- Administrative Procedure, Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, History of Law and Administration, Public Administration, Social movements and revolution, and 19 moreNew Public Management and Governance, French Revolution, Military History, Military Law, Napoleonic Military History, Administrative Law and Bureaucratic Legalism, History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Local Government and Local Development, Local Government Law, Duchy of Warsaw, History of Law, Polish law, Human Rights Law, International Law, French Revolution and Napoleon, Polish History, Polish Interwar History, Poland 1939-45, and Polandedit
- Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Legal Sciences, Administration and Security of the Management Aca... morePh.D. in Law, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Legal Sciences, Administration and Security of the Management Academy of Applied Sciences in Warsaw (MANS), Poland.
● a member of the Legal Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin Branch (OL PAN);
● a member of the Legal Department of the Scientific Society at the Catholic University of Lublin (TN KUL);
● a member of the Association of Alumni and Friends of the Law Faculty of the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL);
● a member of the Polish Association of Law & Economics (PSEAP);
● a member of the Editorial Board of the Management Academy of Applied Sciences Publishing House;
● a member of the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Legal Sciences, Administration and Security of the Management Academy of Applied Sciences in Warsaw (MANS);
● a member of the Senate of the Management Academy of Applied Sciences in Warsaw (term of office 2021-2025);
● reviewer of a grant application to the National Science Centre, Poland;
● reviewer in "Social Contexts" | "Konteksty Społeczne", the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology of the Maria Curie Skłodowska University (UMCS);
● reviewer in "National Security Studies" | "Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego", Military University of Technology (WAT);
● reviewer in “Scientific Journal of Students” | "Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe", the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Maria Curie Skłodowska University (UMCS);
● reviewer in "Bulletin of the Association of Alumni and Friends of the Faculty of Law of the Catholic University of Lublin" | "Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego", the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL);
● reviewer in "Administrative Law Review" | "Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego", the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Maria Curie Skłodowska University (UMCS);
● editor in "Social Studies" | "Studia Społeczne", the Management Academy of Applied Sciences (MANS).
Between 2009-2014 the secretary of Prof. Mieczysław Sawczuk (1930-2014), MAE.
An author and editor of about 100 publications, including monographs and articles published in Polish and English. My research interests include the history of the state and the law of the 18th and 19th centuries, with particular emphasis on the legal and political thought of revolutionary and national liberation movements, the issue of the modern concept of the right to resistance, and material administrative law with particular emphasis on the issue of the constitutional obligation to bear public burdens and perform public duties.edit
The subject of the analysis concerns one of the administrative-legal aspects related to military requisitions in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, namely, the claims of the population resulting from unsatisfied dues for war requisitions... more
The subject of the analysis concerns one of the administrative-legal aspects related to military requisitions in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, namely, the claims of the population resulting from unsatisfied dues for war requisitions and material losses in households which occurred as a result of military operations conducted on Polish soil in the early 19th century. In light of the regulations adopted by the authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw, these claims were to be settled in the manner indicated, while future public burdens were to be settled on the basis of the principle of equity in the form of co-equation, i.e. the equalization of duties for the benefit of the army. The Central Liquidation Commission – the state body appointed to carry out the liquidation of claims – was established in 1808. Its main duty was to carry out activities such as the receipt, consideration and determination of claims against the State Treasury.
Research Interests: Military Law, Polish History, Legal History, XVIII century, European Legal History, and 13 moreFrench Revolution and Napoleon, Poland, Napoleonic Europe, Administrative Law, History of Law, history of Poland, Napoleonic History, Polish constitutional law, XIXth Century History, History of State and Law, Polish History of Law, Duchy of Warsaw, and Księstwo Warszawskie
The institution of military and civilian requisitions is inextricably linked with the obligation to comply with public burdens and contributions, and it may be applied both in wartime and in peacetime. In-kind contributions in the form of... more
The institution of military and civilian requisitions is inextricably linked with the obligation to comply with public burdens and contributions, and it may be applied both in wartime and in peacetime. In-kind contributions in the form of requisitions by competent State authorities of items necessary to serve an unspecified public purpose, usually to meet the needs of the army, have from time immemorial been among the most onerous burdens to benefit the State. Requisitions – the subject of this analysis – constitute a means of searching for items that are of interest to the army and are a direct form of duty imposed on individuals to make them contribute to the public administration, thus constituting a breach of the principle of the inviolability of private property rights. The main focus of this discussion, however, is not an analysis of the substantive legal aspects concerning requisitions, but an analysis of the body of administrative rulings on these matters. Military requisitions constituted the basis of the system of wartime contributions that gave the State, through authorised bodies, the right to demand these contributions from the population, in particular the right to transfer to the State, in return for payment, ownership or the right to use movable and immovable property, directly or indirectly needed for the purposes of supplying the army and the state upon the outbreak of war or the ordering of a partial or general mobilisation. Some cases that found their way to the Supreme Administrative Tribunal in the first years of its existence resulted from complaints against the activities of military requisitioning bodies, mainly during the Polish-Bolshevik War. Civilian requisitions, on the other hand, became the subject of the rulings of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal as a result of complaints over the obligation to provide housing for servicemen and civilian officials in the first years of a reborn Poland, the direct cause of which should be attributed to the dramatic shortage of housing during the first years after the end of the First World War.
