Maritime Cultural Landscape and Seascapes

This PhD Thesis aims to establish a methodology of coastal research and of the maritime aspects of culture during the Neolithic period in the Northeast Aegean, the emphasis given to the 5th and 4th millennium BC. It supports the view that maritime archaeology must get off the study of individual sites and adopt a tendency for extended surveys of a broad nature that include the interconnections between the maritime landscape of the coastal zone and the related archaeological sites. It also espouses the prospect that has recently gained general acceptance of the need to broaden the horizon of maritime archaeology to encompass archaeological sites that are not underwater; instead they are located ashore but have namely a maritime character. Under this perspective the spatial distribution and the archaeological data of the so far identified coastal and insular sites of the Northeast Aegean are examined in conjunction with the geomorphological features, the palaeoclimatic and the oceanographic data from this region. The ways people use the maritime environment, the relations between the coastal and insular communities in this area and how (or if) the maritime communications affect the cultural characteristics of this area, as they are manifested through the archaeological data, are crucial questions that are sought after because they can accentuate important information regarding the establishment and the organization of the prehistoric settlements in the Northeast Aegean. Sea-level changes during the second half of the Holocene are analyzed, as well as the factors that affect them and the prospect of reestablishment of the palaeocoastline based on the geomorphological features of the broader landscape and the local features of the so far identified Neolithic settlements. Emphasis is given on the location of nodal points of maritime culture during the Late and Final Neolithic period (based on Aegean chronologies) and the mapping of potential areas for the location of Neolithic settlements closely related to the coastline of the period under study. The second volume of the thesis includes a catalog of coastal and insular archaeological sites of the Neolithic period under study. It is divided in eight units, each for every area of study (Α. Western Thrace, Β. Eastern Thrace, Γ. Thassos, Δ. Samothrace, Ε. Limnos, ΣΤ. Imvros, Ζ. Tenedos, Η. Northwestern Anatolia). The description of each site follows a tripartite structure that includes the chronological context, its geographical placement and description and finally its archaeological data. The thesis is accompanied by an MC Access database where the local archaeological and geoarchaeological studies that have taken place in the area are included in order to appreciate the length of the available data in the area of the Northeast Aegean, as well as in order to be easy for someone to access the data that are accumulated in the catalog.

Récemment, l'archéologie sous-marine, de par sa forme unique de patrimoine culturel, a considérablement évolué, de telle sorte qu’elle en vient désormais à saisir des intérêts tangibles au-delà de ses disciplines très spécialisées. À mesure de sa maturation méthodologique et technologique, nous constatons que le domaine s’est de plus en plus caractérisé à travers les préoccupations juridiques et éthiques croissantes que soulève la protection de son patrimoine immergé. Le présent guide a pour but de familiariser l'archéologue terrestre à ce domaine académique pionnier, quelques fois encore empreint d’ésotérisme. Pour ce faire, notre étude dresse un aperçu des menaces, des mesures d'urgence, ainsi que de l'un de ses adages les plus prometteurs pour l'Archéologie au sens large : celui de ses modèles interprétatifs, comme le « Paysage culturel maritime » de C. Westerdahl.

It is only recently that Underwater Archaeology and its unique form of cultural heritage has grown to encompass more tangible interests from outside its very specialized disciplines. With the long time coming of its methodological and technological maturation, the field has been increasingly characterized by the growing legal and ethical concerns raised by the protection of its heritage. This introductory guide aims to familiarize the land-based archaeologist to this budding, if not still somewhat esoteric academic domain. In doing so, the discourse of this study seeks to grant some insight as to the threats, contingency measures, as well as some of its most promising adage for Archaeology as a whole: that of its interpretative models, such as C. Westerdahl’s “Maritime Cultural Landscape”.

(English below)
De Zuiderzee is vanaf de late middeleeuwen tot de afsluiting in 1932 het dagelijkse vaargebied geweest van vele binnenschippers. Zij spelen een bescheiden rol binnen de maritieme geschiedschrijving van Nederland, omdat hun activiteiten nauwelijks sporen hebben achtergelaten in de archieven. Toch zijn er bronnen om deze tak van de scheepvaart te onderzoeken: de meer dan 450 scheepswrakken die hier vanaf de eerste inpolderingen tot en met recente duikoperaties zijn aangetroffen.

