Know-How

Innovations in education is the new approach of high-tech technologies, as the new way of development in the digitalized area. The article proves that digital technologies are relevant and widely used in various areas of society: management, economic relations, science and education. But digitalization of the educational process is of particular importance, since education can be considered the basis for the development of the economy and the achievement of the planned strategic goals. Today, important transformation processes are taking place in the field of education: electronic textbooks, Internet portals, databases of information needs are spreading, systems of online courses and distance learning are actively developing. A smart education system is being introduced, which involves providing access to content around the world, building learning in an interactive environment. It has been established that the digitalization of education identifies risks and problems that require solutions.

Innovations in education is the new approach of high- tech technologies, as the
new way of development in the digitalized area. The article proves that digital
technologies are relevant and widely used in various areas of society: management,
economic relations, science and education. But digitalization of the educational
process is of particular importance, since education can be considered the basis for
the development of the economy and the achievement of the planned strategic goals.
Today, important transformation processes are taking place in the field of education:
electronic textbooks, Internet portals, databases of information needs are spreading,
systems of online courses and distance learning are actively developing. A smart
education system is being introduced, which involves providing access to content
around the world, building learning in an interactive environment. It has been
established that the digitalization of education identifies risks and problems that
require solutions

Development of the tourism industry - a new approach to the development of the economy of the Republic, in achieving high results of improvement and attracting investment from the outside. Today, Kazakhstan is the new economic approach of a breakthrough, gradually begin to introduce innovations in every sector of the economy, adopted various strategies and programs for the development and application of innovation, the tourism industry is no exception. The country should carry out accelerated technological modernization through the cultivation and introduction of new industries, the development of industrial and tourist infrastructure. The transition to innovative development of the country is defined as the main goal of the state policy in the field of science and technology and as one of the most important areas - the formation of the national innovation system.

Mientras el desarrollo y la gestión de los conocimientos y la información son cada vez más cruciales de cara al buen funcionamiento de la economía de la UE, la exposición del saber hacer y la información de valor no divulgados (secretos comerciales) al robo, el espionaje u otras técnicas de apropiación indebida ha aumentado y sigue aumentando (globalización, externalización, cadenas de abastecimiento más largas, mayor utilización de las TIC, etc.). También aumenta el riesgo de que secretos comerciales robados sean utilizados en terceros países para producir bienes infractores que posteriormente podrían entrar en competencia en el territorio de la UE con los de la víctima de la apropiación indebida. En este contexto, la Comisión Europea ha presentado una Propuesta de Directiva del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo relativa a la protección del saber hacer y la información empresarial no divulgados (secretos comerciales) contra su obtención, utilización y divulgación ilícitas [COM(2013) 813 final].


While the development and management of knowledge and information have become ever more central to the performance of the EU economy, the exposure of valuable undisclosed know-how and information (trade secrets) to theft, espionage or other misappropriation techniques has and continues to increase (globalisation, outsourcing, longer supply chains, increased use of ICT, etc.). The risk also increases that stolen trade secrets are used in third countries to produce infringing goods which subsequently compete within the EU with those of the victim of the misappropriation. In this context, the European Commission has published a Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure [COM(2013) 813 final]

Suggested Citation

Luis González Vaqué. "El retraso en la adopción de la Directiva sobre los secretos comerciales: ¿Quién gana… quién pierde?" Revista Aranzadi Unión Europea. No. 5 (2015): 27-45.

Analyzing the concepts of circulation and localization of knowledge took form at the conference “Localisation et circulation des savoirs en Afrique”, which was organized at the Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme in Aix-en-Provence in March 2009. This conference allowed participants to confront and formalize their research experiences from all over Africa from this perspective. By describing...

Given that the core concern of any localized agri-food system (LAFS) is its heritage, the know-how historically encapsulated in agri-food products can determine their territorial entrenchment. The authors consider this know-how as a complex resource that can be exploited through interactions among technical, relational, cultural and cognitive components. They analyse the know-how
associated with the LAFS of cheese production in Corsica, combining anthropological and systemic approaches to explore the concept of territorially anchored collective know-how. The paper emphasizes that knowledge about interactions between potential collective resources, such as that relating to animal
husbandry and cheese production, does not necessarily belong to the same cultural phase or have the same transience as a historical building process.

Economic security of SMEs through the protection of the knowledge cycle. Small and medium sized enterprises represent a pool of economic dynamism and innovation of a country. Indeed, they are in the heart of the economy and induce an important source of knowledge and skills for centuries. If they want to survive, small and medium sized enterprises should establish a global protection from risk. However, in a highly competitive and globalized market, several questions arise about their future. Among these questions one major challenge is to know if they can protect their knowledge. This paper offers a methodology for threat analysis and assessment of vulnerability in the particular case of SMEs through the process of knowledge production.