Martijn Manders
Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Maritime Programme, Department Member
- Leiden University, Archaeology, Faculty Memberadd
- Maritime Archaeology, Indonesia, Palaeoecology, Anthropology, Archaeology, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, and 8 moreProtection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Acoustics, Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Archaeology, Ancient Harbours, Underwater Surveys, Underwater Archaeology Method, Archaeology: Maritime & Underwater archaeology; shipwreck archaeology; archaeology of piracy, In Situ, In-Situ, Conservation, Preservation, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, and Onderwater archeologieedit
Skeletal remains discovered in Simon’s Town, South Africa, were hypothesised as being associated with a former Dutch East India Company (VOC) hospital. We report a novel combined osteological and biochemical approach to these... more
Skeletal remains discovered in Simon’s Town, South Africa, were hypothesised as being associated with a former Dutch East India Company (VOC) hospital. We report a novel combined osteological and biochemical approach to these poorly-preserved remains. A combined strontium (87Sr/86Sr), oxygen (δ18OVPDB) and carbon (δ13CVPDB) isotope analysis informed possible childhood origins and diet, while sex-specific amelogenin enamel peptides revealed biological sex. Osteological analyses presented evidence of residual rickets, a healed trauma, dental pathological conditions, and pipe notches. The combined isotope analyses yielded results for 43 individuals which suggested a diverse range of geological origins, including at least 16% of the population being non-local. The inclusion of δ13CVPDB had intriguing implications for three individuals who likely did not have origins in the Cape Town region nor in Europe. Peptide analysis on the dental enamel of 25 tested individuals confirmed they were ...
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A series of waterlogged archaeological sites in the Netherlands were investigated to examine wood degradation by erosion bacteria. Chemical analyses of soil and water at the sites showed a large variation in burial conditions, reflecting... more
A series of waterlogged archaeological sites in the Netherlands were investigated to examine wood degradation by erosion bacteria. Chemical analyses of soil and water at the sites showed a large variation in burial conditions, reflecting differences in sediment ...
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This is the final report of the International Programme for Maritime Heritage, carried out between 2017 and 2021 under the aegis of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE). This report describes the programme's goals, its... more
This is the final report of the International Programme for Maritime Heritage, carried out between 2017 and 2021 under the aegis of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE).
This report describes the programme's goals, its mission, vision and how it worked towards those goals, including the adjustments required by the corona crisis to achieve them. This overview shows how much has been achieved in a relatively short time and what structure has been put in place to ensure the continued sound management of underwater cultural heritage. See for example the various protocols for maritime heritage that have been published. At the end of the report, a glimpse into the future awaits the reader when the vision described at the beginning of the programme is recalled and suggestions are made for further steps and their implementation.
This publication is also available in Dutch.
This report describes the programme's goals, its mission, vision and how it worked towards those goals, including the adjustments required by the corona crisis to achieve them. This overview shows how much has been achieved in a relatively short time and what structure has been put in place to ensure the continued sound management of underwater cultural heritage. See for example the various protocols for maritime heritage that have been published. At the end of the report, a glimpse into the future awaits the reader when the vision described at the beginning of the programme is recalled and suggestions are made for further steps and their implementation.
This publication is also available in Dutch.
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Management, Underwater Archaeology, Nautical Archaeology, and 5 moreEducation and Cultural Heritage, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, and Maritime and Nautical Archaeology
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The loss of the Dutch East India Company ship Batavia in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos off the west coast of Australia and subsequent mutiny is one of the most dramatic events in the history of European encounters with Australia, and was... more
The loss of the Dutch East India Company ship Batavia in 1629 on the Houtman Abrolhos off the west coast of Australia and subsequent mutiny is one of the most dramatic events in the history of European encounters with Australia, and was widely popularized in 17th-century publications. The archaeological remains surpass that of a shipwreck with its consequent jetsam and flotsam, and are the silent witnesses to a cultural landscape of survival created within a few months by a horrible sequence of events. Here we present archaeological evidence collected from 2014 to 2019 in a new research project that informs on these historical events. We discovered 12 victims in single and multiple graves, as well as evidence for survivors’ resistance to a band of mutineers and remains of the possible gallows site where 7 mutineers were executed. Together these sites contribute to the understanding of the survival landscape at one of the earliest European sites in Australia.
