Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage

This presentation outlines the role played by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), which is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the conservation of the world's cultural monuments and sites, in awareness raising and training related to underwater cultural heritage protection. ICOMOS membership requires an individual to be a practicing cultural heritage professional or have professional qualifications in the fields of conservation or preservation such as architect, archaeologist, town planner, engineer, administrator of heritage, art historian or archivist. ICOMOS International Scientific Committees (ISCs) (such as ICUCH) are the vehicles through which ICOMOS brings together, develops and serves its worldwide membership according to their fields of specialized interest. ICOMOS expects the ISCs to be at the heart of scientific inquiry and exchange in their domains and to share knowledge among them to foster multi-disciplinary approaches to heritage protection and management.

ICUCH (International Committee on Underwater Cultural Heritage) was founded in 1991 by ICOMOS Australia to promote international cooperation in the protection and management of underwater cultural heritage and to advise ICOMOS on issues related to underwater cultural heritage around the world. ICUCH currently has ten members from the Asia and the Pacific region and this paper will discuss the role of ICUCH in the region. Furthermore ICUCH’s mission will only be achieved in conjunction with other stakeholders, such as the Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS). NAS training aims to increase public awareness at local, provincial and national levels about the extent and nature of underwater and maritime cultural heritage as well as about underwater and maritime archaeology.

El Galeón San José, desde los primeros indicios de su descubrimiento, ha estado inmerso en disputas jurídicas y diplomáticas con diversas partes que afirman tener derecho sobre él. No obstante, el único con la capacidad de decisión sobre el futuro de este navío es Colombia y sus gobernantes. Este articulo presenta la evolución de la situación legal del Galeón San José, bajo el derecho interno colombiano y, también, presenta los últimos avances analizando sus consecuencias. En un inicio, Colombia buscó la manera de extraer y parcialmente comercializar el Galeón; actualmente, ha podido lograr cumplir las expectativas internacionales y darle una mayor protección con un enfoque en la protección de su patrimonio cultural. Sin embargo, la situación es más complicada que esto, todavía queda por resolver su situación con el inversionista encargado del proyecto del Galeón San José, del que, hasta el día de hoy, no se sabe cómo se le va a remuneración por su labor.

Conservation efforts for the 40-foot-long H.L. Hunley submarine (1864) have now reached a point that requires mechanical rotation of the vessel’s hull. This new course of action has raised a number of important questions regarding the submarine’s structural integrity. In response, project scientists have developed a finite element numerical model of the hull in its current state in an attempt to answer these questions. Data for the numerical model was obtained from archaeological documentation, as well as analytical data from non-destructive evaluation and metallurgical studies. Although finite element analysis is commonly used for structural analysis in many fields of engineering, its application to a historical structure such as the H.L. Hunley brings significant challenges. In particular, the exact degree of deterioration and the heterogeneous nature of the corrosion create uncertainty in identifying material properties. The finite element analysis provides conservators with a theoretical framework to assess the impact that rotation of the hull’s original orientation might have on its overall structural integrity and provides a basis for conservation-related decisions.

La Isla del Coco es un territorio insular costarricense que cuenta con la categoría de Parque Nacional, geográficamente abarca 2.400 Ha en la parte terrestre y 97.235 Ha en el sector marítimo. El interés científico que suscita, tradicionalmente,se ha centrado en el estudio de su biodiversidad, y específicamente en los valores que se obtienen de profundizar en su conocimiento biológico y ecológicocon proyectos destinados a su mejor gestión y conservación.Los estudios relacionados con el patrimonio cultural y específicamente el patrimonio subacuático de esta isla son relativamente recientes. A través de este trabajo, tratamos de dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos en la primera prospección arqueológica subacuática realizada en la Isla del Coco y la localización y estudio de uno de sus pecios, el tentativamente identificado como el SV Viduco.

Cocos Island is a Costa Rican island territory with the category of National Park, geographically it has 2,400 Ha in the land part and 97,235 Ha in the marine part. The scientific interest that arouses, traditionally, has focused on the study of its biodiversity, and specifically, in the values that it deepens in its biological and ecological knowledge for its better management and conservation, the studies related to the cultural heritage and specifically the underwater heritage of this island are relatively recent. Through this work, we try to share the results obtained in the first underwater archaeological survey conducted on Cocos Island and the location and study of one of its wrecks, the one tentatively identified as SV Viduco.

