Military Economics

The causes of the coup d'etat have long been debated. The economic motives of the regime change by military coups have gained a significant momentum in the literature. This paper argues that economic motives preceded ideological and political motivations in the coups that were staged in Turkey (1980) and Egypt (2013). The paper analysis the expansion of military business in the civilian realm before and after military coups, along with other economic variables such as: GDP, per Capita GDP and the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the two cases of study. The paper also controls for socioeconomic conditions and civil-military relations in Turkey and Egypt attempting to develop a better understanding to the contexts in which military coups become more probable. The paper finds that the risk of military coups is higher in Turkey and Egypt if the military perceives a threat to its economic interests or if it saw an opportunity to advance its economic interests that wouldn't be achievable under the existing regime.

The aim of this article is to anlyse issues related to the system of public duties for the army in peacetime on the example of the obligation, in force in the Second Polish Republic. to provide the army with mechanical means of transport (cars, motorbikes and bicycles). The constitutional obligation of make in-kind contributions for the army in peacetime served mainly the purposes of supply, training (military exercises) or military qualification (understood as a whole range of undertakings aimed at determining one's ability to perform active military service). The author analyses the interwar legislation in this respect against the background of the economic, economic and political situation of the Polish State at the time.

Celem badawczym artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z systemem świadczeń publicznych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju na przykładzie obowiązującego w II Rzeczypospolitej obowiązku dostarczania dla wojska mechanicznych środków przewozowych (samochodów, motocykli i rowerów). Konstytucyjny obowiązek świadczeń rzeczowych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju służył głównie celom zaopatrzeniowym, szkoleniowym (ćwiczeń wojskowych) czy kwalifikacji wojskowej (rozumianej jako całokształt przedsięwzięć mających na celu ustalenie zdolności do czynnej służby wojskowej). Autor dokonuje analizy międzywojennego ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie na tle ówczesnej sytuacji ekonomicznej, gospodarczej i politycznej państwa polskiego.

This article first analyzes the evacuation hospitals funding from the state budget during the Soviet-
Finnish war. The peculiarities of financing the creation of hospitals in the mobilization period, the work of financial
departments of hospitals, the wounded and provide employees pay, pay business expenses, the role
of sponsorship in the supply of evacuation hospitals. The importance of municipal government in financing the
evacuation hospitals. It is noted that under-funding of civil institutions is a constant companion in evacuation hospitals
during the Soviet-Finnish War, and the difficulty increases with time. Appeal to the declassified documents, military medical services, as well as the Soviet government allowed to raise the question about the reasons for
such a situation. Considered the factors that impede the supply of evacuation hospitals in the early 1940: the
repeated recalculation of salaries, depreciation of buildings, conversion and changes in staff structure of some
of the military-medical institutions. It tests the hypothesis that it is trying to save the People’s Commissariat of Finance
on the content of evacuation hospitals have led to a further deterioration of their financial situation. To test
the significance of the above factors are calculated rate of clotting hospital network in the Ural Military District, as
they should have been according to the forecast of the Minister of Finance A. G. Zverev. Comparison of forecast
indicators with statistics Ural hospitals in the second quarter of 1940 showed a fifty percent understating their
actual funding needs. increase in the number of vacant beds in hospitals are also calculated. This is normal during
the dissolution of the hospitals, was not taken into account in the forecast of the minister. Presented in the article,
the evidence suggests that not only random factors influence the process of financing the evacuation of hospitals,
the government had significant errors.

The article analyses the constitutional legal institution of public burdens for the defence of the state in its relation to the defence economy. Public burdens in the form of personal and in-kind contributions are an important element of the defence economy, determining the defensive potential of the Polish State. In the course of the discussion the author drew attention to both normative aspects of the system of contribution for defence and economic aspects related mainly to material and technical supplies for the armed forces.

This open access handbook is a major reference work in the field of Military Sciences. Its main purpose is to inform and enlighten those dealing with the military on the role and contributions of science in describing, understanding and explaining military life, knowledge and doings. The handbook provides a comprehensive thematic introduction to various sub-fields of Military Sciences.