Research Interests: Polish History, Administrative History, Poland, Polish administrative law, Administrative Law, and 11 morePolish Interwar History, history of Poland, Public Administation, Administrative Justice, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Polish military history, Sądownictwo (Judiciary), Second Polish Republic, Polish History of Law, and Postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne
The subject of the analysis concerns one of the administrative-legal aspects related to military requisitions in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, namely, the claims of the population resulting from unsatisfied dues for war requisitions... more
The subject of the analysis concerns one of the administrative-legal aspects related to military requisitions in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, namely, the claims of the population resulting from unsatisfied dues for war requisitions and material losses in households which occurred as a result of military operations conducted on Polish soli in the early 19th century. In the light of the regulations adopted by the authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw, these claims were to be settled in the manner indicated, while future public burdens were to be settled on the basis of the principle of equity in the form of co-equation, i.e. the equalisation of duties for the benefit of the army. The State body appointed to carry out the liquidation of claims was established in 1808. The Central Liquidation Commission was established in 1808, whose main duty was to carry out activities including the receipt, consideration and determination of claims against the State Treasury.
Research Interests: Military History, Polish History, Legal History, Administrative History, History of Public Administration, and 12 moreNapoleonic Wars, European Legal History, Napoleonic Europe, Administrative Law, History of Law, history of Poland, Napoleonic History, History of Law and Administration, Contributions, Polish History of Law, Duchy of Warsaw, and Indemnisation
The present analysis concerns military requisitions used during the second Polish national uprising in chronological order. The institution of military requisitions was usually caused by shortages in supplying the army with items... more
The present analysis concerns military requisitions used during the second Polish national uprising in chronological order. The institution of military requisitions was usually caused by shortages in supplying the army with items essential, from its point of view, for carrying out military operations (foodstuffs, means of transport, equipment for soldiers). These shortages were compensated by legal or illegal seizures of private property. The civil and military authorities, if necessary, decided on the compulsory supply of the indicated products and items for the population by means of generally binding regulations. The author bases his discussion on materials from the legislative process and selected archival sources concerning the implementation of the requisitioning provisions of the insurgent parliament.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Polish History, Civil-military relations, Parliamentary History, Poland, and 9 moreAdministrative Law, history of Poland, Xix Century, Military Administartion, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Partitions of Poland, November Uprising, and History Kingdom of Poland in years 1815-1918
The subject of this analysis is related to the French legal regulations in the field of military requisitions as an element of a coherent system of State defence, which is based in the normative sphere on the fundamental legal act – the... more
The subject of this analysis is related to the French legal regulations in the field of military requisitions as an element of a coherent system of State defence, which is based in the normative sphere on the fundamental legal act – the Code of Defence (Le code de la defense) of 2004. In the course of his discussion, the author presents the scope of legal solutions relating to military requisitions, the procedure of their performance, the system of compensation and indemnities as well as criminal sanctions established for the violation of requisition regulations.
Research Interests:
The subject of this analysis concerns the organisation and activities of the army food administration, which for most of the time during the November Uprising was carried out by the Army General Commissariat Service. During the 10 months... more
The subject of this analysis concerns the organisation and activities of the army food administration, which for most of the time during the November Uprising was carried out by the Army General Commissariat Service. During the 10 months of the uprising, the food administration underwent several organisational changes, and its execution was entrusted to various bodies. The discussion undertaken is related to issues concerning the organisation of this administration, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of the activity of its field administrative apparatus, which was entrusted to war commissioners at individual army divisions and to Regional Commissioners as civilian requisitioning bodies in individual administrative regions which were links of the army's food administration. On the other hand, in order to make the food requisitions enacted by the Sejm in June 1831 effective and rapid, Extraordinary Commissioners were established and entrusted with their supervision. In addition to the description of the powers conferred on all these officers, the author analyses the legal procedure applied by them to the requisitioning of food and fodder for the army against the background of events at the time.