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Three Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Kortenaer went down in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. In November 2016 an international diving team from the Karel Doorman... more
Three Dutch naval ships, HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and HNLMS Kortenaer went down in the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February 1942, claiming the lives of 915 sailors. In November 2016 an international diving team from the Karel Doorman Foundation discovered that the warships had disappeared. The management and protection of shipwrecks from the Second World War is very complicated, because of the different values that different stakeholders attach to it. These WWII shipwrecks are often war graves, important to relatives as lieux de mémoire. The shipwrecks thus have an emotional, commemoration value, but they also have a historical, archaeological and intrinsic value. If WWII shipwrecks are investigated using archaeological methods, they can provide new information on the WWII period, but it can also change certain details. To the salvors the shipwrecks have an economic value, but they actually have several economic values as they also bring in diving tourists, and they are fishing spots for the local fishermen. These different values played a major role during the joint Dutch-Indonesian investigation that followed after the notification that the three Dutch warships had disappeared from the bottom of the Java Sea. Only with proper understanding and consideration of the different values or significances the WWII shipwrecks hold to different stakeholders, new ways of managing these complex sites may be developed that will be effective in the long run. Countries and different stakeholder groups must work together on this.
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Management, Nautical Archaeology, Java, and 10 moreProtection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, World War II Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage, WWII Archaeology, Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Maritime and Nautical Archaeology, Archaeology of WWII, and battle
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This Manual explains the thirty-six Rules of the Annex to the 2001 Convention entitled «Rules concerning activities directed at underwater cultural heritage». These Rules present a directly applicable operation scheme for underwater... more
This Manual explains the thirty-six Rules of the Annex to the 2001 Convention entitled «Rules concerning activities directed at underwater cultural heritage». These Rules present a directly applicable operation scheme for underwater interventions. Over the years they have become a reference in the field of underwater archaeology. In addition to elaborating on the ethical principles, the Manual offers a series of guidelines concerning: project design; preliminary work; the formulation of project objectives, methodologies and techniques; fund raising and management; project scheduling; competence and qualification requirements; conservation and site management; documentation procedures; safety standards; environmental considerations; reporting; curation of project archives; and dissemination. This Manual is endorsed by the Scientific and Technical Advisory Body of the 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage.
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The in situ protection of archaeological objects has become an important issue over the years, above, as well as underwater. The reason for protecting underwater sites is partly the large amount of archaeologically interesting shipwrecks... more
The in situ protection of archaeological objects has become an important issue over the years, above, as well as underwater. The reason for protecting underwater sites is partly the large amount of archaeologically interesting shipwrecks and partly because of the growing notion of protecting a representative part of our maritime heritage for future generations. Article 1 of the ICOMOS-charter of 1996 as well as Article 1 of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Maritime Heritage of 2001 put emphasis on the fact that protection in situ should be the first option.
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An international team comprised of experts in diving and underwater archaeology from Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines participated in the assessment of a shipwreck at Godawaya, Sri Lanka. The main objective of the... more
An international team comprised of experts in diving and underwater archaeology from Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines participated in the assessment of a shipwreck at Godawaya, Sri Lanka. The main objective of the exploration was to make assessment of the wreck site based on the data generated during the fieldwork. The shipwreck is lying or trapped in an isolated reef (which virtually surrounded the wreck and only the northeastern part is exposed) in 31m water depth. The observation of surface distribution suggests that the site is spread over an area of 40m by 22m. The important findings include various sizes of jars, carinated cooking vessels, quern stones and unidentified cargo and possible ship structure. The analysis of pottery retrieved earlier and observed during the present investigation suggests that the pottery is not similar to those found from the shipwrecks of the 10th century ad onwards. Comparative study of pottery and stone artefacts indicate...
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Best practices for locating, surveying, assessing, monitoring and preserving underwater archaeological sites. A result from the EU-project SASMAP.
