Journalistic Profession

Through interviews with one hundred journalists and editors in seven countries, we examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists. The underreporting of legal aspects of international conflict, combined with less security, means less presence and more journalistic coverage based on second-hand observation. The article argues that reduced access to conflict hotspots owing to the tactical targeting of journalists might distort the coverage of wars and conflicts and affect the quality of journalism in future.

Until the late 1990s, no data was available on the subject of Swiss journalists or the state of journalism in Switzerland. After the national survey of 1998, a new survey was conducted in 2007/2008 to determine how journalists and journalism in Switzerland had changed over the last decade, and how changes
in the media (e.g., the Internet) and society (e.g., globalization, commercialization) had affected journalists in the country. This article presents results from this survey and compares them to the 1998 survey. It will produce a series of conclusions about the current state of journalism in Switzerland, the changes it
has been going through during the last decade, and the consequences of these developments for Swiss j urnalism, media, and society.

Through interviews with 100 journalists and editors in seven countries, the authors examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists. The underreporting of legal aspects of international conflict, combined with less security, means less presence and more journalistic coverage based on second-hand observation. The article argues that reduced access to conflict hotspots owing to the tactical targeting of journalists might distort the coverage of wars and conflicts, and affect the quality of journalism in future.

The concept of «educational journalism», its functions and typology remain unexplored in European journalism. A few theoretical studies on this subject do not allow us to define the essence of the phenomenon of «educational journalism» in media discourse to the full extent. However, in both the Ukrainian local and global media space, there are specialized publications that work on the range of problems of education. Therefore, the practical constituent exists, but the lack of theoretical basis does not allow to research extensively the functional features of educational journalism, as well as restrains the development of the industry. The concept of «pedagogical journalism» is somewhat more studied, but often the definitions of «educational journalism» and «pedagogical journalism» are mixed, comprehended as the same, not delimitated. If we approach ad fontes, then pedagogical journalism is focused more on scientific bases, didactics, while educational-on innovative processes and changes, that take place in education nowadays. The problem we address in our study is to distinguish the concepts of «educational journalism» and «pedagogical journalism», which significantly complements the journalistic research concerning this issue.

What are the values guiding the French practice of journalism? What is the place of objectivity among these values? These questions were asked of 13 war correspondents working for eight of the leading French newspapers.
While objectivity is rejected as either an unattainable standard or an undesirable norm, it appears that a definition of objectivity is lacking and that this notion is often mistaken for neutrality.Three different conceptions of objectivity-as-neutrality emerge from the interviewees’ discourses: as a separation between facts and commentaries, as cautiousness in labeling and as a balance between the parties.
Can or should one of these conceptions serve as a guideline in the daily practice of journalism? The interviewees seem to be divided on this question and several propose moral values such as honesty or modesty as alternatives. The reference to moral values in turn proves problematic insofar as the focus on the journalists’ attitudes or intentions fails to address responsibility for highly consequential actions. In the end, when discussing specific dilemmas that they themselves have faced, most of the journalists quote accuracy and fairness as criteria for the evaluation of journalistic performance. ‘Etre juste’ – meaning both to be accurate (justesse) and to be fair (justice) – is what is expected of a professional journalist.

Algorithms, bots and automation for news articles generation. The combination of these concepts, elements and processes
is affecting journalism as a profession, which is going through a particularly tumultuous period as artificial intelligence (AI)
begins to occupy a field traditionally dominated by the human factor. This research provides a world map featuring media,
agencies and companies that use automation to generate information. Moreover, we looked into the perception of this phenomenon
in Spain through a survey with chartered professional associations, associations of journalists and unions where
366 journalists provided a picture of the current situation within the country. Our findings prove that there is a deep lack of
understanding amongst Spanish journalists about how AI can have a direct impact on journalism as a profession. Automated
journalism will not stop gaining ground, as evidenced by 50 projects featured on our media world map.

This study analyzes the current socio-demographic and labor profile of Spanish journalists, as well as perceived changes they view to their profession, based on results obtained in a representative survey of 390 Spanish journalists between March 1, 2014 and May 30, 2015 performed as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study project. Our findings show that the average Spanish journalist is a man in his late thirties with advanced university degrees in communications or journalism who has been working in the profession for over fifteen years. The results show that job insecurity is commonly viewed as an issue in the profession, as are hierarchical and salary differences with respect to gender. The relevance of audiences and the perceived influence of economic difficulties on the media are among the most important changes experienced by journalists in Spain in recent years.

Este artículo analiza cómo la presencia de distintos roles periodísticos en el contenido noticioso cambiaron o se mantuvieron estables después de la puesta en marcha de la Ley Orgánica de Comunicación, en Ecuador. Los resultados muestran una correlación significativa entre la presencia de ciertos roles profesionales y la puesta en marcha de la Ley. La mayor variación se da en los roles intervencionista, vigilante y leal-facilitador.
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This paper analyzes how the presence of different professional roles in the news content changed or remained stable with the implementation of the new Organic Law of Communication in Ecuador. The results show a significant relationship between both the put in practice of different journalistic roles and the implementation of the new Organic Law of Communication. The greatest variation occurs in the roles of interventionist, watchdog and loyal-facilitator.

This study analyzes the current socio-demographic and labor profile of Spanish journalists, as well as perceived changes they view to their profession, based on results obtained in a representative survey of 390 Spanish journalists between March 1, 2014 and May 30, 2015 performed as part of the Worlds of Journalism Study project. Our findings show that the average Spanish journalist is a man in his late thirties with advanced university degrees in communications or journalism who has been working in the profession for over fifteen years. The results show that job insecurity is commonly viewed as an issue in the profession, as are hierarchical and salary differences with respect to gender. The relevance of audiences and the perceived influence of economic difficulties on the media are among the most important changes experienced by journalists in Spain in recent years.

Journalism is an “extremely complicated profession” (Lewartowska: 1/1975) and writing about it is a challenge many academics and practitioners faced in the last 60 years, bearing witness to history and transformations which have shaped the profession, described in details in Press Research Centre Quarterly. Zeszyty Prasoznawcze comprise tens of thousands of pages of dissertations, essays, research reports and reviews, exploring the issues related to journalistic profession, its development, ethics, training, stability and changes. The many faces of journalists and their profession reflect in the mirror of the research published in Zeszyty Prasoznawcze.

Through interviews with 100 journalists and editors in seven countries, the authors examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists. The underreporting of legal aspects of international conflict, combined with less security, means less presence and more journalistic coverage based on second-hand observation. The article argues that reduced access to conflict hotspots owing to the tactical targeting of journalists might distort the coverage of wars and conflicts, and affect the quality of journalism in future.