Migrant Labors In GCC

In 2016, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) hosted around 3.77 million domestic workers. Based on data from the past 10 years, the sector is growing at an annual average growth rate of 8.7 per cent (or 35,970 new domestic workers every year).

The consistent demand for household paid care and domestic work in the countries of the GCC is
driven by two trends:

Explanation A: Increasing care pressures on national households due to higher female labour force participation rates (FLFPRs) combined with growing child and elderly care needs in
national contexts where care is traditionally the responsibility of women in the family and where intergenerational households (i.e., care by extended family members) are being replaced by nuclear households.

Explanation B: A growing population of dual wage-earning expatriate families with child care needs and a demand for professional housekeepers who require little supervision.

The familial care policies of the GCC have transformed domestic work into an essential component of care provision in households, with domestic workers providing care themselves or relieving employers from household chores so that they, in turn, can provide care. More attention needs to be paid to the socio-demographic changes in the GCC and to their implications for the management of human resources. The organization of the sector, as it progresses from housekeeping to home-paid care, must take into consideration how the long-term demand in the sector will be structured and what this demand structure will mean for labour matching.

Abstract:
Dissertation Submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY.

The root causes of the GCC's employment problems are interlocked – a system of national education that has largely not been competitive or well aligned with the needs of modern industry, a culture of citizens conditioned to a protective government, a public sector that is overstaffed and inefficient, and counterproductive policies in areas such as immigration and social welfare. It is also reflected in the highly distorted labour market in the region, founded on a socio-ethnic duality. In some respects the labour market is rigid, with pronounced differences in the wages for non-nationals and nationals. In other aspects it is flexible as current laws make it very easy to import or deport foreigners based on hiring/firing. This is also why“unemployment” is a national issue, for if and when a foreigner‟s work visa is terminated, he or she is obliged to return to the home country.
In the final analysis  –
• At the GCC level, the dissertation research disproves the hypothesis that growing numbers of GCC nationals have entered the private sector due to workforce nationalisation programmes, replacing foreign labour.
• The second hypothesis has been validated in that the growing mismatch between available local labour and the labour market requirements has undermined the success of Emiratisation.
• Finally, the failure of Emiratisation has been concluded while validating the hypothesis that Indian labour migration to the UAE has been vigorous despite Emiratisation.

The aim of this policy brief is to provide some understanding of the health constraints faced by single male laborers (SMLs), the policy efforts underway to enhance their access to healthcare, and further actions that ought to be undertaken to strengthen and improve healthcare for this group of migrant workers in Qatar.

This Migrant Labor in the Gulf Summary Report details the research findings that were presented by the Migrant Labor in the Gulf working group participants during their meetings in Doha, Qatar. CIRS launched the initiative in 2008 and held a total of three meetings. The working group is composed of experts in the field of migrant labor who hail from a variety of academic disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, economics, and political science. The working group is also composed of the CIRS research grant recipients: Andrew Gardner from the University of Puget Sound, Arland Thornton, Mansoor Moaddel, Dirgha Ghimirie, Linda Young-DeMarco, and Nathalie Williams from the University of Michigan, Susan Martin from Georgetown University, Mary Breeding from the World Bank, and David Mednicoff from the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. The edited volume, titled Migrant Labour in the Persian Gulf was published by Columbia University Press/Hurst in 2012.

Randeree, K., Chaudhry, A., Leadership: The Employee Perspective - A Study in Dubai’s Construction Industry, 5th International Business Research (IBR) Conference: “Strands of Development”, 26 - 27 April 2007, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Dubai is a regional leader in infrastructure development. Rapid growth has led to project management gaining tremendous importance in the construction sector. Employees are an important part of any industry and their job satisfaction and organisational commitment affects the turnover rate and productivity of a company (Benkhoff, 1997; Randeree and Chaudhry, pending). Leadership has a strong influence on employees' job satisfaction and organisational commitment (Lok & Crawford, 1999). Thus, it is vital to examine leadership styles in a rapidly growing industry in what is also such a cosmopolitan city. Hence, the research undertaken aims to study leadership styles in construction project management in Dubai. The findings show that employees feel that Consensus and Team Management leadership styles are predominant in the industry and employees have shown preference for working under these leadership styles.

دور تفتيش العمل في حماية العمالة الوافدة بدول الخليج العربية، المركز العربي لإدارة العمل والتشغيل.

The role of labor inspection in protecting migrant workers in the GCC countries, Arab Center for Labor Administration and Employment, ILO .

Le rôle de l'inspection du travail dans la protection des travailleurs migrants dans les pays du CCG, Centre Arabe pour l'Administration du travail et l'Emploi, OIT .

أثر التحولات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية على قانون العمل العماني والمقارن، بحث: كلية الحقوق، جامعة السلطان قابوس.

The Impact of Economic and Social Transitions on Omani and Comparative Labor Law, Article: College of Law, Sultan Qaboos University.


