Lichenology

The Olson site (5BL147) is a multi-component rock walled game drive located in the James Peak wilderness
area of Northern Colorado, USA. It is one part of a much larger game drive complex located at
Rollins Pass, situated above modern tree limit and along the Continental Divide, at approximately
3600 m above sea level. Byron Olson and James Benedict conducted work at the site in the late 1960s.We
combined their efforts with our recent field and lab work to produce a synthetic overview of the site. At
least 45 blinds and 1307 m of rock walls are present, to funnel game upslope to waiting hunters.
Radiocarbon and lichenometric dates suggest occupations spanning the last 3200 years, with diagnostic
tools suggesting even older use. Lithic analysis of the debitage and tools, from both excavated (blinds)
and surface contexts (intercept and processing areas), provides possible scenarios for the use of the site.
Large game drives of the Colorado alpine zone represent accumulated landscapes of artifacts and features,
the byproduct of many years of construction, use, and re-use, and built for a variety of reasons.

We present in this study thirty eight species of lichens collected on the bark of Quercus rotundifolia in the communal forest Guezoul Tiaret, 29 which have been identified only, for the remaining eight species we have only the genus (Catillaria, Lecanora, Caloplaca, Physcia). This inventory will contribute to the enrichment of the list lichenoflore Algerian.

Grazing exclusion zones used as a means to control excessive erosion of a unique friable substrate and the associated flora on Cronkley fell has been in place for 43 years. Increases in the extent of grazing exclosures across the habitat have occurred at various intervals offering temporally distinct grazing exclusion zones across the habitat. Analysis of vegetation and lichen species data relating to grazing exclosures across 3 broad time scales (43 to 39 years, 9 to 3 years and 0 years) are presented.
Differences in the vegetation cover are related to age of grazing exclosure. Increases in Sesleria caerulea are tied to grazing exclosure age and a reduction in phytodiversity and lichen diversity is evident as a result of this dominance. A typical result from grazing exclosure was noted i.e increases in sward height, species reduction, dominant species etc. However, ecologically distinct mechanisms related to species diversity are noted but not tested for. The regeneration niche is an important element in the maintenance of botanically rich lichen and vascular plant communities on Cronkley fell, the maintenance of the grasslands in equilibrium for both lichen and vascular plant communities requires no more than 60% cover of Sesleria caerulea with reductions in species diversity noted as this figure increases beyond 60%. Festuca ovina is critical in maintaining niche availability requirement within both lichen and vascular plant communities.

(english)
I. V. Karatygin, N. S. Snigirevskaya, and S. V. Vikulin
Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Professora Popova 2, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia

Silicified fossils from Rhynie cherts in Scotland are studied. A lichen belonging to the genus Winfrenatia is detected and studied. This oldest terrestrial lichen is dated to the Pragian (=Siegenian) of the Early Devonian. New characters of the lichen are described, and their new interpretation is given. The main component of the lichen thallus is a filamentous cyanobacterium (Nostocales). Structures which were interpreted as fungal hyphae are probably hollow sheaths of this cyanobacterium. Mycobiont hyphae develop at the base of the thallus and symbiose with a coccoid cyanobacterium. Thus, Winfrenatia reticulata is a three-parted organism, constituted of a mycobiont and filamentous and coccoid cyanobacteria.

The aim of the conducted study is to inventory and
identify epiphytic lichen flora of Aleppo pine and cypress forest of Djebel Guezoul (Tiaret).
Lichens taxonomic identification was made through chemical testing and based on the
flora of (Ozenda & Clauzade, Biostel, Trevor, Bruce et Meidinger, Kirschbaum, Volkmar et Ruprecht, Tievant, Sharnoff D., Sharnoff S., Irwin, Emmanuel, Diederich et Lambion,
Van Haluwin et Asta) .
Thus, we were able to identify and identified 30 different  species which are distributed in 15 genera which dominant are respectively Physcia, Lecanora, Xanthoria, and finally
the remaining genera as Caloplaca and Catilaria are poorly represented, nine families which the most dominant are respectively Parmeliaceae , the Physciaceae and Teloschistaceae and 4 orders where lecanorales are the most represented.

