MEASUREMENTS

Many works have been conducted relevant to rainfall measurements, while the first relevant ones were based on the power loss estimation function from wireless links located back to the early 1940s. It is notable, though, that this innovative idea conduced to many theoretical models correlating the signal attenuation to the rainfall intensity. This type of parameter strongly contributes to the mechanism of frequency attenuation above 10 GHz. Consequently, in the last twenty years, there has been a significant boost to this research topic. Researchers all around the world have worked thoroughly on the issue of estimating rain with the use of earth-to-earth microwave signal attenuation. Nevertheless, the issue remains intriguing and challenging. This paper presents a literature survey, of the last decade, on this challenging issue focusing on measurements from backhaul cellular microwave links and experimental setups. Research challenges and future trends are also presented.

A comprehensive physics-based model of the helicopter rotor in forward flight is used to analyze the impact of selected faults on rotor system behavior. The rotor model is based on finite elements in space and time. The helicopter rotor model is used to develop a neural network-based ...

Analysis of water vapor flows encountered in pharmaceutical freeze-drying systems, laboratory-scale and industrial, is presented based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. The flows under continuum gas conditions are analyzed using the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations whereas the rarefied flow solutions are obtained by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method for the Boltzmann equation. Examples of application of CFD techniques to laboratory-scale and industrial scale freeze-drying processes are discussed with an emphasis on the utility of CFD for improvement of design and experimental characterization of pharmaceutical freeze-drying hardware and processes. The current article presents a two-dimensional simulation of a laboratory scale dryer with an emphasis on the importance of drying conditions and hardware design on process control and a three-dimensional simulation of an industrial dryer containing a comparison of the obtained results with analytical viscous flow solutions. It was found that the presence of clean in place (CIP)/sterilize in place (SIP) piping in the duct lead to significant changes in the flow field characteristics. The simulation results for vapor flow rates in an industrial freeze-dryer have been compared to tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and gravimetric measurements. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3483–3494, 2009

The present study is devoted to the experimental measurement and thermodynamic modeling of solid carnosic acid solubility in supercritical CO2 + ethanol as a co-solvent. Measurements were carried out at temperatures in the range of 313.15 and 333.15 K, pressures ranging from 280 to 400 bar, and at different content of the modifier ethanol (from 0.7 to 10%).The Group Contribution Associating Equation of State (GCA-EoS) [H.P. Gros, S.B. Bottini, E.A. Brignole, High pressure phase equilibrium modeling of mixtures containing associating compounds and gases, Fluid Phase Equilibria 139 (1997) 75–87] was applied in this work to represent the experimental solubility data obtained. Due to the lack of information in the literature about pure carnosic acid parameters, its solid volume, critical properties, and sublimation pressures were estimated in this work. The key step in the thermodynamic modeling proved to be the introduction of a solute hard-sphere parameter in the Carnahan–Starling repulsive term of the model, which depends on both temperature and pressure.

He venido trabajando en el estudio de patrones y conductas del Homo sapiens, y creo que las mediciones, categorías, clasificaciones y la taxonomía son esenciales para clarificar hechos y eventos. Dicho esto, una vez que las mediciones y los tests cognitivos avancen, siento que una escala, un patrón y una unidad cognitiva de inteligencia humana –Human Intelligence Cognitive Unit (“Humint”), está clamando por su creación, a fin de poder cuantificar el grado de “humanidad” de los animales comparado con el Homo sapiens.

The article studies the conceptions of causality encountered in macroeconometrics. From an empiricist standpoint, it is natural to privilege measurements of phenomenal associations, spread over a period of time, between series of data. This method has made a major comeback since the 1970s, whereas these years seem to be moving away from the established approach to research in causality in this area. The authors seek to establish in particular the type of causality underpinning the approaches put forward by Clive Granger and Christopher Sims. They show that this definition of causality has distinctive advantages for the study of phenomena in which forecasting, different sets of information, interaction between the behaviour of developers of modelization tools and that of the other agents play a determining role.