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Conservation, Heritage Conservation, Cultural Heritage Management, and 9 moreUnderwater Archaeology, Nautical Archaeology, Mediterranean Underwater Archaeology, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Archaeology Method, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime and Underwater Archaeology, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and Underwater Archeology
Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific is a fruit of a UNESCO regional capacity-building project to protect and manage underwater... more
Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific is a fruit of a UNESCO regional capacity-building project to protect and manage underwater archaeological sites through the establishment of a regional Centre of Excellence, funded by the Royal Government of Norway. It provides a consistent curriculum for Foundation Courses and a high standard of delivery of the training units. It also provides future trainers with a framework that enables them to create personalized presentations, practical sessions and assessments. UNESCO, in collaboration with the Underwater Archaeology Division of the Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture, Thailand, and ICOMOS-ICUCH, has established the Asia-Pacific Regional Field Training Centre on Underwater Cultural Heritage in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand, and from 2009 to 2011 hosted three Foundation Courses and two Advanced Course concerning the protection of the u...
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An overview of all botanical finds in shipwrecks in the Netherlands
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This report gives a manual to the set of maps made for the western Wadden Sea. The National Heritage Agency of the Netherlands started in 2012 with the development of sets of maps for specific pilot areas in the Netherlands. For these... more
This report gives a manual to the set of maps made for the western Wadden Sea. The National Heritage Agency of the Netherlands started in 2012 with the development of sets of maps for specific pilot areas in the Netherlands. For these areas historical geomorphological sets of maps of the underwater landscape were made. One of these pilot areas was the western Wadden Sea. This report explains the choice for this area and what choices with the area were made. An important part of the Dutch archaeological heritage is under water. Examples of these are drowned landscapes, remains of settlements dating from prehistory until the Middle Ages, shipwrecks and other archaeological remains. Evaluation of archaeological legislation, however, shows under water landscapes get left behind when it comes to the care of our archaeological heritage. Therefor it is of utmost importance to share our knowledge on archaeology under water with researchers as well as policymakers. This set of maps contribut...
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Sedimentology, Coastal Management, Cultural Heritage, Coastal Geomorphology, and 7 moreCultural Heritage Management, Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Transport, GIS modelling, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime Cultural Landscapes, Maritime Cultural Heritage Management, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Report on the fieldwork at the sites of the Dutch submarines O16 and K-XVII.
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Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Sedimentology, Coastal Management, Cultural Heritage, Coastal Geomorphology, and 7 moreCultural Heritage Management, Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Transport, GIS modelling, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Maritime Cultural Landscapes, Maritime Cultural Heritage Management, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Data sharing is a fundamental process for the advancement of both natural and social sciences. Starting from the idea that computers and the internet have drastically changed the world in the last decades, this paper advocates for the... more
Data sharing is a fundamental process for the advancement of both natural and social sciences. Starting from the idea that computers and the internet have drastically changed the world in the last decades, this paper advocates for the creation of a space where archaeologists from around the world can share information about maritime history and exchange data with colleagues. Following the principles of open access, we argue that raw data publication is necessary and significant for the development and democratization of the discipline. This study explains the fundamental aspects of the Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL) and its efforts to standardize information collection for shipwrecks and related sites, so that scholars can create a community to disseminate both raw data and complete information in the field of maritime archaeology. To achieve this, our purpose is to facilitate the development of common-ground methodology and terminology that promotes an intelligible dia...
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Maritime History, Political Science, Web Development, Virtual Archaeology, and 8 moreArchaeological Methodology, Underwater Archaeology, Nautical Archaeology, Metodología Arqueológica, Arqueología Subacuática, Maritime Cultural Landscapes, WEB DEVELOPMENT, and Arqueologia Naval
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By observing the remains of the ship, this is what probably happened: the stern of the Avondster hit the sandy seabed and ran ashore on a gradually sloping sandy coast near the Dutch Fort of Galle. Due to the constant pressure of the... more
By observing the remains of the ship, this is what probably happened: the stern of the Avondster hit the sandy seabed and ran ashore on a gradually sloping sandy coast near the Dutch Fort of Galle. Due to the constant pressure of the waves, the sternpost broke off from the rest of the ship. The waves were also responsible for the breaking of the portside under the bilge and the starboard side just above the first deck. Fine fluvial sediment of the river that deposited its water and waste into the bay and coarser marine sand covered the entire wreck. It must have been covered with fine sand and silt very soon after wrecking, which left it in an anaerobic condition for many centuries. In comparison to most other wrecks in tropical waters, the conservation conditions were extremely good for a long time, protecting a large part of the Avondster’s wooden structure (Figure 2).
