Lubricant

The rolling process had been used in every aspect of our life. Various types of sections like tee, angle, channel, railway track, sheets, foils of different mate-rial are made by rolling process. The quality of the product depends upon the various characteristics of rolling parameters. At the junction, the key role played by lubricants for saving energy and properties of the material in contact. Re-searchers are putting continuous efforts into the tribological analysis and developing new lubricants for the rolling process according to the material. The authors had reviewed the lubricants used in different rolling processes and found out a diverse range of lubricants. Various ecologically safe and effective lubricants had been reviewed. Lubrication performance testing tribometer for testing of tribological properties of lubricants had been reviewed. Hydrodynamic, mixed and boundary lubrication mechanisms had been found in different rolling conditions. The use of lubricants was found ...

We present experimental results and tentative explanations for the origin of sharkskin in extrusion of polyolefins with narrow molecular weight distribution as well as plausible mechanisms of sharkskin suppression by the use of viscoelastic Polymer Processing Additives (PPA). Novel PPAs are proposed. The novel PPAs are composed of esters of oxoacids of Boron and Phosphorus and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) with molecular weights from 1000 to 10,000 Da, and optionally contain silanols and a thickening agent. In contrast to conventional PPAs made from fluorinated polymers and siloxanes, the novel PPAs are hydrophilic and they can be made from cheap and FDA-compliant components.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the wear phenomena of Jatropha and palm oil contaminated lubricant in elastrohydrodynamic lubrication with a four-ball machine. As a result, it was found that both Jatropha and palm oil has the potential in becoming an alternative lubricant in conventional machinery usage. However, Jatropha oil contaminated lubricant was a better lubricant in terms of low wear scar diameter, low coefficient of friction and high flash temperature parameter. © 2011 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/6032030/6041433/06041475.pdf?tp=&arnumber=6041475&isnumber=6041433

As the petroleum fraction’s demand increasing day by day in case of lubricating the parts of machinery. This also increase the problem of disposal of waste lubricant that may contaminate the soil and water environment and the depletion of petroleum reserve also brought the interest of researchers toward developing the lubricants that should be environmental friendly and also obtained from the source that should be in bulk quantity and easily obtainable. In this regards, vegetable oil is selected to be used as lubricant because it has some competent properties like higher flash point, fire point, viscosity index and the Tribological properties are better than the mineral oil based lubricant. Like Tribological properties of soybean oil with the different proportion of ZDDP is investigated and compared with mineral oil, results show that less wear and tear is observed. Similarly, the physical properties of jatropha oil was compared with the engine oil and hydraulic oil. The results show that the jatropha oil has less coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter than the engine oil and can be used as engine oil with the improvement in its viscosity. along with soybean and jatropha oil, anti-wear properties of the karanja oil blended with benzoic acid and ZDDP separately investigated and results showed that karanja oil can also be used as lubricant instead of mineral based lubricant. But karanja oil has drawback of high pour point than the mineral oil which is modified by using the polymethacrylate as a pour point depressant and lower the pour point from 1oC to -11oC with the addition of 1% in karanja oil. Overall results about vegetable oil show that vegetable oil modified with different chemical can be used as a lubricant in the industry with relatively low priced than the available lubricants in the market. These vegetable oil might be extracted in the Asian countries in a bulk quantity.

Since the past years various manufacturing operations which includes the machining of metals uses various types of collants and lubricants which are composed of chemicals and other polluants factors. This collants and lubricants which are used, very dangerous and hazardous to the nature and human. This operations includes manufacturing operations like turning, milling, drilling, forming and grinding, forming, sheet métal operations etc. heat generated in the cutting zone results into bad work piece quality and more tool wear. Hence there is need to find and use the alternative coolants and lubricants which will reduce the hazards machining cost and other cost and, factors. In this paper boric acid is mixed with different oils coconut oil, soluble oil and potassium chloride and this mixture is used as cutting fluid and experimentation was done and performance was calculated and results are compared with the conventional and cutting oil without boric acid. Based on the experimental data we can say that boric acid and coconut oil showed that using better performance. New coolants potassium chloride is used in this project that gives more weightage.

To extend drain intervals and improve efficiency, new engine oils with increased dispersant concentration and reduced viscosity are required. Low viscosity engine oils can increase the prevalence of boundary friction at low temperature and increase its severity at higher temperatures. As a result, combinations of organic and inorganic friction modifiers (FM) will
be used to reduce boundary friction across a range of temperatures, also preventing damage to vehicle catalysts. This paper presents an experimental case study of such new generation of fully-formulated engine lubricants with varying concentrations of polyisobutylene succinimide dispersant, organic and inorganic FM. Representative conditions pertaining to those encountered at the top dead centre reversal of the piston compression ring-cylinder liner contact are created, and the generated friction measured through use of a sliding-strip tribometry.
Subsequently, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is used to determine the composition of the formed surface tribofilms in order to explain the observed frictional characteristics. The key interactions and frictional behaviour of the dispersant and friction modifiers are highlighted
across a range of operating temperatures.

The friction and wear behaviors of polyester coatings incorporating graphite particles and deposited on an aluminum substrate by a spraying technique were analyzed in this study. Four volume ratios of the graphite particles in the polyester matrix were considered in the range of 0% to 35%. The coatings tribological behaviors were analyzed using high chromium steel ball antagonist. The friction

Lubricated Air Compressors - Operating and Maintenance Procedures Required to Avoid Fires and Explosions
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR OIL LUBRICATED
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lubricating Oil
4.3 Oil consumption
4.4 Operating Discharge Temperatures
4.5 High Discharge Temperature Trips
4.6 External Visual Inspection of Pipework
4.7 Routine Removal of Carbon Deposits

5 MODEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR OIL FLOODED ROTARY COMPRESSOR
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lubricating Oil
5.3 Oil Consumption
5.4 Oil Change Frequency
5.5 Separator Element Change Frequency
5.6 Operating Discharge Temperatures
5.7 High Discharge Temperature Trip

6 LOG SHEETS

APPENDICES

A EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

B EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR OIL FLOODED ROTARY COMPRESSORS