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

Wszyscy wiemy, że w lesie występują porosty, mchy, wątrobowce,
śluzowce i glony, ale stanowią one tło i prawie nikt nie wnika w szczegóły. A są to równie frapujące
i nie mniej znaczące składniki ekosystemów leśnych, jak ich bardziej znani więksi krewni.
Powyższe przekonanie było dla mnie inspiracją do napisania niniejszego przewodnika. Porosty
są wszechobecne w lasach, a ich znaczenie i rola są wystarczająco duże, by zwrócić na nie baczniejszą
uwagę. Mam nadzieję, że ta książka przybliży piękny i zadziwiający świat porostów i przekona
Czytelników, że warto pochylić się nad nimi, nawet jeśli do tego potrzebne jest dobre szkło powiększające.

The present study records distribution of eight genera and thirteen species of cetrarioid lichens from seven
localities, situated at different altitudes, in Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand. Cetraria
nigricans Nyl., is a new addition to the lichen flora of Uttarakhand. A key to the genera and species together with
short descriptions, synonyms and basionyms of each taxon are also provided. The cetrarioid lichen genus Cetrelia is
dominant in altitude ranges of 2001-3500 m, whereas Cetraria and Flavocetraria are dominant in higher altitude range
of 3501-4000 m. The altitude range 3501-4000 m exhibits maximum diversity of cetrarioid lichens in the area. The
corticolous cetrarioid lichens exhibit dominance at 1501-3500 m altitude whereas terricolous species at 3501-4000 m.
Among the different localities situated in lower altitudes, Sankari and Taluka have the poor diversity of cetrarioid
lichens, whereas Har-ki-Doon and Morinda Tal areas show their luxuriant growth. The probable reason for poor
diversity in the Sankari and Taluka areas may be heavy anthropogenic pressure as the inhabitants of the villages
largely depend for their fuel and fodder needs on the nearby forest area which resulted into destruction of forest.

The lichenological history of Saint Lucia is reviewed from published literature and catalogues of herbarium specimens. 238 lichens and 2 lichenicolous fungi are reported. Of these 145 species are known only from single localities in Saint Lucia. Important herbarium collections were made by Alexander Evans, Henry and Frederick Imshaug, Dag Øvstedal, Emmanuël Sérusiaux and the authors. Soufrière is the most surveyed botanical district for lichens.

The lichens growing on monuments of Odisha are compiled from previous studies and fresh collections. A total of 31 species 16 genera and 12 families are listed. The lichen biota was domina ted by microlichens represented by 24 species. The monuments also supported luxuriant growth of foliose lichens such as Dirinaria and Pyxine which grow tightly attached the substratum. Except for Pe/tu/a and Phyl/iscum all other lichens produce second ary metabolites that participate in chelaf1 on. It is evident that all the monuments studied are highly prone to biodeterioration as the construction material and environmental conditions of Odisha favour luxuriant growth of lichens. Based on the age of the monuments, diversity of I ichens and their metabolites it can be concluded that Sun temple, Konark: Raja Rani temple, Rameshwar and Satrughneswar temples, Bhubaneshwar are at high risk of deterioration.

The paper, lists 361 species of lichens belonging to 89 genera and 35 families from
the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand. The study is based on the published
literature and specimens in the herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow (LWG). Dhakuri and Khati areas, situated between 2683 2210 m have
the highest diversity of lichens represented by 215 and 172 species, respectively.
Lichen, families Parmeliaceae with 23 genera and Physciaceae with 8 genera are
the dominant families in the district. Among the different lichen genera, Cladonia
with 22 species and Heterodermia with 18 species exhibit their dominance in the
area. Trees bear a luxuriant growth of lichens and particularly Quercus, Pinus,
Alnus and Cedrus exhibit the maximum diversity of epiphytic lichens in the
district.