Dit proefschrift gaat dieper in op de betekenis van deze scheepsarcheologische vindplaatsen aan de hand van een casestudy: de turfvaart tussen 1550 en 1700. Onderzocht wordt in hoeverre de spectaculaire sociaaleconomische ontwikkeling die Holland in deze periode doormaakte, verband houdt met de Zuiderzee als centrum van een omvangrijk maritiem transportlandschap. Verschillende invalshoeken belichten het vervoer van turf over deze binnenzee: van macro-economische analyses tot een reconstructie van het dagelijkse leven van de turfschippers.

De historische maritieme archeologie van de turfvaart biedt zowel een vernieuwende kijk op het maritieme verleden van Nederland als een kader voor het interpreteren van scheepswrakken. Het beeld dat uit deze studie is ontstaan, zal bijdragen aan de herwaardering van het unieke erfgoed dat nog steeds voor een belangrijk deel verborgen ligt in de bodem van de voormalige Zuiderzee.

Summary

From the late Middle Ages up to its closure in 1932 the Zuiderzee harboured a substantial amount of trade routes for the daily transport of cargo in all directions. The inland skippers, although large in numbers, played a modest role in the Dutch maritime history, as their activities hardly left a significant trace in the paper archives. The main source of information of this maritime activity is the unique archaeological archive of more than 450 shipwrecks found in this area during land reclamation projects and recent dive investigations.

This PhD thesis features a case study that highlights the significance of these archaeological ship finds in relation to the maritime trade of peat, the main source of energy for pre-modern economy. It explores the extent to which the spectacular socio-economic development of Holland between 1550 and 1700 AD can be attributed to the Zuiderzee functioning as a hub in an extensive maritime transport landscape. The transport of peat across this inner sea is addressed from different angles, ranging from macro-economic analyses to the reconstruction of the daily routines of peat skippers.

The historical maritime archaeology of peat shipping offers a new historic perspective to the maritime past of The Netherlands and may well serve as a framework for future research into shipwrecks and their interpretation in a historical context. This PhD thesis contributes to a renewed appreciation for the unique cultural heritage that is still largely hidden in the seabed of the former Zuiderzee.






















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This cultural landscape approach may provide a new way of assessing regional studies for maritime archaeology. The consideration of physical and cognitive aspects of sea usage can identify and analyse key characteristics of seascape construction, which is then applied to detect this structuring in the Gippsland region of Victoria. The role played by risk management in seascape structuring is further investigated, and the implications for the future direction of maritime archaeological research and heritage management are discussed.

This book changes our understanding of the Roman conceptions about the sea by placing the focus on shipwrecks as events that act as bridges between the sea and land. The study explores the different Roman legal definitions of these spaces, and how individuals of divergent legal statuses interacted within these areas. Abstract though this approach may seem, the problems addressed are concrete and down-to earth. Its main purpose is to chart and analyse the Roman conception of the maritime landscape from the Late Republican until the Severan period 1 through a close study of juristic literature and an archaeological analysis of the landscape. In my study, these sea-related areas are analysed following the theoretical framework known as maritime cultural landscape. This scheme analyses the culture of maritime peoples within a spatial context, retaining the recursive culture-nature relationship of landscape studies. Within the maritime cultural landscape approach, maritime history and ethnography are integrated with the physical remains of past maritime systems, such as shipwrecks, ports, villages, fortifications, and-as I will argue in the book-documented legal rulings. These elements can be interpreted within the context of the maritime landscape to explore "how people perceived and understood the sea and used this knowledge and understanding to order and constitute the landscape and societies that they live in". 2 The latter view links with the field known as environmental identity, which proposes that people can develop a sense of connection to some part of the nonhuman environment that affects the way they perceive and act toward the world. 3 Indeed, the maritime cultural landscape of the Roman world was characterized by a divide between the land-that could be governed by the law of the Romans (civil law or ius civile)-and the sea-which was guided by the laws of the peoples (ius gentium). However, in the private field, the ius gentium means that legal principles are accepted from the contact between Romans and foreigners and are valid for Roman citizens. This perspective places the spotlight on the special nature of the sea's border with the land, or even other watery bodies such as rivers or lakes, which will be also explored in the book in order to clarify the different Roman conceptions of these spaces. This book centres on three research questions that touch on these topics, by exploring the intersection of a range of ideas and their contexts in understanding ancient landscapes: • What is the role of law in connecting land and sea spaces in the Roman world? 1 The chronology chosen for this work is based on the dating of the fragments contained in the Digest' title which constitutes the focus of this study.