L'impact des transitions économiques et sociales sur le droit omanais et le droit comparé du travail, article: Collège de droit, Université Sultan Qaboos

The objective of the paper is to draw a sketch of UAE’s population and migration dynamics, using the scarce data available from the federal and emirate-level statistical bureaus. In 2010, expatriates in the UAE were estimated to number 7,316,073 persons, twenty times the 1975’s figure of 356,343. Foreign nationals thus made up 88.5 per cent of the country’s total population; most were believed to come from Asia and especially from India. In the employed population, foreign nationals accounted for an even larger share (96 per cent of the Dubai’s employed population in 2011). Non-Emiratis comprised 40 per cent of the UAE’s public sector’s workforce in 2013, but as much as 99.5 per cent of those employed in the private sector. Unlike in other GCC states, a quarter of working expatriates were in managerial posts, employed across all activities’ spectrum. Expatriates’ demographic expansion mounted during the 2000s, a period of spectacular economic growth fuelled by soaring oil prices. Since 2008’s financial downturn, however, the economy recovered and the hiring of foreign workers has resumed, stimulated by large-scale projects such as Dubai’s Expo 2020. Nonetheless, reforms in immigration policies are now undertaken, fuelled by security concerns and pressures from human rights’ protection bodies. The reality of some expatriates’ settlement is also witnessed in numbers (expatriate children aged 0-14 outnumbered Emirati
children already in 2005), while mixed marriages are acknowledged in policies: some naturalisations of children of Emirati mothers have been performed since 2011.

Migration patterns and policies of the Arab Gulf States. The first migration flow in the Arab Gulf States (1930-1950) was characterized essentially by the presence of British Indians and Arabs moving within the Gulf region. Beginning from the historical approach this paper tries to explain and analyze the migration patterns in the region. Particularly, the aim is to demonstrate that there is a continuum between the past and the present. In the past the nationality clause and now the nationalization of the labor market have the same aim: to guarantee employment to the local workforce. Therefore this paper demonstrates that both in the past and in the present the presence of foreigners has always been one of the characteristics of the AGS's society. In my view this leads to an understanding that current migration patterns and policies of the AGS stemmed from the past and in fact nowadays they have adopted restrictive migration policies to curb the foreign workforce on its own territories, since it greatly exceeds the national one. The will, therefore, to reduce the foreign presence pushes the Gulf States to act positively in favor of the local identity and culture and to defend it from the perceived threat posed by the presence of many foreign workers.

The Middle East is home to a significant number of noncitizens. These noncitizens include refugees and stateless populations, as well as the millions of migrant workers throughout the region. In fact, refugees, stateless populations, and migrant workers are often overlapping categories. In the Gulf, approximately half the population does not hold Gulf Cooperation Council citizenship, yet these noncitizens play a critical role in maintaining the social order. If a more democratic Middle East is to be constituted by an inclusive vision of citizenship, then the rights of noncitizens need to be made central to any political platform. Exclusive and restrictive notions of citizenship combined with a hierarchy between citizens and noncitizens form part of ruling classes’ political strategy to divide their populations, maintain a loyal citizenry, accumulate wealth, and restrict political decision making to elites. Therefore, projects of inclusive citizenship must also extend rights to noncitizens to create more democratic, participatory, and egalitarian societies.

Since 1990s, the participation of independent Nepali female migrants in the global labor market has transformed the traditional migration trends in Nepal. From 2002 to 2007, the government of Nepal promoted female labor migration to alleviate poverty in the country. Subsequently, the participation of independent Nepali women in international labor migration became popular. The Middle Eastern countries (Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Lebanon, Israel, etc.) and South-East Asian countries such as Malaysia remain the top destination for Nepali female labor migrants. Many Nepali women seek opportunities in domestic labor abroad such as domestic workers, housekeepers, and caretakers. The increasing trend of independent female labor migrants seeking employment abroad follows the global trend of “Feminization of Labor Migration”. The feminization of labor migration is a discursive subject that deals with political and social structures of a society, such as legal policies and hierarchical social values that perpetuate gender inequality in both working countries and the global labor market. It is necessary to focus on the role of gender in migration discourse in order to address the difference in experience of women to that of men before, during and after the process of migration. This Senior Thesis acknowledges migration in terms of gender perspective to explore the impact of women’s migration in reconstructing the hegemonic structure in their societies and in transforming the gender roles of women in their families. This qualitative research is based on three methods: in-depth individual interviews, focus group, and discourse analysis. This paper addresses Nepali migrant women’s agency in participating in feminization of labor migration and their roles in reconstructing the gender relations within their families and lives of those who are left behind after migration.

In more than three decades, Gulf Cooperation Council States (“GCC countries”) have been adjusting their active labor market policies in order to address the issue of growing youth unemployment and low participation of their respective nationals in the private sector workforce. For more than six years, the GCC countries have dramatically implemented stricter labor market policies, otherwise known as nationalization policies. This paper surveys the various ways with which the GCC states implement their respective nationalization policies, including hiring quotas, restriction of certain occupations to nationals, and others. The institution of these policies provide a unique setting to investigate the effects of these policies on the character of the labor market in general and on Philippine national interests specifically, including the prospects of the continued employment of Filipinos in these countries. I make use of data on work profiles of OFWs, as well as figures on the number of OFWs entering the labor force in the GCC states in recent years. The data and figures come from various sources including government agencies such as POEA, DOLE, and DFA-OMEAA, as well as various studies on the effect of nationalization policies on the character of the labor market in various GCC states. The analysis finds that the program succeeds in increasing employment of nationals in the short run but has significant negative effects on the employers. Moreover, despite nationalization efforts, the number of OFWs deployed to GCC countries across all skill-levels and work profiles continuously increased. Thus, GCC countries are expected to revert back to policies that allow for the continued increase of Filipino labor in the various sectors of the economies of the GCC countries especially in the area of skilled-labor.