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Agreements have been made between the Netherlands and Indonesian government to investigate what may have happened to the sites of the three Dutch Navy ships Hr.Ms. De Ruyter, Hr.Ms. Java and Hr.Ms. Kortenaer. This was done in a three-step... more
Agreements have been made between the Netherlands and Indonesian government to investigate what may have happened to the sites of the three Dutch Navy ships Hr.Ms. De Ruyter, Hr.Ms. Java and Hr.Ms. Kortenaer. This was done in a three-step research.
This is the report of the Joint Verification Mission Java Sea, 6 to 9th of February 2017, Jakarta, Indonesia titled: Joint Verification of the location and condition of Hr.Ms. De Ruyter, Java and Kortenaer.
This is the report of the Joint Verification Mission Java Sea, 6 to 9th of February 2017, Jakarta, Indonesia titled: Joint Verification of the location and condition of Hr.Ms. De Ruyter, Java and Kortenaer.
Research Interests: Maritime Archaeology, Second World War, World War II, Underwater Archaeology, Nautical Archaeology, and 6 moreMaritime and Underwater Archaeology, Archaeology maritime, Underwater Archeology, Archaeology: Maritime & Underwater archaeology; shipwreck archaeology; archaeology of piracy, Maritime and Nautical Archaeology, and Maritime History and Archaeology
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Het onderzoek naar de resten van een opgeboeide boomstamboot
uit de 8e eeuw na Christus
uit de 8e eeuw na Christus
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Best practices for underwater cultural heritage management. Examples as addition to the guideline 1 of the EU-SASMAP project.
Examples collected within SASMAP
Examples collected within SASMAP
Research Interests: Cultural Heritage Management, Underwater Archaeology, Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Cultural Heritage Management, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and 4 moreManagement of Underwater Cultural Heritage, UNESCO Underwater cultural heritage, In Situ, In-Situ, Conservation, Preservation, Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, and European Cultural Management Policies and Practices for the Creative Use of Cultural Heritage
IKUWA3: BEYOND BOUNDARIES, the 3rd International Congress on Underwater Archaeology, was organised by the Nautical Archaeology Society, University College London and the Charted Institute for Archaeologists, on 7th-14th July 2008, under... more
IKUWA3: BEYOND BOUNDARIES, the 3rd International Congress on Underwater Archaeology, was organised by the Nautical Archaeology Society, University College London and the Charted Institute for Archaeologists, on 7th-14th July 2008, under the patronage of UNESCO and the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
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Data sharing is a fundamental process for the advancement of both natural and social sciences. This paper explains the creation of the Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL: https://nadl.tamu.edu/) and its efforts to standardize... more
Data sharing is a fundamental process for the advancement of both natural and social sciences. This paper explains the creation of the Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL: https://nadl.tamu.edu/) and its efforts to standardize information collection for maritime archaeology projects, shipwrecks and related sites and to disseminate that information. Our purpose is to generate a common-ground methodology and terminology that promotes an intelligible dialogue within the global community of underwater archaeologists. The paper starts by defining archaeology as scientifically-built knowledge using definitions provided by philosophers of science. It addresses some considerations on terminology and systematization in scientific disciplines and discusses the theoretical and methodological issues encountered in the process of creating the templates to recording maritime archaeology projects and shipwrecks. Lastly, it discusses how science is greatly enhanced by the publication of information in easy accessible open source platforms.
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In August 2021, the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) and the St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) conducted a marine archaeological assessment at site SE-504 in St Eustatius' Oranje Bay. Instead of a... more
In August 2021, the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) and the St. Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research (SECAR) conducted a marine archaeological assessment at site SE-504 in St Eustatius' Oranje Bay. Instead of a wreck, a collection of mainly eighteenth-century objects was found.