"Summary
The aim of this meeting is to discuss local environmental knowledge in relation to policies and scientific perspectives on climate change. The purpose is for Pacific Islanders to talk about and represent their local knowledges, values and environmental practices in ways that effectively speak to national and international policy makers and climate scientists. We have chosen traditional calendars as our guiding theme because they offer a useful, organized set of systems for approaching indigenous environmental knowledges.
By placing traditional calendars at the centre of this conversation we hope to offer a space for community researchers and representatives from across the Pacific to compare and present their local knowledges in ways that can be understood and incorporated into climate studies and policy without losing their sense of origin, ownership and cultural value. This translation between local knowledge, science and policy poses big challenges, because traditional knowledge is never separate from moral and social values, nor the places where they are rooted, while the production of scientific knowledge about the environment is usually about creating abstract data that are kept separate from local and cultural considerations.
The solution that we want to explore seeks to encourage participants to think about how the environmental practices of their community fit within larger configurations across neighbouring islands in order to produce shared models of knowledge across Pacific communities with similar environments and challenges. For example, the representatives from Melanesia can relate their local experiences of the environment to broader monsoon seasons, strong cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis, which are characteristic of the Western Pacific; by contrast, the Central Pacific, Eastern Polynesia, Micronesia, and Aotearoa will each share different sorts of cycles and challenges, as well as certain shared cultural values.
Producing regional models through the joining of local experiences can facilitate locally-grounded and collective representations of Islander knowledge - a sort of clustering that carries more weight than single case studies. This may allow indigenous knowledges to be presented to policy makers and scientists on Pacific Islanders' terms, which means not losing sight of the networks of people, places and forms of understanding that underpin these assemblages. It takes us away from "intellectual property" discussions that assume that knowledge is alienable. It is a way of bringing together different worldviews on an equal basis, rather than separating them."

This thesis examines human-sea interaction based on embodied and embedded action in the littoral and island regions of the Aegean from Late Neolithic (4800 BCE) to the end of Late Bronze Age I (1600 BCE). Fundamental to this approach is the concept of seascapes, defined here as a place or agent created by a human mind set. To facilitate the investigation, analysis focuses on embodied action, divided between spatial analysis, the consumption of seafood, the utilisation of marine faunal remains in material culture and the iconographic rendering of marine and maritime matters. Through GIS analysis it is determined that ‘coastality’ – the spatial relationship between locales and the coast – was temporally variable and related to network interaction. Coastality appears to have been a fundamental prerequisite for the formation of seascapes, though the formation of seascapes was not an inevitable outcome of coastality. Uneven recovery practices in excavations impacted the marine faunal record, though higher marine consumption wasrecognised on Crete from the end of the prepalatial period onwards, due in part to the greater recovery of ecofactual data on the island. Marine shell found a wide utility in the prehistoric Aegean, but cluster in the LN-EB III periods. Exceptions include the production of murex dye in the southern Aegean in MBA-LBA and the use of triton shells in cult places in MBA–LBA Crete. Iconographic representation of the sea was geographically restricted – almost entirely absent from the Greek mainland – and had particular chronological and thematic focuses. These included seafaring in the Cyclades and Saronic Gulf, as well as marine fauna scenes onwards from mid-EBA Cyclades and Crete. Such representations were metarepresentations of the sea, prompted by sustained, long-term interaction with the sea. This is particularly evident in the case of Crete, where marine themes became enmeshed in an archaeologically visible syntax of cult paraphernalia and practices. Seascapes were created under specific conditions according to local circumstances and choices. They were not expressed in a uniform manner through time and space and were not an inevitable outcome of living in an area with relative ease of access to the sea.