Evolution OF Cold War
Yalta in Feb 4, 1945
The "Big Three" allied leader’s American president Roosevelt, Soviet leader Stalin and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet at the Yalta Conference to make arrangements for the postwar world order. Their contradictory agreements include a declaration to respect democracy throughout Europe, but also the recognition of a de facto Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. At Yalta the Allies also finalize plans to divide Germany into separate zones of occupation. USSR makes friendly government in western border.
Roosevelt Dies in Apr 12, 1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt suddenly suffers a cerebral hemorrhage and dies, leaving his vice president, Harry Truman, to assume the presidency. Truman has only been vice president for 82 days, and has had little communication with Roosevelt about the administration's policies. After taking his oath of office, Truman tells reporters, "Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now."
United Nations Founded in San Francisco in Jun 26, 1945
The United Nations Charter is adopted in San Francisco, California, by representatives of 51 countries. This marks the founding of the UN.
First Atomic Bomb in Jul 16, 1945
American scientists successfully test the first atomic bomb in New Mexico.
Hiroshima in Aug 6, 1945
The American bomber Enola Gay drops an atomic bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The instant devastation unleashed on Hiroshima shocks the world and ushers in the nuclear age.
Nagasaki in Aug 8, 1945
The American plane Bocks car drops an atomic bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.
Mao's Paper Tiger in Aug 1, 1946
In an interview with American correspondent Anna Louise Strong, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong dismisses the atom bomb as nothing more than a "paper tiger."
George Kennan in Feb 22, 1946
Diplomat George Kennan writes his "Long Telegram" from the US Embassy in Moscow, advocating a policy of containment: "It is clear that the main element of any United States policy towards the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies....
Iron Curtain in Mar 5, 1946
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gives his famous "Iron Curtain" speech at a college graduation in Fulton, Missouri: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”
GATT Agreed in 1947
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is developed as 23 western nations, including the US, agree on freer trade. The GATT creates new markets for American goods and investment abroad.

Marshall Plan in Jun 5, 1947
In a speech made at Harvard University, Secretary of State George Marshall proposes the Marshall Plan, a $13 billion foreign aid package designed to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II.
Truman Surprise Reelection Nov 2, 1948
American voters reelect Democrat Harry Truman to serve another term as president. The unpopular Truman's narrow victory over Republican Thomas Dewey comes as a major upset.
Economic Cooperation in Jan 8, 1949
COMECON, the Council for Mutual and Economic Cooperation, is formed as a Soviet answer to the Marshall Plan. The Soviets recognize the popularity of the Marshall Plan and seek to match it to prevent their own satellite nations from defecting to the West.
NATO Formed in Apr 4, 1949
Ten Western European nations join the United States and Canada to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an anti-Soviet military alliance that extends the deterrent threat of America's nuclear weapons to cover Western Europe.
Warsaw Pact in May 14, 1949
The Soviet Union forms the Warsaw Pact, a Communist military alliance intended to counter the threat posed by the West's North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Soviet Atomic Bomb` in Aug 29, 1949
The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, causing shock and fear in the United States.
 
Communist Win in China in Oct 1, 1949
Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declares the People's Republic of China as the Communists win their civil war against Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalists, who flee to Taiwan.
Chinese and Soviet Alliance in Dec 21, 1949
Soviet leader Josef Stalin celebrates his 70th Birthday, and Chinese leader Mao Zedong visits Moscow to negotiate an alliance with the Soviet Union.
Vietnam War (November 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975)
The Vietnam War was fought between communist North Vietnam and the government of Southern Vietnam. The North was supported by communist countries such as the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The South was supported by anti-communist countries, primarily the United States. The United States lost the Vietnam War. It lasted for twenty years, something the US never expected when it joined in the fight. Not only did the US lose the war and the country of Vietnam to the communists, the US lost prestige in the eyes of the world.
Sino-Soviet Treaty in Feb 14, 1950
According to this Treaty chine and USSR are Friends, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, an agreement committing the two nations to 30 years of mutual defense.
USA Ends Japanese Occupation
Nearly seven years after V - J Day, The USA ends its military occupation of Japan.
Hydrogen Bomb in Nov 1, 1952
The United States explodes its first hydrogen bomb—a weapon hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945—at Eniwetok in the South Pacific.
 