The US steamship Monumental City was declared a historic shipwreck under the provisions of the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act (1976) on 11 March 1982. At the time it was the only steamship wreck declared under the Commonwealth Act in Victoria and the only declared Historic Shipwreck on the 500 kilometres of Victorian coastline east of Melbourne. During August 1982 the site was inspected by the Officer-in-charge of the newly formed Historic Shipwrecks Unit of the Victoria Archaeological Survey (VAS). In October 1984 the (renamed) Maritime Archaeological Unit carried out a three day preliminary site survey during a two week wreck inspection trip to Mallacoota. This report presents the results of this work together with a historical background of the vessel and her place in Victoria's maritime heritage.

This entry presents guidelines for consideration when designing and planning the construction of a permanent archaeological conservation facility. It is hoped that this information will provide practical ideas and recommendations for archaeological projects and organizations that are considering this undertaking. The authors of this entry are mindful of the financial constraints within the fields of archaeology and cultural heritage worldwide. While recognizing the need for substantial resources to fund the construction of a permanent conservation facility, it is hoped that these guidelines may prove helpful for any size lab or project.

This paper is about the cultural and economic value of Underwater Cultural Heritage for local communities and supports that raising public awareness is a premise for both the protection and sustainable management of underwater cultural sites. Therefore, the promotion of UCH should appeal to a broad audience and include divers and non-divers, by integrating innovative wet and dry dive technologies and Knowledge Awareness Centers. Cultural diving tourism and virtual dive trails enhance the valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage, thus offering added economic value attributable directly to local communities. Bottom-up cooperation initiatives of local stakeholders and public authorities is a key parameter of Blue Growth in the Med area. This paper presents a long-term effort in Greece under the framework of national and Euro-Mediterranean projects and its prospects.

Il turismo archeologico subacqueo in Italia: opportunità e rischi
1. Una straordinaria opportunità
2. Elitismo gentrificato e slow diving
3. Una pratica virtuale ed educativa
4. Mondo blu e mondo grigio: l’alterità del turismo subacqueo
5. Una cura per un sistema cancerizzato? Il caso di Siracusa
6. La chimera del turismo sostenibile: le Cinque Terre e Capri
7. I percorsi subacquei di Ustica: turismo e archeologia
8. Autenticità e spazi marini: Ustica e Corfu
9. Turisti, archeologi o pirati? Spot e archeologia subacquea
10. Atlantide e il turismo subacqueo pseudo-archeologico
11. Ustica: il museo delle anfore tra voyeurismo e necrofilia
12. Dal mito alla realtà: i percorsi fantasma di Ustica
13. Il sontuoso mondo di Baia e la nascita del turismo
14. Il parco sommerso di Baia e il Ninfeo di Punta Epitaffio
15. La vendetta del Ciclope: un percorso difficile

A vent’anni dal primo convegno nazionale di archeologia subacquea, questo volume raccoglie i contributi del quinto incontro tenutosi a Udine nel 2016 con la necessità di fare un bilancio sulle cose fatte e le occasioni perdute, le energie da raccogliere e il tipo di futuro da progettare per il patrimonio culturale sommerso. I numerosi saggi qui riuniti fotografano le recenti esperienze di ricerca e scavo subacqueo in Italia. Le riflessioni nate nei tavoli di lavoro del convegno hanno portato a una proposta condivisa: la Carta di Udine per l’archeologia subacquea. Questo documento rappresenta l’esito del fitto dibattito della comunità scientifica sul patrimonio culturale sommerso e lancia la sfida per una tutela che sappia garantire lo sviluppo della ricerca, promuovendo al contempo modelli di partecipazione pubblica al bene archeologico.