Victorian London saw dramatic physical changes along the river Thames. Large enclosed Docks and Thames Embankments were constructed as the city struggled to cope with its ballooning population and prospering shipping industry. Whilst the Thames Embankments have been hailed as engineering triumphs, the fate of those whose livelihood relied on access to the river in central London (such as wharf workers, barge, ferry and lighter men, and others) is unknown.
In order to investigate the impact of the Embankment, a methodology has been developed which enables characterisation of a large swathe of urban riverside throughout the mid- to late 19th century, whilst also ensuring that the stories of individuals and communities are not lost. The approach combines and adapts established methodologies, such as Historic Landscape/Seascape Characterisation and Maritime Cultural Landscapes, to understand the nature and changes in the urban riverside landscape. This methodology forms the background for detailed research on smaller sites, such as a single street, housing block, or industrial site, in order to create ‘Ethnographies of Place’. These small-scale ‘Ethnographies’ have the potential to tell stories about how the social and economic circumstances of individuals and communities changed as a result of the landscape changes associated with the Embankment construction. This paper presents the initial work to establish the methodology and preliminary conclusions based on key sources.

The Griffin Warrior Ring No. 2 is a gold Minoan-style engraved signet ring from Pylos dating to the Late Helladic IIA (1580–1490 BCE). The ring’s bezel depicts a seascape with a columnar tree shrine flanked by palm trees situated on a rocky outcrop. Five elaborately dressed female figures stand on either side of the shrine. The tree shrine features a net pattern in the space between its stone or brick piers. It is proposed that this represents a fishing net and that the structure is a sea altar dedicated to an unnamed Minoan tree goddess. The ring’s hoop is decorated with cockle shells, further emphasising its marine theme. It will be argued that the iconography alludes to marine food resources, practical and luxury textile fibres, sea trade, transculturality and cult, and is testament to the importance of the sea in the Aegean Bronze Age.

Maritime cultural heritage transcends the aquatic realm and includes both tangible and intangible elements. Maritime crafts and professions indicate this convergence, allowing one to consider them as part of the Intangible Maritime Cultural Heritage (IMCH). The fluctuations in local economy over the years, combined with industrial and building development of coastal towns have imposed tremendous stress on the survival of these practitioners in Cyprus, who are dying out. The Intangible Maritime Cultural Heritage Project functions as both a Cultural Heritage research and preservation effort, the latter through educational programmes aiming to develop the maritime consciousness of the public.

This paper examines the relationship between anthropogenic and coastal geomorphologic processes in relation to archaeological site formation processes for foreshore maritime infrastructure such as piers and baths. The natural and cultural history of Queenscliff, a nineteenth-century Victorian township, is explored to understand the historical reasoning for the development of many diverse types of coastal architecture associated with use of the sea in the area. The effects of environmental processes on these structures are demonstrated, along with the role these structures play in subsequently shaping the environment. It is demonstrated that changing coastal dynamics play a major role in shaping the final locations and condition of archaeological maritime infrastructure sites. By understanding these processes it is possible to make predictive statements about the, often unexpected location and integrity of these sites.

Surface and sub-surface research on rock-cut features and related mobile finds at Kastro, a hilly peninsula that delimits the present main port of Myrina (Lemnos Island, North Aegean Sea), has revealed vestiges dating from various phases, at least since the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic period, in several extended areas.
During these stages, human action has influenced the landscape, which, at the same time, has guided choices of natural forms and spaces and triggered ways of action. A variety of combined artificial rock-cut features and rock-art appear to have both symbolic and utilitarian components, concerns and purposes. They reveal a complex rocky landscape, entailing an elaborate artificial system of space occupation, including intercommunicating carved features.
According to the current stage of ongoing research, besides other aspects, the Kastro rock-cut site would have also implicated intricate maritime facets and connections, as well as a possible female factor, congregating at a transitional place, where sea and rocks meet.

