pyralidis Wharton and Calliephialtes grapholitae (Cresson). Many more species can be used against another pests and in different Mexican regions, choosing species well known, small sized, those attacking larvae in the first stages and emerging from the larval stage.

Dolichomitus Smith is a widely distributed pimpline genus with more than seventy known species. There are eight species previously reported from South America: D. annulicornis (Cameron), D. bivittatus Townes, D. hypermeces Townes, D. jatai Loffredo & Penteado-Dias, D. longicauda Smith, D. megalourus (Morley), D. moacyri Loffredo & Penteado-Dias and D. zonatus (Cresson). In this paper, we describe five new species: D. mariajosae Araujo & Pádua, sp. nov., D. menai Araujo & Pádua, sp. nov., D. orejuelai Araujo & Pádua, sp. nov., D. pimmi Araujo & Pádua, sp. nov., and D. rendoni Araujo & Pádua, sp. nov. All have been collected in cloud forests in the Colombian tropical Andes. An illustrated key to the South American species of the genus is also provided.

In Mexico, 28 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae have been recorded, these wasps are important in the natural control of insects and spiders in natural ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to collect Ichneumonidae in a pine - oak forest and to compare with the obtained in other six localities of the State. A Malaise trap was placed during 13 months (August 2011 - August 2012) in one locality of La Marcela, Miquihuana, Mexico, at an altitude of 2550 masl. Vegetation is dominated by Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. and Quercus miquihuanensis Nixon & Muller. Samples were taken every two weeks. Representatives of thirteen subfamilies were obtained: Alomyinae, Banchinae, Campopleginae, Cryptinae, Ctenopelmatinae, Ichneumoninae, Mesochorinae, Metopiinae, Orthocentrinae, Oxytorinae, Pimplinae, Tersilochinae and Tryphoninae, with a total of 461 specimens. Cryptinae with 151 individuals and Campopleginae with 135 were the more abundant subfamilies while the less abundant were Ctenopelmatinae (3 individuals), Tersilochinae (3), Alomyinae (2) and Oxytorinae (1). Altitude, vegetation type and the collection time influenced directly the number of specimens collected, diversity and distribution in the State. The genera Compsocryptus, Cryptus, Latosculum and Messatoporus were captured in the Marcela, and at lower altitudes in the different types of vegetation, except for a site with huisachal (294 masl); the genus Compsocryptus was present in the majority of the localities. The accumulation curve and the rarefaction curve were calculated for the material from La Marcela.

Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 is one of the largest and best studied genera of the family Ichneumonidae. It is most species
rich in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions with only a few species occurring in Central and South America. The present
study reviews the Neotropical species of the genus including descriptions of four new species from Amazonia and Northeast
South America. We define a new species group: the amazonica species-group, to accommodate the following five
species: X. amazonica Gómez, Sääksjärvi & Veijalainen, X. guianensis Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n., X. jussilai Veijalainen,
Sääksjärvi & Broad, X. pucallpensis Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n. and X. vidali Gómez sp. n. The aurita species-group, which had hitherto been regarded as the only species-group in the Neotropical region, is currently represented by five species:
X. allpahuaya Gómez & Sääksjärvi sp. n., X. aurita Krieger, X. craspedoptera Krieger, X. rhabdomera Townes and X. spiloptera Krieger. The Andean species X. peruana Krieger is established as an unplaced species outside of the amazonica
and aurita species-groups. A key to Neotropical species-groups and species of Xanthopimpla is provided. Xanthopimpla aurita is recorded for the first time from Ecuador and Colombia and its extensive distribution is discussed. Xanthopimpla amazonica, X. craspedoptera and X. jussilai are recorded for the first time from Brazil; X. amazonica is recorded for the first time from French Guiana; X. spiloptera is recorded for the first time from French Guiana and Peru, and X. rhabdomera is recorded for the first time from Peru.