The handbook serves a broad audience in various capacities; academics studying the military and the broader defense and security sector, students at military and civilian schools preparing for service in the military, the government or other occupations with linkage to the military, professionals in the armed forces, decision makers in government, contractors who work alongside the military, NGOs whose work is influenced by military operations, journalists who write on matters concerning the sphere of the military or others with a particular interest towards the military as a phenomenon, organization or system of various kinds.

The Handbook can be downloaded for free from SpringerLink:
https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4

The purpose of the paper is to use econometric methods to ascertain the main determinants of rising military expenditure in BRICS countries for the period of 1970 to 2017.The empirical result of the determinant for military expenditure of BRICS countries from 1970 to 2017 employed the panel data analysis approach. Based on the detailed theoretical and empirical literature on determinant for military expenditure, the neoclassical model was considered the best to analyzed determinant of BRICS countries military expenditure. BRICS countries political economy and security factors were incorporate for model specification. The determinant for military expenditure for BRICS include income, population, government expenditure, Security web (average military expenditure of neighboring countries within BRICS countries), internal threats and external threats. The economic, political and security factors are included. The empirical result suggest that BRICS countries military expenditure is mainly determined by its income, population, exchange rate, internal threats, inflation and political regime (proxy by democracy index). In conclusion, the result reveal that BRICS policy makers if they are interested in reversing their high unemployment and poverty rate should focus their attention on these encouraging the local production of their arms/ammunition (military industries) which will create job opportunities for their teeming youthful population. This result is in line with the findings of (

Personnel in the Norwegian Armed Forces (NAF) employed in positions with age dependent skills (health, physical and mental strength) are on contracts ending at the age of 35 (T35 contract). Such personnel are compensated by a bonus of NOK 1.1 million (USD 135.000) at the end of
their contract period. The secondary purpose of the bonus is to incentivize personnel to complete their contract, e.g. the compensation also works as a retention bonus. Despite the existence of a retention bonus, the number of personnel completing their contract is almost absent. NAF statistics show that a vast number of personnel quit at the age of 22–24. This wears and tears on the education and training institutions, and leads to vacancies and a reduced level of experience in the operational units. In order to increase retention rates, the retention
scheme was revised in June 2020. The crucial adjustment in the retention scheme is to move the first possible bonus payment from 10 to 5 years of service, and to allow the personnel to exchange bonus payments for paid study leave (education bonus). The new scheme is affective in 2024, when the required seniority is attained. However, in order to gain insight in advance related to the scheme, Defence Staff Norway (DEFSTNOR) initiated a pilot among four different units.
Participating personnel can choose between money payments and paid study leave already during autumn 2021. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) supports DEFSTNOR in conducting a survey mapping plans and preferences among the personnel attaining the pilot.
In this report, we study opportunities and challenges related to the new retention bonus scheme based on the plans and preferences among the personnel and their leaders mapped in the survey. There is uncertainty associated with the number of personnel choosing study leave, and the
corresponding challenges due to increases in vacancies. We find, however, that the share of personnel choosing study leave is unlikely to exceed 16%, despite the fact that 60% of all personnel plan for civil higher education. The variation in shares among military units are,
however, substantial.
By mapping the preferred years for study enrollment, we find that a low number of personnel prefer to study at the time of both bonus payments (5 and 10 years seniority). Our results indicate that education bonus is relatively more attractive to women, also after controlling for the high
share of women planning for higher education. We find no support for the hypothesis that personnel will avoid study leave as a response to challenges associated with increases in vacancies.
We have estimated turnover intention by mapping respondents plans two and five years ahead. We find that plans for education is the strongest predictor for turnover intention. We find no evidence supporting that commuting increases turnover intention. The personal discounting rate and risk preferences are crucial to outcomes in the labor market. Our findings suggest this being the case also in our sample of personnel in the NAF.