Bacidina mendax, described here as a new lichen species, appears to be common and widespread, at least in Central Europe. Analyses of the ITS rDNA region and the morphology of specimens showed an intraspecific variation in the new taxon. It differs from B. neosquamulosa in the lack of a subsquamulose thallus, and from B. caligans in its longer and only slightly curved to apically hooked conidia and lack of a granular (sorediate) thallus. Since ITS rDNA data support the inclusion of Bacidia pycnidiata Czarnota & Coppins in the genus Bacidina, a new combination is proposed.

The main objective of this chapter was to describe the physicochemical and biological characteristics of selected lichenized ascomycetes and the influence of their physiologically active compounds on human health, through scientifically proven information. The chapter presents the biologically active metabolites derived from lichen species (polyphenols, volatile compounds, lipids, phospho-lipids, fatty acids, and organic acids). Lichens and their metabolites have been demonstrated to possess numerous biological activities, including antiviral, anti-bacterial, antitumor, and enzyme inhibitory activity. The influence of environmental factors on the lipid and fatty acid composition of some lichen species has also been reported. Lichens are easily exposed to halogens, which are present in polluted air. We present chlorinated metabolites, which are isolated from various species of lichens. Chlorine is one of the main pollutants in nature. The structures of about 50 chlorinated metabolites of phenolic nature generated by lichenized ascomycetes are considered. Some active lichen substances are used in the pharmaceutical industry. Keywords Lichens · Lichenized ascomycetes · Lipids · Fatty acids · Glycosides · Polar lipids · Activity · Chlorinated metabolites · Depsides · Depsidones

The paper enumerates distribution of 31 species belonging to 16 genera and 11 families of lichens from seven forest sites of Hojai
subdivision of Nagaon district, Assam. The area exhibits dominance of both crustose and foliose lichens represented by 16 and
14 species respectively, while a single fruticose Ramalina hossei Vain. species is recorded for the first time from the area. Out of
the total, 52 % species are crustose, and 45% are foliose in growth form. The members of family Physciaceae exhibit their
dominance with 4 genera and 9 species, followed by Parmeliaceae with 5 species in a single genus, and Graphidaceae with 2 genera representing 5 species.

Endolichenic fungi reside inside the lichen thalli without showing any visible symptoms of their presence. The fossil record of endolichenic fungi dates back to 415 million years, however, they have been successfully isolated only since the 1990s. Several reviews are available dealing with the bioprospecting potential of unique metabolites produced by endolichenic fungi; however, reviews addressing their taxonomic diversity are lacking. In this review, the names and the current taxonomic status of the endolichenic fungi reported so far are compiled and updated. The study indicated that approximately 500 endolichenic fungi are isolated of which only 135 identified up to species level. A large number of endolichenic fungi are either partially identified up to genus level or treated as unidentified. The reasons for such treatment are discussed. The study also revealed that only 114 well-known species of lichens belonging to 22 families are utilized for isolation of endolichenic fungi, while in some cases hosts were not identified. These lichens belong mostly to macro lichens with Parmeliaceae as the dominant members. The occurrence of the endolichenic fungi on different groups of plants indicates that they are not host-specific.

This study presents a comparative assessment of the trace metal air pollutants of urban, peri-urban, and rural areas of the Brahmaputra Valley plain in the Eastern Himalayan region using biomonitoring of Pyxine cocoes. In situ collection of the thalli growing on Bombax sp. from representative locations was done, which was analyzed for Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn using ICP-OES. The metals, viz. Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn, were highly enriched, indicating anthropogenic influences. The coefficients of variation (CV) of Co, Cr, and Ni were also high, pointing at their accumulation from local sources. Influence of local sources was also observed for Cd, Fe, and Mn in peri-urban and Cd in urban samples. Metals related to automobiles were accumulated in greater volume in samples of peri-urban locations, which implies the impact of the highway that runs through these locations and other associated human activities. The samples of urban areas were found to be enriched with metals originating from both vehicular emissions and road dust. Also, accumulations of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni in the lichen thalli were found to be around tea gardens. Inter-species correlations were found to be positively significant for most of the elements. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the metal data revealed that vehicular emission and coal burning, street dust, and crustal dust were the major sources of trace metals in the ambient air of the region.

