Field

The visual processing of text occurs spontaneously in most readers. Dyslexic persons, however, often report both somatic symptoms and perceptual distortions when trying to read. It is possible that the perceptual distortions experienced by those with dyslexia reflect a disturbance in the basic mechanisms supporting perceptual organization at the early stages of visual processing. Integration of information over extended areas of visual space can be measured psychophysically in a task that requires the detection of a path defined by aligned, spatially narrow-band elements on a dense field of otherwise similar elements that are randomly oriented and positioned. In the present study a contour integration task was used to investigate such perceptual organization in dyslexia. The detection of contours or paths composed of Gabor micropatterns was performed within a field of randomly oriented distracter elements in a 2-alternate forced choice (AFC) task. The stimuli were manipulated by ran...

I Varumärkenas fält ställs frågor som: Hur vinner man erkännande i Stockholms reklamvärld? Hur säljer reklamproducenter detta erkännande till sina uppdragsgivare? Vad för slags erkännande är statliga reklamköpare ute efter att vinna genom sitt samarbete med prisbelönta och erkända reklamproducenter? I kontrast till en spridd föreställning att reklamen ”speglar samhället” är grundantagandet i denna studie att reklamen i första hand speglar den värld som skapar den, dvs. reklamvärlden. Det är människorna i detta mikrokosmos vars föreställningar och idéer om samhället som reklamen primärt reflekterar – men först efter att prismatiskt ha brutits genom ett fält. Frågan är därför hur detta fält är socialt och mentalt strukturerat. Utkikspunkten är en globalt verksam amerikansk reklambyrås Stockholmskontor, där dagliga deltagarobservationer utförts under ett års fältarbete.

The Field of Brands asks questions such as: How is recognition awarded in Stockholm's advertising world? How do advertising producers sell this recognition to their clients? What kind of recognition are state-owned buyers of advertising seeking through their collaboration with award-winning elite advertising agencies? Opposed to the popular notion that advertising "mirrors society", a basic assumption in this study is that advertising primarily reflects the social world that creates it, i.e. the advertising world. The argument being that it is the members of this microcosm whose ideas about society advertising primarily reflects – although only after having been refracted through a field. The question is therefore how this field is socially and mentally structured. The vantage point is a globally active U.S. advertising firm’s Stockholm office, where daily participant observations have been conducted during one year of fieldwork.

"Abstract

Over the last fifteen years, independent rock music has become a wider field of cultural production and consumption in Italy. Indeed, while during the 1970s and 1990s the production of independent music was connected predominantly to political movements, alternative subcultures and the antagonistic attitude of the 'centri sociali', in the present decade, independent popular music has moved towards the centre of the national music industry and the mass media of the musical mainstream. This article describes the phases of this process of institutionalisation, showing how the politically based culture of independent music is today at the centre of a symbolic struggle occurring between the values of authenticity, rooted in political youth cultures, and the strategic and pragmatic tendency towards integration into the mainstream of the national music industry. This analysis is carried out applying the Bourdieian concepts of 'field of cultural production' and 'cultural capital', together with their evolutions into the notion of 'subcultural capital'. This theoretical framework is applied in order to show both the process of institutionalisation this cultural field is undergoing, and the symbolic struggle taking place between the original values of the political and cultural autonomy of music and the commoditisation of musical objects in the mainstream mass media and national industrial sector. Finally, it is shown how new agents who represent the independent popular music industry at the national level need to deal with claims for authenticity raised by the alternative and extreme wings of the independent music scene.
Keywords: popular culture; independent music; symbolic capital; field of cultural production; subcultural capital"

This study aims to introduce Pierre Bourdieu's life, works, sociology, concepts he created and his contributions to the sociology of sports. The research was conducted with the literature search method. Bourdieu is one of the important sociologists of modern French sociology. His sociological point of view, qualified works and the theories/concepts he developed have carried him to the peak of intellectual life. In his academic life, subjects notably culture, education, art, politics, intellectuals, class, power, state, poverty, gender, economic-political, media and sociology of science, he has succeeded in enriching his sociology as a sociologist who has written many important works on many subjects and constantly creating new concepts and theories. The most striking feature of his sociology is to benefit from statistical methods and survey techniques. When Bourdieu's works are examined, it is seen that none of these new concepts created contradicts the ones he has produced before, there is no change in his basic point of view or acceptance and he carried his own sociology further. Another importance of Bourdieu's sociology is related to the in-depth analysis of the theories or concepts produced by empirical studies and demonstration of responses in practice. In addition, his sociology is a sociology that raises on the ideas of classical sociologists, avoids structure-individual dualism, combines theory and practice, and attempts to reveal the relationship between the social structure and the symbolic structure. The most important concepts of Bourdieu are habitus, field and capital. He tries to understand social hierarchy, domination relations and class differences through these concepts. It is seen that sports play an important role in the analysis of his theories or concepts. In general, it is important to monitor the fundamental dynamics of the field in the field of sport, to test the results of the habitus and capital differences directly in the sport, and also to show that the judgment or differences of taste appear as differences in sportive trends. Therefore, Bourdieu, both enabled the understanding of the social field and contributed to the development of sports sociology by making sociological analyzes on sports.

The Pass at Thermopylae, Greece John C. Kraft University of Delaware Newark, Delaware George Rapp, Jr. University of Minnesota Duluth, Minnesota George J. Szemler Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Christos Tziavos National Centre for Marine Research ...

Although some of Bourdieu’s most basic concepts have their roots in the sociology of religion, religion itself has, in appearance, only a marginalized status within his work. This article focuses on the genesis of religious field and how the theories of Durkheim, Mauss, and Weber fold into the notion of field defined by Bourdieu. Religious field must be understood within the symbolic economy as well; divisions of symbolic labor are therefore discussed in relation to segmented and non-segmented societies. Finally, Bourdieu’s analysis of institutions, in particular the Catholic Church, further help us understand the use and evolution of religious field in his work and shed light on the sociologist’s understanding of the movement from religious beliefs toward aesthetic ones.