This paper focusses on the underwater cultural heritage (UCH) located across the Pacific Ocean by sampling three temporal themes: Living Heritage and Traditional Indigenous cultural heritage, the Global Connections of the Manila Galleon trade, and the Modern Warfare of World War II (WWII). Many of the Traditional cultural practices (Living Heritage), and tangible cultural heritage related to Indigenous people of the Pacific are coastal and sea related. Their world encompasses the sea, it was not seen as a barrier but a much-used connection to people occupying the thousands of islands. The Pacific contains an extensive maritime cultural heritage, including UCH, which reflects the cultural identity of people living in the region. During the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Spanish Empire prospered through an elaborate Asia-Pacific trade network. The Manila-Galleon trade between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico connected into the existing Atlantic trade transporting commodities such as porcelain, silver, spices, and textiles from Asia to the Americas to Spain. Of the 400 known voyages between 1565 and 1815, approximately 59 shipwrecks occurred, of which only a handful of galleons have been investigated. The scale of WWII heritage in the Pacific region reflects the intensity and impacts of global conflicts fought across the world’s largest ocean. Associated UCH includes near shore defensive infrastructure, landing and amphibious assault craft, submerged aircraft, and a wide range of ships and submarines, auxiliary, combatant and non-military casualties alike. Twentieth century warfare involved massive losses of material. The legacy of submerged battlefields in the Pacific is complex. Interest is high in the discovery of naval UCH, but critical aspects are often intertwined. Archaeology, history, reuse, memorialization (gravesites), tourism, unexploded ordnance, environmental threat (fuel oil), ownership and salvage all shape what we can learn from this resource.

One of the earliest examples on the governmental based protection of underwater cultural heritage has seen in Ottoman Empire in 19th Century. With the limited possibilities of diving technology, excavation methods and communication in the era; the first state-run underwater study commenced with the instructions of the Istanbul Museum Director Osman Hamdi Bey. According to the available evidence, the regulations of 1884 that prepared by Osman Hamdi Bey, is the oldest example that was prepared in order to protect underwater cultural heritage by a government in the world. Öz " Sualtı Kültür Mirası " olarak adlandırılabilecek değerlerin devlet eliyle korunmasına yönelik dünya-daki erken örneklerden biri Osmanlı Dönemi'nde görülmektedir. Denizin, göl ve nehirlerin mavi bir örtüyle sakladığı kültürel mirasın korunması gerekliliği Müze-i Hümayun müdürü Osman Hamdi Bey ve arkadaşları tarafından anlaşılmıştır. O dönemin haberleşme ve ulaşım olanakları ile yine o dönemin yöntemleri kullanılarak devlet eliyle ilk sualtı çalışması da Müze-i Hümayun müdürü Osman Hamdi Bey'in talimatlarıyla hayata geçirilmiştir. Eldeki bilgilere göre Müze-i Hümayun müdürü Osman Hamdi Bey tarafından hazırlanan 1884 nizamnamesi, dünyada bir devlet tarafından sualtı kültür mirasının korunması amacıyla hazırlanmış bilinen en erken örnek olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Sualtı Kültür Mirası, Sualtı Arkeolojisi, Sualtı Kazısı, Kanunlar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Sualtı Mirasının Korunması, Farmako Adası. D ünyanın yaklaşık yüzde yetmişini kaplayan denizler ile insanın kanıtlanabilen ilişkisi insanın Asya Kıtası'ndan Avustralya'ya ulaş-tığı düşünülen yaklaşık elli bin yıl öncesine uzanır. Bütün dünyada sualtı arkeolojisi çalışmaları daha çok gemi batıklarının keşif ve kazıları üzerinde yapılsa da Holosen Dönemi'nin başından beri su yükselmeleri ve yer hareketleri sonucu binlerce tarihöncesi ve tarihi yerleşim günümüzde suların altında bulunmaktadır. " Sualtı Kültür Mirası " olarak adlandırılabilecek bu değerlerin devlet eliyle korunmasına yönelik dünyadaki erken örneklerden biri Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Dönemi'nde görülmektedir. Denizin, göl ve

In November 2015, almost two decades
after its discovery and excavation, the Tang Shipwreck Collection went on display at its new, permanent home: the Asian Civilisations Museum in Singapore. The exhibition features the cargo of a 9th century dhow, discovered by a sea cucumber diver off the Indonesian island of Belitung in 1998 and believed to be the earliest evidence of maritime trade between the Tang dynasty and the Abbasid caliphate.

Since its discovery this dhow and its cargo have come to embody contested areas in the study of underwater cultural heritage. The transformation from submerged cargo to permanent museum exhibit prompts reflection on the ongoing tensions between ethical and commercial approaches to the protection and preservation of underwater cultural heritage, and the extent to which they impact on the heritage landscape and legislation in Indonesia.