Lichens form a conspicuous and diverse biota in the Caliente Field Office (CFO). Their varied colors can be seen on the cliffs along the highway through Rainbow Canyon and on boulders and junipers along mountain biking trails. Recently a trail in Cedar City, Utah was even named for its lichens (Miller 2015). Prior to surveys by the authors and colleagues in Great Basin National Park (Carter et al. 2019), no full-scale inventory of lichens had been conducted in the Great Basin Desert. Floristic lichen inventories have been conducted in the Mojave (Knight et al. 2002, Sweat et al. 2004, Jackson et al. 2005, Knudsen et al. 2013, Proulx and St. Clair 2013, Proulx et al. 2016) but this is the first study to survey the lichen flora of the Mojave and Great Basin along an ecotonal gradient. This report and anno- tated checklist are the product of three years of field work carried out in the CFO from 2016 to 2018. Specimens from these surveys are deposited at the Brigham Young University Herbarium of Non-Vas- cular Cryptogams (BRY-C).

This work establishes a robust baseline of lichen diversity for the CFO. A total of 361 taxa of lichens, 57 lichenicolous fungi and 3 allied fungi are reported from the field office. Twelve species are new reports for North America (Arthonia hertelii, Ascochyta candelariellicola, Caloplaca teicholyta, Cercidospora melanophthalmae, Endococcus karlstadtensis, Lawalreea lecanorae, Lichenochora epinashii, Lichenostigma gracilis, L. triseptatum, Megaspora rimisorediata, Polycoccum evae and Psorotichia numidella var. flageyna). An additional 56 species of lichens and 46 species of licheni- colous fungi, many probably new to science, are discussed and require further study. This report pro- vides an annotated checklist of the currently documented lichen flora of the Caliente Field Office and Basin and Range National Monument, including distribution, habitat, substrate preferences and conser- vation status for each species. Rare species and habitats are discussed, and detailed notes are provided for species ranked as critically imperiled (S1 rank). This report is accompanied by a field guide that includes photographs and field identification notes for over 180 common lichen species of the Great Basin Desert.

The highest diversity of lichens in the CFO is found on high-elevation mountain peaks, especially Highland Peak, which also hosts a diverse, closed canopy, mesic forest of White Fir and actively recruiting Bristlecone Pines. While high-elevation sites are per unit area the richest, Pinyon–Juniper woodlands host the most diverse assemblage of lichen species. The northeastern portion of the Mojave hosts an unusual species assemblage, potentially owing to its location in the ecotone of three floristic regions: Mojave, Great Basin and Colorado Plateau.
As evidence mounts demonstrating that the southern Great Basin biota is at high risk of climate change impacts (Bradley 2010, Still and Richardson 2015), of primary interest is whether lichens can be utilized as early-warning bioindicators of climate change (Root et al. 2014). Candidate bioindicator species are presented and preliminary species distribution and local conservation status is given for each species. Further research is required in order to build upon this robust baseline and create a suite of tools useful for land management, including field-testing monitoring methods, and implementing long-term monitoring plots for candidate bioindicator species.

Bu çalışmada, bitkibilimde kullanılan bir terim olan liken kelimesine, kök anlamına sadık kalarak Türkçe yeni bir karşılık önerilmektedir. Bu önerinin mantıksal çerçevesi, Antik Yunancadan, Orta Çağ Arapçasına, Orta Çağ Latincesine ve nihayetinde de Türkçeye kadar uzanan bir yelpazede, konuya esas teşkil eden tarihî metinlere ve onların kaydedildiği elyazmalarına dayanmaktadır. Türkçe metinlerde liken terimi yerine yalaç teriminin kullanımı önerilmektedir. Bu öneri ülkemizdeki dilbilim, onomastik ve bitkibilim uzmanlarının eleştirel dikkatine sunulmaktadır.

Abstract In this study, a Turkish equivalent for the botanical term lichen has been proposed having in consideration with its etymon. The logical framework for this proposal relies upon a range of historical texts in some manuscripts from Ancient Greek to Medieval Arabic, Medieval Latin and finally Turkish. In Turkish texts, the use of the term yalaç is proposed instead of liken. This proposal is presented to the critical attention of specialists in linguistics, onomastics and of botany in our country.