Soviets Develop Hydrogen Bomb in Aug 12, 1953
The Soviets explode their first hydrogen bomb, a mere nine months after the United States accomplished the same feat. The Soviets' determination to keep up with American technological developments signals their commitment to the arms race.
Stalin Dies in Mar 5, 1953
Soviet leader Stalin dies, ending his 30-year stranglehold on power within the Soviet Union. It was the turning point of cold war.
Khrushchev Leads Soviets in Sep 7, 1953
Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet Communist Party leader after triumphing in the intra-party power struggles that follow Josef Stalin's death.
China Pursues Bomb in Jan 1955
Chinese leader Mao Zedong decides China should build its own nuclear bomb.
Hundred Flowers Movement in Oct 1, 1956
China's 100 Flowers movement begins after Chairman Mao decides to allow "healthy criticism" and open debate on economic growth and the rule of Communist Party. "Healthy criticism" soon swells into a clamor of dissent, however, prompting Mao to shut 100 Flowers down after less than a year.
Treaty of Rome in Mar 25, 1957
The Treaty of Rome signed by France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg establishes the European Community (or Common Market), which expands upon the framework established by the 1951 European Coal and Steel Community to establish a Western European free trade zone. The treaty reflects many Europeans' aspirations to establish an independent body to look out for European interests rather than the American objectives that are perceived to drive NATO policy. The European Community lays the foundation for what will eventually become the European Union.
Sputnik Launched in Oct 4, 1957
The Soviets launch Sputnik, the first man-made object to orbit the earth. The Soviets' technological success in building the world's first satellite strikes fear in the hearts of Americans and launches the space race.
First Satellite in Jan 31, 1958
The United States launches its first satellite, Explorer.
Mao Travels in Nov 6, 1957
Chinese leader Mao Zedong travels to Moscow for the 40th Anniversary of the Soviet Revolution and declares that "East Wind is rising over West Wind," reflecting his belief that China will overtake the Soviet Union as the world's leading Communist power..
Great Leap Forward in Jan 1, 1958
Under Mao Zedong's leadership, China begins the Great Leap Forward, a plan to industrialize the nation. The state takes over land, changes agricultural practices, and places people on huge communes to produce steel. The Great Leap Forward fails miserably to produce progress for China, resulting instead in a Great Famine as agriculture is sacrificed for industry. Millions die.
North American Defense in May 12, 1958
The United States and Canada join together to form the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to monitor the skies for Soviet nuclear attack.
NASA Created in Jul 29, 1958
The United States creates NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, to lead the space race with the Soviet Union.
 
U2 Shot Down Over Soviet Union in May 1, 1960
American pilot Gary Power's U2 spy plane is shot down over the Soviet Union. President Eisenhower denies responsibility for the international incident and refuses to apologize, precipitating the collapse of a planned Paris summit between the United States and Soviet Union.

ملخص
يتناول هذا البحث المركز القانوني لوكالات توريد العمالة الأجنبية، إذ يسلط الضوء في المبحث الأول منه على الإطار العام لنشاط توريد العمالة الأجنبية من حيث التعريف بهذا النوع من الأنشطة والعلاقات القانونية التي تتضمنها، خاصة وأن العامل الأجنبي في بلد (بلد الإرسال) وصاحب العمل ووكالة توريد العمالة الأجنبية في بلد آخر (بلد الاستقبال – البحرين)، ويبين هذا المبحث كذلك أهمية نشاط التوريد، وتنظيمه على المستوى الدولي والاتفاقيات الدولية ذات العلاقة، وكذلك على المستوى الوطني في إطار التشريع البحريني متمثلاً في قانون تنظيم سوق العمل رقم 19 لسنة 2006م.
ومن ثم يتطرق المبحث الثاني إلى مركز وكالات توريد العمالة الأجنبية في مواجهة صاحب العمل المحلي، ويبين طبيعة هذه العلاقة وآثارها القانونية، وإشكالياتها القانونية والواقعية، والحلول المطروحة بشأنها في إطار المبادئ العامة في القانون المدني البحريني (التنفيذ العيني – الفسخ مع التعويض) وآراء الفقه المعاصر وأحكام القضاء، ومن ثم يبحث تطوير هذه الحماية القانونية.
ويتناول المبحث الثالث مركز هذه الوكالات في مواجهة العامل الأجنبي من حيث طبيعة العلاقة ومشكلاتها، القانونية والواقعية، ومن ثم يتناول الحلول التقليدية المطروحة بشأن تلك الإشكاليات في إطار القواعد القانونية للقانون المدني، وقصورها عن مواجهة حالات واقعية، نحو البحث عن حلول فقهية، وأخرى تتسم بطابع دولي، سواء من خلال دور الدولة في التدخل لتنظيم النشاط، أو من خلال التعاون بين الدول المعنية.
بحث مُحكّم، منشور في مجلة (القانونية) التي تصدرها هيئة التشريع والرأي القانوني - البحرين، العدد الثاني، شعبان 1435هـ - يونيو 2014م



Summary
This paper deals with the legal status of the agencies supplying foreign Labour, as highlights in the first section of it on the general framework of the activity of supply of foreign Labour in terms of the definition of this type of activity and legal relations that contain them, especially as a foreign worker in the country (country transmission) and the employer and the agency supply foreign labor in another country (the host country - Bahrain), shows this section as well as the importance of activity, supply and regulation at the international level and the relevant international conventions, as well as at the national level in the framework of Bahraini legislation represented in the law regulating the labor market No. 19 of 2006.
It then addresses the second section to the status of agencies supplying foreign labour in the face of employer local, and shows the nature of this relationship and its legal effects, and the legal and factual Problems , and solutions which under the general principles of Bahraini civil law (Implementation of compulsory - Termination with amends) and opinions Contemporary Jurisprudence and Judicial decisions, and then looking to develop this legal protection.
Addresses the third research status of these agencies in the face of a foreign Labour in terms of the nature of the relationship and its legal and factual problems, and then addresses the traditional solutions offered on those problems in the context of the legal rules of civil law, and limitations for dealing with some factual cases, about the search for solutions jurisprudential, and international solutions, whether through the role of the state to intervene to regulate the activity, or through cooperation between the countries concerned.