Avances y análisis del desarrollo de la Arqueología Subacuática en la Península de Yucatán durante su 10 Aniversario de su oficina en la región. Subdirección de Arqueología Subacuática, Sede INAH Campeche, México.

Ponencia presentada en la Tercera Convención Mexicana de Hidrografía. La batimetría impulsando el desarrollo económico sustentable.
Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche. Del 27 al 29 de abril, 2016.

The history of underwater archaeological research on the shelf of the Crimean Peninsula and results of expeditions of the research organizations of Ukraine as well as the state of the art and current problems of Ukrainian underwater archaeology are presented in the book. This book is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum officers, specialists in local history and students of faculties of history.
В книге представлена история подводных археологических исследований на шельфе Крымского полуострова и результаты экспедиций научных организаций Украины и стран СНГ. Отображено современное состояние и проблемы подводной археологии Украины. Издание рассчитано на археологов, историков, музейных работников и студентов исторических факультетов. Автор книги, к. и. н. С.М. Зеленко, – основатель и руководитель Центра подводной археологии Киевского национального университета им. Тараса Шевченко. Опираясь на исследования, начатые в 60-е годы минувшего столетия первопроходцами из Института археологии АН СССР, Зеленко и возглавляемый им Центр с 1991 г. провели большое количество работ на юго-восточном и южном побережьях Крымского полуострова, от Коктебеля до Тарханкута. Киев, 2008. 195х270 мм, твердая обложка, 272 стр.

การบรรยายเรื่องการจัดการมรดกวัฒนธรรมใต้น้ำ สำหรับนักศึกษาปีที่3  ระดับปริญญาตรี วิชาโบราณคดีทางทะเล วันพุธที่ 30 มีนาคม 2559 เวลา 15.45-18.30 น. ห้อง 101 คณะโบราณคดี มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร (วังท่าพระ)

การบรรยายครั้งนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายให้นักศึกษาได้รับรู้ถึงภาพรวมและกรอบการจัดการมรดกวัฒนธรรมใต้น้ำที่มีอยู่ทั้งในระดับสากล ระดับภูมิภาค และระดับประเทศ โดยเน้นไปที่รูปแบบการจัดการโดยกฎหมาย และปัญญาทางกฎหมายในการปฎิบัติงานจริง

In 2008/2009 Yap State Historic Preservation Office (YSHPO) implemented a survey of their fish weirs (aech). A 120 page report, brochure and poster, of which all can be found on a dedicated website http://www.islandculture.info/yaptraditionalfishweirs/index.htm were produced as tangible outcomes for YSHPO to pursue a project in restoring some aech and reviving the associated cultural practices.

The aech is a unique example of how a society can exploit as well as live in harmony with its natural resources. The aech was designed and built to suit the local environment, to take advantage of the way certain fish move along the shoreline as well as further offshore, in addition to the strength and direction of currents, wind and the location of channels. They were also not used on many occasions so fish could come and go from within the aech and to ‘feel at home’. The aech is a symbol of Yapese originality, and their unique cultural, social and natural relationships. This survey, while it included the mapping of many aech locations and more detailed mapping of some, also included the collection of oral histories so the whole aech story could be told, although in the short survey time period and given the depth of the cultural and natural associations and complexities, the project only scratched the surface. The project successfully located 432 aech in ten Municipalities and surveyed 46 aech in nine municipalities. Of the 46 aech surveyed, at least 12 different styles and shapes were found.

Cet article analyse les règles que le droit international consacre à la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique. À cet effet, dans une première partie, il entreprend un survol général de la matière. Après une brève analyse de la notion de patrimoine culturel subaquatique et des menaces qui pèsent sur ce dernier, il examine les divers instruments internationaux qui portent sur cette question. Une attention particulière sera consacrée au droit de la mer et plus spécialement à l’analyse de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982. La deuxième partie est en revanche consacrée à la Convention de l'UNESCO de 2001 sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique.

The UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is the international community’s response to the destruction of submerged archaeological sites by treasure-hunters and industrial activities. It recognizes the need to ensure the same protection to underwater heritage as that already accorded to land-based heritage. The Convention is the foremost international treaty concerning submerged heritage and has been ratified by 48 States. Over time, it can be expected that the Convention will be ratified universally and that it will put an end to the brutal treasure hunting currently menacing major submerged archaeological sites. It will also have a considerable influence on the development of the discipline of underwater archaeology, for which it sets ethic and scientific guidelines.  The paper illustrates the legal content and practical impact of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. It also shows which opportunities the Convention opens in terms of protection, State cooperation and the cohesion of the discipline of underwater archaeology on an international level. The exchange and cooperation between authorities as well as the community of underwater archaeologists with UNESCO is encouraged.

‫أستاذ‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫علم‬ ‫في‬ ‫باحث‬ ‫محاضر،‬ ، ‫تيبازة‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫مرسلي‬ ‫الجامعي‬ ‫المركز‬. ‫الوطنية‬ ‫اللجنة‬ ‫رئيس‬ ‫لألثار‬ ‫المغمورة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫الفدر‬ ، ‫ائرية‬ ‫الجز‬ ‫لية‬ ‫لإلسعاف‬ ‫اإلنقاذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫الغوص.‬ ‫ونشاطات‬ ‫ص:‬ ّ ‫ملخ‬ ‫او‬ ‫بالمياه،‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المغمور‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫علم‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫قة،‬ ‫الغار‬ ‫مائية‬ ‫التحت‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫او‬. ‫جديد‬ ‫تخصص‬ ‫ائر،‬ ‫الجز‬ ‫في‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫ات‬ ‫السنو‬ ‫في‬ ‫يع‬ ‫سر‬ ‫وتطور‬ ‫ملحوظة‬ ‫بداية‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫األخير‬. ‫من‬ ‫سنحاول‬ ‫المداخلة‬ ‫هاته‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫الى‬ ‫العودة‬ ‫أ‬ ‫المحطا‬ ‫هم‬ ‫من‬ ‫سيما‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ائر،‬ ‫الجز‬ ‫في‬ ‫التخصص‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫وتطور‬ ‫ظهور‬ ‫بها‬ ‫مر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫في‬ ‫كمختصين‬ ‫مجهوداتنا‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫الساحلية‬ ‫ية‬ ‫البحر‬ ‫و‬ ‫التخصص،‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫يف‬ ‫بالتعر‬ ‫كذلك‬ ‫سنقوم‬. ‫وخصو‬ ‫متعلقة‬ ‫تفاصيل‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫على‬ ‫التعرف‬ ‫و‬ ‫يخ‬ ‫التار‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اهميته‬ ‫و‬ ‫صياته‬ ‫التبادالت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اليومية‬ ‫بالحياة‬ ‫الشعوب.‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الثقافية‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬ ‫التجار‬ ‫مفتاحية‬ ‫كلمات‬ : ‫بالمياه،‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المغمور‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫علم‬ ‫االثار‬ ‫قة،‬ ‫الغار‬ ‫مائية‬ ‫التحت‬ ‫االثار‬ .

Three Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Kortenaer went down in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. In November 2016 an international diving team from the Karel Doorman Foundation discovered that the warships had disappeared.

The management and protection of shipwrecks from the Second World War is very complicated, because of the different values that different stakeholders attach to it. These WWII shipwrecks are often war graves, important to relatives as lieux de mémoire. The shipwrecks thus have an emotional, commemoration value, but they also have a historical, archaeological and intrinsic value. If WWII shipwrecks are investigated using archaeological methods, they can provide new information on the WWII period, but it can also change certain details. To the salvors the shipwrecks have an economic value, but they actually have several economic values as they also bring in diving tourists, and they are fishing spots for the local fishermen. These different values played a major role during the joint Dutch-Indonesian investigation that followed after the notification that the three Dutch warships had disappeared from the bottom of the Java Sea.

Only with proper understanding and consideration of the different values or significances the WWII shipwrecks hold to different stakeholders, new ways of managing these complex sites may be developed that will be effective in the long run. Countries and different stakeholder groups must work together on this.

Chapter in the Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course  on the Protection and Management  of Underwater Cultural Heritage  in Asia and the Pacific from 2012. It is describing the use of in situ preservation as a tool in underwater cultural heritage management