Seven new species of Hymenoepimecis Viereck are described from Peruvian Andes and Amazonia, French Guiana and Ecuador: H. andina Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., H. castilloi Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., H. dolichocarinata Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., H. ecuatoriana Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., H. longilobus Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., H. pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov., and H. rafaelmartinezi Pádua & Sääksjärvi, sp. nov. In addition, the male of the Hymenoepimecis kleini Pádua & Sobczak, 2015 is described, new faunistic records for the genus provided, as well as an illustrated identification key to all known species of the genus.

This study was conducted to collect and identify ichneumonid parasitoids of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) feeding on the plants of the family Asteraceae in the northwest of Iran during 2013-2015. Five species of ichneumon wasps on five species of fruit flies were reared. They were as follows: Cremastus lineatus on Urophora terebrans; Diadegma maculatum on Hypenidium robrowskii; Scambus brevicornis on Sphenella marginata, Scambus rufator on Terellia gynacochroma and Urophora sp. and Tranosema sp. on Tephritis sp. dioscurea group. Of them, Cremastus lineatus, S. rufator and Tranosema sp. are new records for ichneumonid fauna of Iran. All host-parasitoid-plant associations were newly established to the science. General distribution of these parasitoids and their biological associations were discussed.

Las avispas parasitoides son el grupo de mayor importancia en el control natural y biológico de insectos plaga. Su importancia radica en regular las poblaciones de sus hospederos. El género Pimpla pertenece a la subfamilia Pimplinae de la familia Ichneumonidae, se encuentra distribuido en todas las regiones, excepto en la Australiana; su tamaño va desde pequeño hasta mediano. Sus miembros son parasitoides de pupas de Lepidoptera ocultas en el suelo. En México hay 16 especies de Pimpla, de las cuales 10 se han encontrado en Tamaulipas. El objetivo fue conocer la fluctuación poblacional del género Pimpla durante un año en un bosque de pinos y juníperos. El estudio se realizó en Jaumave, Tamaulipas, México. El material entomológico se colectó mediante una trampa Malaise. Se colectaron 1,208 ichneumónidos, de los cuales 290 pertenecen a la subfamilia Pimplinae, del género Pimpla se obtuvieron 245 ejemplares, lo que representa un 84 % del total de especímenes para Pimplinae. Como conclusión se tiene que en el bosque de estudio la población del género Pimpla es alta, además de que se observó que Pimpla presentó más actividad en primavera y verano.

Los ichneumónidos son parasitoides de otros artrópodos, especialmente de insectos. En Tamaulipas se han registrado
416 especies, algunas son notables por su comportamiento, por atacar plagas o por constituir nuevos taxa; el objetivo
de este artículo informar de su presencia. Tanychela pilosa Dasch es la única avispa acuática. Agonocryptus chichimecus (Cresson), Calliephialtes grapholitae (Cresson), Calliephialtes sittenfeldae Gauld, Ugalde & Hanson, Cryptus albitarsis (Cresson), Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson), Diapetimorpha macula (Cameron), Diradops hyphantriae Kasparyan & Pinson, Enicospilus purgatus (Say), Gambrus ultimus Cresson, Itoplectis conquisitor Say, Itoplectis mexicanus Kasparyan & Niño, Mesostenus gracilis Cresson, Pimpla punicipes Cresson y Pristomerus spinator Fabricius son parasitoides de plagas de cultivos básicos, industriales, frutales, hortalizas, árboles
maderables o de productos almacenados. Batakomacrus hidalgo Humala se describió de Tamaulipas (el resto de las
especies están en Europa y una en Mongolia) y cinco géneros de la tribu Cryptini se describieron recientemente: Cadarca, Epicnemion, Ferrocyptus, Tamaulipeca y Xenarthron.

A new tersilochine species, Aneuclis aenigmatica Khalaim et Ruíz-Cancino, sp.n., is described from the State of Jalisco in Southwestern Mexico. In spite of the fact that the species is represented by a single poorly preserved male without antennae, it is immediately distinguished from all North American congeners by the head lacking occipital carina dorsally, infumate with brown wings and very short metacarpus.