Refereed research, published in the  "Legal journal" (AlQanania) issued by the Legislative and Legal Opinion Commission - Bahrain, the second issue, Shaaban 1435 AH - June 2014 AD

Female migratory fows from the Horn of Africa are mainly directed to Arab countries and tend to take the form of temporary legal migration. Like their Asian counterparts, these girls and women are subject to varying degrees of trafcking and even enslavement, working mainly as in-house maids in afuent Arab households, where they tend to be denied free and fair labour rights, under a harsh interpretation of the kafala, or "sponsorship" system, prevalent in Arabic countries. Although there are signs of better legal protection under international labour rules, the system in place and the culture that supports it impose a tense situation where maids are subject to everyday “structural violence” and employers have to bear an unwonted responsibility. The psychological, social and economic costs of this migration are well documented but there's still a lack of understanding of the trends of female agency that emerges as a direct refection of the hardships of such forms of migration. This chapter refects on the ways this situation is understood and managed in the hosting countries.

This brief, commissioned by ILO India, provides a snapshot of the latest international migration trends from India. It includes a discussion of the UNDESA 2015 data on gender and labour migration from India to the GCC region and points to the link between labour migration, skill development and unemployment in India.

Increasing globalisation of workforce has resulted into a large population of expatriate workers who engage in temporary work outside their home country. Along with monetary benefits, expatriate assignment is closely associated with a number of challenges which influence adjustment of an expatriate in a foreign country. This paper presents an expatriate adjustment model derived from review of research papers published on expatriate adjustment in the last two decades. Later section of this paper presents major internal and external expatriate support factors. The paper concludes with suggestion of a multilevel action plan at organisational level to support expatriate adjustment.

This ethnographic article details the resettlement process of Mounir, a French citizen of Maghrebi background migrating from Paris to Dubai. In so doing, it examines how social status formation plays out in the context of skilled labour migration between France and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Drawing on semi-structured interviews and multi-sited participant observation, it questions human capital theory’s premise that ‘skills’ largely consist of a transposable set of objective technical qualifications. Instead, it finds that any effective validation of skill sets encompasses ‘claims-making’ processes that are co-dependent on social hierarchies of place, such as citizenship, class and race. The ‘expatriate’ portrait presented here demonstrates how tertiary-educated members of the Euro-Maghrebi minority engage in transcontinental migration not only as a way of dealing with hampered economic conversion yields of Bourdieusian capital forms in their home societies, but equally to renegotiate a more comprehensive transformation of social status. By describing Mounir’s hybrid repositioning at the interstices of more dominant status markers in Dubai, this article theorizes ‘status migration’, a transnational process of human mobility, characterized by the skilful propensity of acting-by-moving from the part of (racially) degraded citizens in dealing with the status deficiencies specific to them in their home societies.

In early September 1969 before the start of school, an American couple came to Larestan which is located in the south of Iran. Although their last name was McIntire, people called them Mr. and Mrs. Mac. They taught English in Lar's high schools for two years and then returned for a third year. Mrs. Mac, who today is known as Emily Wells Gianfortoni, and her ex-husband Ronnie McIntire had studied sociology and anthropology. Because of her major, Emily became interested in studying the lives of Larestani people. After returning to the US, she continued her education at Harvard University earning a Ph.D. degree. Her thesis examines social mobility in the city of Lar in southwestern Iran. The economy of Larestan was largely based on workers and traders who opened shops in Kuwait and other Persian Gulf states and sent remittances back to Larestan. "New  opportunities for education and employment in government bureaucracies after 1960 opened up routes for social mobility for the class of petty farmers and entrepreneurs in Lar”. Now 72 Emily enjoys Iranian culture, folklore, music, and food. She says she would like to visit Lar again and see the changes and old friends after 50 years.

یکی از بحث برانگیزترین مقوله ها در حوزه ی مهاجرت بین الملل در یک دهه ی اخیر، موضوع ارسال وجه مهاجران به زادگاه خویش است. برخی از نظریه پردازان به واسطه ی دیدگاههای بدبینانه ای که به اصل پدیده ی مهاجرت داشته اند، فرآیند ارسال وجه مهاجرین به زادگاهشان را نیز توأم با مسائل و مشکلات فراوانی ارزیابی می کنند. آنان معتقدند وجوه ارسالی به مناطق مهاجر فرست و تأمین معیشت خانواده ها از این طریق نه تنها فقر را کاهش نمی دهد، بلکه افزایش فقر و نابرابری جوامع مهاجرفرست را نیز به همراه دارد. از جمله دیگر ایرادات وارده به این فرآیند، موقتی و ناپایدار بودن وجوه ارسالی، و نیز افزایش مصرف گرایی خانواده های مهاجرین و در ادامه، تضعیف سرمایه گذاری و تولید در آن جوامع می دانند. با این وجود بسیاری از نظریه پردازان نگرشی واقع بینانه تر به موضوع ارسال وجه دارند و به چنین ایراداتی نیز پاسخ می دهند که به آن خواهیم پرداخت. در ادامه، به آمارهای مفصلی در ضمینه ی مهاجرت و ارسال وجه در حوزه ی بین الملل اشاره خواهد شد. مبحث پایانی مقاله بررسی وضعیت مهاجرت و ارسال وجه در ایران، با تمرکز بر مهاجران ایرانی مقیم کشورهای عربی حوزه ی خلیج فارس خواهد بود.