Air pollution biomonitoring was first time done in Delhi by using lichen transplanted technique (LTT). Lichens are biomonitoring indicator and effect of atmospheric pollutants on physiological integrity was examined. Samples made of epiphytic foliose lichen Pyxinecocoes(Sw.) Nyl. were actively transplanted at five different sites in Delhi (bus-stop, residential area, commercial area, industrials area and highways) for monitoring the quantitative estimation of heavy meatls (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn) contained in the lichen thallus at vertical positions and also potential quantum yield of photosystem II (fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm), change in the concentration of pigmentation and chlorophyll degradation ratio. The highest concentration is of Iron (Fe) in all the sites and the lowest concentration is of Cadmium (Cd) in all the sites. Two metals Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) were not detected (N.D) in any of the sites in the present study. Rain also interrupted the transplantedperiod. Bus-stop and highways are most polluted as compared to residential, commercial area. It was also evident from this study that vehicular emission played a significant role in the releasing of elements as pollutants in the surrounding environment.

Sixty-six species are recorded for the first time from the Fijian archipelago. Diagnostic features and distribution areas are given for each species reported here. The genera Bactrospora, Badimia, Baeomyces, Calenia, Coccotrema, Dibaeis, Gyalectidium, Gylalideopsis, Lecanora, Lepraria, Leucodecton, Megalospora, Melanotopelia, Pannaria, Peltigera, Pyxine, Strigula, Thalloloma, and Thelotrema are reported here from Fiji for the time. The majority of new records belong to pan- or palaeo-tropical species, in addition to cosmopolitan, Australasian and Indo-Pacific elements.

The exploration of lichens carried out in the Goodrical Reserve Forest of Pathanamthitta, Kerala resulted in 43 species with dominance of
crustose forms. Graphis japonica, Lepraria indica, Myelochroa metarevoluta, Porina belonospora and Pseudocyhellaria junghuhniana are new
records to Kerala. A brief description of the new records is provided

Changes in biomass growth and chemical composition of transplanted Cetraria islandica
lichen thalli were investigated in a natural stand in the Bory Tucholskie region (northern
Poland) over 3 yr. Transplants consisted of either 3.85 or 7.88 g fragments, 12.62 g clumps,
or control plots where all vegetation and lichens were removed. The initial mass of C.
islandica significantly influenced the percentage cover of investigated lichens at the study
plots. At the last set of study measurements the highest cover, biomass accumulation (4
)
and mean final mass (31.99 g m2) of C. islandica were recorded at the study plots at which
7.77 g fragments were transplanted. Analysis showed that the content of the determined
chemical compounds in each sample were similar. The potential influence of other species
growing at the study area on the occurrence of C. islandica was also examined through
monitoring species diversity in the cleared forest floor plots. Altogether 18 species of plants
and lichens were recorded in study plots, and among most abundant species Dicranum
polysetum and Pleurozium schreberi were observed. The mean percentage cover for C.
islandica was 14.61 %.
ª 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.

Colleflaccinosides A and B, two chiral bianthraquinone glycosides from the two geographical
varieties of lichen Collema flaccidum collected in Russia and Israel have been isolated as new
natural products. Their structures were elucidated using UV, CD, IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR
spectral data, and chemical degradation. The colleflaccinosides B had significant antitumor
activity in the crown gall tumor inhibition test

Usnea is a widespread fruticose lichen popularly known for its medicinal properties across
the world. Though it has been mentioned in many floristic studies reported from Uttarakhand, India,
no detailed taxonomic account has been conducted for the past two decades. The present study was
based on specimens deposited in lichen herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute (LWG),
personal herbarium of D.D. Awasthi (AWAS) and herbarium of the department of botany, Lucknow
University (LWU). A total of 28 species, including seven new additions to Uttarakhand, namely U.
dendritica Stirt., U. lucea Mot., U. norketti G. Awasthi, U. pseudosinensis Asahina, U. sinensis
Mot., U. spinosula Stirt., U. subflorida Stirt.are presented along with key to species.