Physical environment and landscape are instrumental for the selection of a place, both for human practical needs and symbolic behaviors. Coastal features, important for early seafaring, are also symbolically charged. At Myrina Kastro, artificial, carved complexes are combined to natural rock formations diachronically (late prehistory – antiquity). Besides having obvious maritime associations, its rocky coasts are transition zones, which also constitute a component of the uncommonly rugged topography and a facet of the anthropogenic seascape, integrating both material and intangible inferences.

The rocky coasts of the Aegean include remains of human activities, often concrete and utilitarian, but also traces that cannot only have a rational interpretation. The zones between different geological regions, such as meeting points between sea and land, or zones between rocky heights and more regular expanses, constitute liminal spaces, that mark the passage between different worlds, both in reality and in imagination, already since prehistory. At the same time, in such regions one may observe unusual features of the environment, such as rocks with a particular morphology, while sometimes selected natural elements are enhanced with deliberate interventions and/or combined with artificially modified structures. Dating difficulties are inherent in similar megalithic formations, within a natural and at the same time transformed landscape.
In the framework of an anthropological approach, the study of such archaeological sites belongs to the so-called archaeology of natural places, focusing on symbolic human behaviours. Symbolic behaviours connected to rocky landscapes, sometimes also maritime, in the larger Aegean region, remain difficult to interpret. However, they indicate the variety of ritual and more generally symbolic human practices, with configurations that cannot yet be completely explored and even less incontestably interpreted.
Long-standing research, with the permit of the Archaeological Service and the Local Council for the Monuments of the Islands, on the Myrina Kastro, a rocky hill within an omnipresent sea, offers diachronic evidence about human presence in prehistory and antiquity and shows the multifaceted connections of such evidence and symbolic behaviours with other sites and cultures of the Aegean.

Its main objective is to contribute to the understanding of coastal settlements in light of the exploitation of maritime resources. The aim is to seek a better understanding of the exploitation (i.e. the production and its processing methods) of coastal environments understood as an interface between the land and the sea, and the role of production, circulation and maritime trade for settlements and territorial organization. The land and the sea form two natural spaces with different qualities and discontinuous bioecological systems, yet they create a hybrid environment : human settlements and activities in coastal lands often both reflect and profit from this situation. This volume also paid attention to the distinction between amphibious territories (benefiting from two elements: marshes, lakes and lagoons coastal and rivers, meadows flooded by the sea...) and mixed economies in which communities integrate fishing practices and into their operating systems, which are also agricultural and pastoral.

Las evidencias arqueológicas subacuáticas que reposan  en el fondo  marino de la Bahía de Cartagena de Indias  conforman  un universo  relacionado  con los procesos de territorialización del espacio marítimo desde la época prehispánica hasta la actualidad. A pesar de esta invaluable fuente de  información existen varios desafíos por superar para responder a la necesidad de estudiar este patrimonio cultural en nuestro país,  pues apenas se están desarrollando capacidades técnicas, tecnológicas y conceptuales que permitan fortalecer la perspectiva académica de este patrimonio arqueológico.  La investigación arqueológica realizada desde el 2011 hasta el 2015  da cuenta de un paisaje cultural marítimo histórico que evidencia la presencia de elementos asociados a la navegación y defensa del puerto en Cartagena de Indias durante el siglo  XVII y XVIII. De esta manera se propone a través de un modelo metodológico de interpretación comprender la configuración del territorio marítimo a través de la existencia de sitios arqueológicos identificados tales como los naufragios, fuertes, artillería y modificaciones al territorio costero y subacuático. A través de la aplicación de métodos de prospección geofísica (Side Scan Sonar,  Magnetómetro, Multihaz) y la excavación arqueológica e identificación de siete naufragios, restos de fuertes y puertos, se concluyó que existe una relación directa entre las evidencias arqueológicas sumergidas y la estrategia bélica durante los ataques del Barón de Pointis en 1697 y el ataque inglés al mando de Edward Vernon en 1741.