Migration and belonging have attracted the interests of many scholars in the last decades. In this paper, I propose to look at migration no longer as a process but as a project. Migration process is a 'neutral' term that does not unpack the migration experience, practices and everyday life of migrants in the Arab Gulf countries. But more than that, it underestimates the role of agency in migration. I thus introduce the notion of 'migration project' to affirm that the migration experience is characterized by a conscious decision to migrate. It does not mean that there is a project established a priori but it emphasizes the agency of individuals, groups and households to mobilize resources in order to migrate and face difficulties of such experience. Belonging is conceived as emotional ties and feeling 'at home', and it also refers to social category, space and locales. I argue that belonging is also flexible, which means that people belong, at the same time, to different spaces, places and locales. 'Flexible belonging' is based on the relation between self and society, which means emphasizing the role and understanding the self as an active and participatory agent in society Based on my field research within the Pakistani community in Dubai and especially professionals, this paper revisits the notion of migration process and belonging in light of the particular characteristics of migration in the Gulf region. In terms of positionality within the Emirati context, Pakistani professionals adopt strategies and mobilize resources that allow them to develop relationships and interact with the local context. These relationships are framed within the concept of 'flexible belonging', thus suggesting that social relationships are shaped by fluctuations between 'preserving' Pakistani identity and feeling part of the Emirati context.

As the world’s oil and gas prices decline, taxation of foreign workers’ remittances has increasingly
become a potentially viable solution to address government budget deficits in the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC) states. With growing unemployment rates and labour shortages among local populations,
the GCC governments have recently proposed legislative and, in some cases already introduced,
economic measures to tax foreign workers’ remittances. Newly proposed tax measures on remittance outflows
are often rationalised as critical stop-gap solutions to mitigate high government budget deficits and
share costs in accessing state-subsidized public infrastructure and services. Yet, several GCC governments
face a complex policy dilemma between balancing budget deficits and addressing high labour shortages
and incentives in local labour markets. Thus, the key policy question is: how can GCC governments manage
this emerging policy dilemma within their borders? This policy brief examines not only the recently
suggested policy responses of various GCC governments but also their long-term potential implications
on national labour markets and migrants and their families both in the destination and origin countries.

Little empirical studies have examined Sub-Saharan African labor migration to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). With growing unemployment and sociopolitical conflicts, combined with increasing immigration restrictions in the West, many Sub-Saharan African labor migrants have increasingly migrating to the GCC countries as temporary labor migrants, entrepreneurs, refugees, and students. Unlike other foreign labor migrants, many Sub-Saharan Africans tend to have acquired more formal education and advanced professional qualifications. Yet they often severely face deskilling problems in the UAE, which directly impact their social and economic contribution (i.e. remittances, knowledge transfer) to their origin countries. Drawing from 50 in-depth qualitative interviews and newspaper/document analyses, we examine the labor migration integration patterns, causes, and implications of deskilling on high-skilled Cameroonian labor migrants in the UAE. Several causes of deskilling problems among Cameroonian labor migrants have been identified: (1) non-recognition of foreign credentials; (2) social/racial prejudices; (3) unorganized social network institutions/communities; and (4) absence of the Cameroonian state embassy/consulate in the host country. These labor market constraints do not only produce economic losses and psychological/health related problems, but also reinforce their low-skilled labor market segmentation in the UAE labor market. It also raises critical questions about the appropriate role of the Cameroonian state in managing contemporary labor migration as a development strategy. This paper will also broadly examine the role of Cameroonian labor migrants as development agents in Cameroonian future development process

This chapter engages with transnational migration from India and is structured around five primary arguments, some of which have been partially developed in the previous chapter. The first is that contemporary migration to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region  from Saharanpur must be understood in the context of longer communal histories of migration, movement and connectedness. Second, migration to the GCC is deeply woven into patterns of movement within the Indian domestic context, thus contemporary emigration to the Gulf cannot be effectively understood without engaging with migrants’ prior histories of mobility within Indiamigration. Third, the affective and informal networks detailed in previous chapters are significant in shaping both structural factors and subjective experiences of migration to the GCC from the woodworking mohallas. These networks facilitate migration but also produce a sense of familiarity and comfort that can act to conceal some of the conditions of exploitation within which GCC migration takes place. Fourth, and continuing from the previous chapter, I argue that migration from the city involves ongoing processes that alternate between the real and the imagined, the domestic and the international, and origin and destination, processes which lie at the core of the cyclic production of migrants’ imaginations, subjectivities and experiences. Finally, and linking to the overarching focus of this book, I contend that continuities from labour at home, during migration in India and during migration to the GCC act to replicate an affective sense conditions of enclavement and marginalisation which persists despite substantial geographical movement and degrees of cosmopolitan connectedness.

دور تفتيش العمل في إنفاذ معايير العمل الدولية والعربية، مجلة الدراسات الاجتماعية والعمالية، العدد (١١٣)، نوفمبر 2016م.

The role of labour inspection in enforcing international and Arab labour standards, Journal of Social and labour Studies, No. (113), November 2016.

Le rôle de l'inspection du travail dans l'application des normes internationales et arabes du travail, Journal of Social and Labour Studies, n ° (113), novembre 2016.

Dhobi ka kuta, Na ghar ka na ghaat ka 1 The washer-man's dog belongs neither to the home nor to the river bank. There is no precise English equivalent to this Hindustani proverb. 2 A rolling stone gathers no moss, between the devil and the deep blue sea, between a rock and a hard place, torn between two masters-none of these really fit. The dhobi ka kuta is the dog who figuratively and literally runs every day between two places, two obligations, and two choices. Does he stay behind to guard the master's house or does he guard his master as he washes clothes by the river? There will be a trade-off either way. The phrase does not conjure up vagabond restlessness or nomadic liberation. It evokes the anxiety of rootlessness, and the lack of certainty about choice and loyalty. It is about the doubt cast your way for not picking one thing over the other. It is about being stuck in the vagaries of the in-between. Migrants' lives, at the existential level, reflect the dilemma of the dhobi's kuta. Temporary labor migrants in the Persian Gulf are perpetually tied to obligations to those they have left behind as well as duties to those they live among in the moment. Really belonging neither at home nor to their currently adopted land, they are occupants of a liminal space where they are without political status, without political weight, without political solidarities, and without political rights. For the duration of their time overseas, and for some this might mean decades, they have a limited claim to any of those things in their country of nationality as well. Narratives of Gulf labor migrants frequently veer between two poles. From one perspective they are seen as voluntary economic actors, animated only in principle by their material goals. Momentary contributors to economies that need their labor, they lack demonstrable loyalty to their nation-states and have little longterm connection to the countries that host them. From this position, temporary labor migrants might at most be considered an interest group unto themselves, whose collective goals are merely better pay and improved employment conditions. The flip side of this is the view of migrants as voiceless, deprived of any agency, vulnerable, and in need of others to advocate on their behalf. Casting migrants solely as victims, this pole also diminishes their capacity, value, positionality, and engagement in the Gulf. Both of these views elide the nuances of migrants' subjective experiences and autonomy and divert our attention from their multiple practices and forms of resistance to power and oppression. In the era of globalization with its insatiable hunger for cheaper sources of labor, migrant workers regularly contend with situations of exploitation and abysmal labor rights violations. However, migrants' experiences as well as their responses are a product of dysfunctionalities in our global political and economic systems and the structural inequalities they produce. If labor migrants are a sidelined community, for political scientists they are frequently a marginalized subject. Abandoned as a problematic category by political ideologies of the left and right, lacking broader goals or mechanisms of cooperation with other social classes or social interests, and seldom incorporated into the study of social movements, they have been overlooked by those who study political phenomena in the Persian Gulf.

En la presente tesis se destacan, respecto al problema de los indocumentados, aquellos aspectos que son de carácter estructural a diferencia de los que dependen de decisiones políticas y económicas en las esferas del gobierno.  Empeño se ha puesto en describir el proceso de descampesinización, como una etapa necesaria en el desarrollo del capitalismo, que acelera la disolución de la pequeña producción mercantil simple y alimenta las corrientes migratorias.  Se destaca, de manera general, todos aquellos criterios que permiten configurar el perfil del trabajador indocumentado, asi como su situación de vulnerabilidad ante una sociedad más tecnificada y culturalmente distinta en la década 1960-1970.  Se encontró que las entidades-cuna de la emigración a los Estados Unidos en este periodo, están ubicadas en regiones semi-urbanas y urbanas, con infraestructura capitalista, a diferencia de la visión que predomina y que considera que los flujos migratorios externos proceden por lo general de zonas atrasadas,  económicamente débiles.

ملخص
يعالج هذا البحث موضوع (الملكية الفكرية في المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة). حيث يتناول في المبحث الأول مفهوم تلك المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة وخصائصها، ثم مفهوم "ريادة الأعمال" والإبداع والابتكار فيها، وفق منظور الفكر الاقتصادي والقانوني.
ثم ينتقل إلى المبحث الثاني لتوضيح الدور الذي تلعبه الملكية الفكرية في المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، سواء تعلق بدور حقوق الملكية الأدبية والفنية كحق المؤلف والحقوق المجاورة أم تعلق الأمر بدور حقوق الملكية الصناعية والتجارية كالعلامات التجارية والرسوم والنماذج الصناعية وبراءات الاختراع، فضلاً عن دور المعارف التقنية.
ثم يتطرق المبحث الثالث لتناول الحماية القانونية للمشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة الذي يفرق بين مبدأ "التلقائية" الذي ينطبق على الحقوق الأدبية والفنية فيتم اكتسابها بمجرد ابتكارها والتعبير عنها بأي شكل من الأشكال، ومبدأ "الإقليمية" الذي ينطبق على حقوق الملكية التجارية والصناعية وما يستوجبه ذلك من إجراء شكلي يتمثل في التسجيل، ويبين كيفية إجراء هذه الحماية وطنياً ودولياً. قد اختُتِم البحث بأهم النتائج والتوصيات التي توصل إليها الباحث.
كلمات مفتاحية: الملكية الفكرية، المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة.