In this study, we shall analyse Sintra’s Maritime Cultural Landscape, more specifically the coastal area that spreads from Espigão das Ruivas to Praia das Maçãs. We are before an Atlantic geographical space notorious for being quite rugged, for presenting several dangers to navigation, for having been endowed with anchorages and ports and for having several sea life-related toponyms. In this context, set in the route of millenia-old commercial circuits, human action ended up having a significant influence in shaping the coast throughout the centuries, being currently known some constructions erected between Antiquity and Modern Age.


Keywords: Sintra – Maritime Cultural Landscape – Territory –Interdisciplinarity

This research employs the concept of ‘archaeologies of attachment’, with its emphasis on material culture
and intangible heritage, and applies it to an Indigenous Australian seascape – an approach rarely or
thoroughly combined in maritime studies. The seascape investigated is the Wardang Island (Waraldi/Waradharldhi)/
Point Pearce Peninsula (Burgiyana) area in South Australia. This region (and the wider Yorke
Peninsula area) is the traditional country of the Narungga people. Collaborative fieldwork with Narungga
people has revealed the importance of combining archaeological surveys with place-based oral history
interviews to understand the extent of Narungga attachment to this seascape. In particular, place-based
interviews conducted with Narungga elders contributed vital ‘lived experiences’ to the understanding of the
archaeological record, providing a meaningful and textured account of the past.

Maritime activities at Point Pearce Aboriginal Mission/Burgiyana (1868–1966) in South Australia form the basis of an oral history, archaeological, and archival case study. This research assesses whether the maritime cultural landscape framework, a Western maritime archaeological concept, is applicable to Indigenous missions. The results of research at Point Pearce/Burgiyana indicate that care must be taken when applying maritime archaeological theories and associated attitudes to Indigenous archaeology ('with, for and by' Indigenous peoples). However, the application of a Western framework contributes towards the decolonization of maritime archaeology by accommodating the beliefs, knowledges, and lived experiences of Aboriginal peoples.

Studies concerning Greek commercial harbour areas are far from extensive. The reasons lie in the general trend of avoiding large scale harbour works, in modern settlements which lie over ancient πόλεις, in changes in sea level and in the human intervention, which changes the appearance of the coasts to comply with the needs of the tourism industry or fish farming.
From this general outline it is evident that a new and updated examination of the subject is needed and the first thing to do is certainly to identify the active ports between the 8th and 4th cent. B.C. This poster aims to present part of a project directed to collect pre-hellenistic Greek ports: this collection is being organized in a database that, when completed, is expected to be publicly visible.

If a good deal of research has been done regarding the questions of exploitation and maintenance of acquired lands, the genesis of establishments and their territoires still remains to be cleared. The proceedings of the XXXIVe Rencontres internationales d'archéologie et d'histoire d'Antibes thus intend to contribute to our knowledge of the settlements dynamics in the Mediterranean area, from the original point of view of the initial phase of establishment of population along the littoral areas. They aims to discuss, in a broad diachrony, the processes which govern the settling of communities on the Mediterranean littorals, relating to the location factors and the forms of settlements and appropiation of space. They cover a vast geographical area (the whole Mediterranean) with a diachronic perspectiv. The chrnological opening from Antiquity towards Prehistory and the Middle Ages is particularly helpful in identifyin the processes by which the populations build their new espace in the event of a relocation.

Cultural constructions of landscapes, space and environments, and of people’s relationship with nature, have in the Cape Verde Islands a perspective of their own and might have been mediated by the whale. To address perceptions about these marine mammals, historical sources, literature, art, memory and heritage were considered. Whaling influenced history and diaspora and is reflected in literary productions. Remains of whales are found in museums and used as decorative pieces and local art. We found the Cape Verdean seascapes as being culturally and naturally constructed and the whale occupies a true ‘place’ of convergence.