Summary
This research deals with the subject of (Intellectual property in small and medium enterprises “SMEs”). where the first section talks about the concept of small and medium enterprises and their characteristics, then the concept of "entrepreneurship" with the view of its creativity and innovation, according to perspective of the economic and legal thought.
In the second section, we clarify the role of intellectual property in the small and medium enterprises, whether related to literary and artistic property rights such as copyrights and other neighboring, or related the rights of industrial and commercial property such as trademarks, industrial designs, patents, as well as technical knowledge.
The Third section addresses the legal protection for small and medium enterprises, which distinguishes between the principle of "spontaneity", which applies to literary and artistic rights that is earned once invented or expressed in any form, and the principle of "territoriality"  that applies to commercial and industrial property rights which required by a registration formality, the section shows how this protection is talked nationally and internationally. In conclusion we highlight the key findings and recommendations of the research.
Keywords: Intellectual property, the small and medium enterprises “SMEs”.

Dr. Ali Alsidiqi
journal of Law, Bahrain, edition (10) number (1), 2018

پدیده ی مهاجرت و بویژه مهاجرت بین الملل، در بسیاری از مکاتب نظری مورد بررسی و تحلیل واقع شده است. برخی دیدگاه ها به این پدیده تاخته اند و آن را در برابر توسعه در نظر گرفته اند. برخی نیز با اعتنا به مهاجرت رویکردی توسعه ای را برای آن اتخاذ نموده اند. از اوایل قرن بیست و یک، دیدگاهها و سیاست ها، چرخش قابل اعتنایی به نگرش مثبت به پدیده ی مهاجرت جنوب شمال داشت. در این راستا برخی دانشمندان نقش مهاجران را در توسعه ی زادگاه خود بالا در نظر گرفتند. این توسعه گرایان، مدعی اند مهاجرت، منجر به حرکت جریان شمال-جنوب سرمایه خواهد شد. بخش نظری این مقاله به بررسی این دیدگاهها، از دهه ی 1950 تا کنون خواهد پرداخت. هدف دوم این مقاله ارائه ی یک الگو در ایران است. مردم نواحی جنوبی ایران از جمله منطقه ی لارستان و شهر لار، از نیمه های قرن بیستم، مهاجران بسیاری را به کشورهای عربی GCC ارسال داشته اند که در نتیجه ی این پژوهش با استفاده از روش ترکیبی، مشخص شد مردم لار، مهاجران را اصلی ترین عاملان توسعه ی شهر خود می دانند. به گونه ای که این اثر گذاری را از اقدامات دولت نیز بالاتر می دانند.

Jureidini, Ray & Hassan, Said (Eds.). (2020). Migration and Islamic Ethics. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. This book addresses how Islamic ethical and legal traditions can contribute to current global debates on migration and displacement; how Islamic ethics of muʾakha, ḍiyāfa, ijāra, amān, jiwār, sutra, kafāla, among others, may provide common ethical grounds for a new paradigm of social and political virtues applicable to all humanity, not only Muslims. The present volume more broadly defines the Islamic tradition to cover not only theology but also to encompass ethics, customs and social norms, as well as modern political, humanitarian and rights discourses. The first section addresses theorizations and conceptualizations using contemporary Islamic examples, mainly in the treatment of asylum-seekers and refugees; the second, contains empirical analyses of contemporary case studies; the third provides historical accounts of Muslim migratory experiences. Available at: (Open Access) https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004417342

In recent years, migration to the GCC has attracted increasing journalistic attention, and a growing body of scholarship from academics. What has gone almost completely unnoticed, however, is the regional, intra-Arab aspect of the phenomenon. Migration into the Gulf region from other Arab countries by far outdates more recent, and comparatively more temporary, migratory patterns from South Asia and Western Europe. Not only are Arab migratory patterns into the GCC comparatively and qualitatively different from other similar patterns, the historical setting within which they have unfolded, the processes through which they have taken place, and their economic, sociological, and political consequences have all been different. This report examines the dynamics involved in the emergence of Arab migrant communities in the Gulf region, focusing specifically on how they came about, their overall sociological compositions and economic profiles, and the causes, processes, and consequences of their interactions with, and integration within, the host countries.

A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile ad-hoc network, to provide communications among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed roadside equipment. The key operation in VANETs is the broadcast of messages. Its main goal is to improve safety and comfort for passengers, but it can also be used for commercial applications. In this latter case, it will be necessary to motivate drivers to cooperate and contribute to packet forwarding in Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Roadside communications. This paper examines the problem, analyzes the drawbacks of known schemes and proposes a new secure incentive scheme to stimulate cooperation in VANETs, taking into account factors such as time and distance.

http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79957706141&partnerID=40&md5=99571c8b739b0fa00d5ffb928fe8cb0a