Sensory navigation is well-documented within ancient geographical narratives, but lacks research driven from an archaeological perspective. This research illustrates the ancient mariners' dynamic relationship with the sea in the eastern and central Mediterranean in Roman antiquity. It adopts interdisciplinary data which draws on ancient textual evidence in conjunction with supporting archaeological, environmental and geospatial data. It applies the theoretical concept of Common Sense Geography (Geus & Thiering 2014), emphasising the practical experience and mental-mapping of ancient mariners as the primary source for ancient geographers' conceptualisations of maritime travel. This allows the identification of the diverse ways the five senses were used in the Roman period as cognitive navigational tools while sailing and interacting with the Mediterranean Sea. This research is depicted through hypothetical journeys within the case-study regions of the Levant and Ionian Seas. Each journey was devised using the sea-journey descriptions of specific ancient authors applying an archaeological framework. These regions present a high degree of variation, physically and conceptually, while aspects connected to the nature and scale of navigation are examined in relation to regional maritime conditions, harbours, activities and seafaring routes. A geospatial analysis is conducted using ArcGIS/QGIS illustrating a bird's-eye-view of the case-study regions along with three-dimensional maps of each seascape. This emphasises contrasting elevations along the coastlines, thus revealing how the landscape may have been divided into distinguishable navigational markers that likely aided ancient mariners' orientation in antiquity. As a result, this research demonstrates a more intimate insight into " experiencing " the Roman maritime cultural landscape. Cited work: Geus, K. and Thiering, M. (eds.) 2014. Features of common sense geography: implicit knowledge structures in ancient geographical texts. Berlin: LIT Verlag.

The maritime cultural landscape is a result of interaction between human processes on the coastal surface over time and the environment, which includes sea, coastal line and land. Parts of the maritime cultural landscape are the coastal historical remains and these underwater along with their surroundings. All they are the visible results of the human processes in the maritime environment. All they are influenced by the proximity of the sea. The main goal is to increase consideration of cultural heritage in maritime landscapes and to evolve cultural tourism in sustainable development context. The humans' impact on the maritime environment is unique and it makes the places attractive for tourists' attention. If we preserve the maritime cultural landscape, provide it with needed protection, and manage it effectively, it could successfully be implemented in the cultural tourism. And this type of tourism is a proven way for ensuring the sustainable development, in our case, of the seaside region. For example, the old traditional fishing and canning the fish should be revived, the local open fish markets might be reconstructed, the almost forgotten rituals and rites for good catch could be brought back to live, the local events and festivals should be developed again. The coastal line should be full of live as years ago. This is a way to show the motley, divers, and unique ethnological characteristics of the maritime cultural landscape, which will provoke the potential tourists' attention. Furthermore, well-developed cultural tourism program can guarantee the sustainable development of the region. Cultural tourism is the intersection between cultural landscape and sustainable development. Effectively conserved, actively managed and attentively socialized the maritime cultural landscapes will bring benefits to the local population and to the sustainability of the seaside region.

The concept of the seascape as a place imbued with meaning by human experience is
used here as a framework for the analysis of the archaeological remains of activities that
took place along the coastlines of the southern Aegean in the second millennium BCE.
The physical remains of fishing, shellfish gathering, fish processing, and modification of
seashells serve as proxy indicators of the actions and experiences of the people who made
a living from the sea. Four case studies are used: Akrotiri on Thera, Chryssi Island south
of Crete, and Mochlos and Papadiokambos on Crete. The contextualization of sea-related
finds from these sites offers some insights into the shifting experience and meaning of
the seascape for different social groups in a Bronze Age society

La Ría de Ortigueira se sitúa en el extremo más septentrional de la provincia de A Coruña, en Galicia.
En ella confluyen las desembocaduras de varios ríos de poco caudal -Mera, Ladrido, Casón, Pequeno y Maior-.
Posee una configuración especial y una ubicación privilegiada como lugar de abrigo y protección, tanto a nivel marítimo como terrestre.
Esto lo evidencia el hecho, de que se encuentra flanqueada por el cabo Ortegal y la Punta de Estaca de Bares -límite entre el Atlántico y el Cantábrico- y protegida por las sierras de A Capelada y A Faladora.
Se trata de un enclave de fácil vigilancia, clima suave y numerosos recursos naturales. Estos elementos lo convierten en un lugar apto para el asentamiento humano y las comunicaciones marítimas
desde épocas muy tempranas.
Para la parte que nos ocupa, nos hemos propuesto hacer una recopilación, catalogación y estudio de las diversas piezas que han sido recuperadas  de contextos subacuáticos. La intención es contemplar tanto los de la propia ría como los de los ríos del entorno.
Servirán de ejemplo de los intensos contactos y relaciones comerciales de los diversos asentamientos costeros del entorno desde época protohistórica hasta nuestros días.
El objetivo último es sacar estas piezas a la luz. De esta manera pretendemos presentar los resultados de una investigación seria y rigurosa sobre los hallazgos –que se encuentran inéditos y en manos privadas en su mayoría-. En definitiva, se trata de contribuir al conocimiento del patrimonio arqueológico marítimo de la zona.

In the Aegean, a landscape of small islands and peninsulas means that views of the Sun rising or setting over the sea are commonplace. Yet this everyday occurrence can produce a dazzling spectacle known as the "glitter path"-a line of bright sunlight reflected on the water, linking the seashore and the horizon. This paper explores how this phenomenon was elaborated as a form of seascape by the Aegean Greeks from Late Bronze Age (LBA) III through to the Archaic period, examining how it was incorporated into their worldview as something natural assimilated into the cultural. The diachronic perspective focuses on elements of continuity and discontinuity regarding beliefs about the world beyond. First, funerary pottery iconography from LB III (ca. 1400-1100 BC) is examined: in particular, a close relationship between the Sun and the sea can be inferred from imagery on Octopus Style funerary jars, where abstract representations of glitter paths seem to appear in the shape of hybrid octopuses. The evidence suggests that the octopus was depicted as the light-bearer within the darkness of the sea, with marked eyes to emphasise vision. The second part of the study gathers proof of allusions to the phenomenon of the glitter path in early Greek poetry as suggested by the descriptions of the door of Hades and gates of the Sun in the first literary documents produced in Greece from the eighth century BC, most notably in the works of Homer and Hesiod, but also in the poetry of Pindar, Mimnermus and Stesichorus.

Los planos y mapas de Cartagena de Indias del siglo XVII y XVIII han permitido construir un marco de interpretación que permite disolver las dicotomías naturaleza–cultura y tierra-mar, para lograr así caracterizar un espacio, un territorio, donde yace una heterogeneidad de actores humanos y no humanos con una misma capacidad para estructurar una sociedad. A través de los mapas, se plasmaron mentiras y verdades, no se contaron realidades y muchas veces se sobredimensionaron múltiples aspectos. Es básicamente bajo la topología de la guerra que se construyeron las representaciones de este puerto durante la Colonia. El canal de Bocachica es un ejemplo para aplicar una metodología en donde se utiliza la conjunción, superposición y polivalencia de cartografías que han servido de base para el estudio arqueológico de las batallas marítimas de 1697 y 1741, y que tiene como objetivo caracterizar la evolución del paisaje marítimo-costero de la guerra.

For many centuries, the Limfjord was a strait dividing Jutland in a northerly and a southerly part. As such, it constituted the safest and most frequented sea route between the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions. During the first part of the 12th century, its western inlet silted up, creating today’s Limfjord, thus forcing vessels to take a more northerly route around the dangerous Skaw – a route that had previously been avoided. The present study suggests that this so-called ummeland voyaging had considerable economic and geo-political consequences for the Viken region. In particular, it argues that ummeland voyaging was the main driver to the establishment of the town of Marstrand in the southern part of this region. The hypothesis presented thus contradicts much of the previous research on Marstrand’s urbanisation, which instead states that the town derived from a fishing hamlet.