Research Interests:
The issues which are the subject of this analysis concern the process of organising the food administration structure of the Polish army during the national liberation uprising against the Russian Empire known as the November Uprising. In... more
The issues which are the subject of this analysis concern the process of organising the food administration structure of the Polish army during the national liberation uprising against the Russian Empire known as the November Uprising. In the period of less than a year from the outbreak to the collapse of the Uprising, the administration responsible for supplying the army with food underwent several structural changes, as the insurrectionary authorities strove to create a legal institution which would meet the supply obligations imposed on it efectively and on time. Basing mainly on archival sources, the author reconstructs the evoltion of the organisation of both the structure of the army's central food administration with particular emphasis on its office principles, as well as its field organs and subordinate field cells.
Research Interests: Polish History, Legal History, Administrative History, Laws of War, European Legal History, and 10 moreAdministrative Law, history of Poland, Partitions of Poland, Military administration, Historia Administracji, XIXth Century History, Powstanie Listopadowe, Military Food, Military Food Supply, and November Uprising
The article analyses the concepts of and proposals for constitutional reforms put forward by one of the Polish democratic political groups, which was established in exile after the fall of the November Uprising (1830-1831). Young... more
The article analyses the concepts of and proposals for constitutional reforms put forward by one of the Polish democratic political groups, which was established in exile after the fall of the November Uprising (1830-1831). Young Poland, which was a part of an international conspiratorial organisation founded by Giuseppe Mazzini (Young Europe), an organisation marked by revolutionary democratism, which, according to Polish emigrants, meant primarily striving for national character, seeing its goal in regaining national independence lost by Poland as a result of partitions. In addition, however, the concepts of members of Young Poland strongly emphasized both Christian and Utopian socialist themes. The foundation of these concepts referred to republican ideas that arose from the Great French Revolution and were based on the principles of freedom, equality and fraternity.
Research Interests: Social Movements, Constitutional Law, Political Philosophy, Polish History, Political Science, and 13 morePolitics, Comparative Constitutional Law, History of Political Thought, Polish Studies, European Legal History, Poland, history of Poland, Nineteenth Century Social Reform, Social Reform, Partitioned Poland, Giuseppe Mazzini, XIXth Century History, and Womens Rights
The article analyses the constitutional legal institution of public burdens for the defence of the state in its relation to the defence economy. Public burdens in the form of personal and in-kind contributions are an important element of... more
The article analyses the constitutional legal institution of public burdens for the defence of the state in its relation to the defence economy. Public burdens in the form of personal and in-kind contributions are an important element of the defence economy, determining the defensive potential of the Polish State. In the course of the discussion the author drew attention to both normative aspects of the system of contribution for defence and economic aspects related mainly to material and technical supplies for the armed forces.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Laws of War, Poland, Administrative Law, Ekonomia, and 12 moreDEFENCE ECONOMICS, Polska, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Prawo, Prawo Administracyjne, Konstytucja, Military Economics, Mobilisation for War, Military Mobilization, defense law in Poland, and Material requisition
The subject of the article is the problem of public burdens in the form of personal and in-kind contributions in the event of a state of natural disaster. The state of natural disaster justifies the need for the legislator to refer to the... more
The subject of the article is the problem of public burdens in the form of personal and in-kind contributions in the event of a state of natural disaster. The state of natural disaster justifies the need for the legislator to refer to the idea of a special sacrifice for the public interest, which is expressed in the activation of the mechanism of constitutional public contributions, both personal and in-kind contributions.
Research Interests: Polish History, Public Health Policy, Poland, Administrative Law, Natural Disasters, and 13 moreStates of Emergency, History of Law, State of Emergency, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Epidemic Control Measures, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, History of Law and Administration, History of Polish People's Republic (PRL), Local Self Governance, Second Polish Republic, and Law of States of Emergency
The subject of this research concerns wartime contributions in kind to the State, the obligation which was introduced by the new State authorities on the Polish territories liberated from German occupation. The duty to make these... more
The subject of this research concerns wartime contributions in kind to the State, the obligation which was introduced by the new State authorities on the Polish territories liberated from German occupation. The duty to make these contributions was mainly imposed on farms and agricultural workers on whom the State administration imposed, under threat of criminal liability, the obligation to supply various food products to the State in order to feed the large urban centres struggling with shortages of these products at the end of the Second World War and in the first years after its end. The research aim of this study is to analyse the organisational structure of the administrative apparatus administering the compulsory supply action and to provide a synthetic analysis of the most important legal regulations relating to wartime in-kind contributions during the period in question.
Research Interests: Polish History, History of Public Administration, Second World War, World War II, Poland, and 10 morePoland 1939-45, Second World War (History), Polish administrative law, Administrative Law, World War 2, Food Administration, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish law, History of Polish People's Republic (PRL), and Polish History of Law
The article analyses legal regulations relating to the constitutional duty to bear public burdens,The author examines the development and formation in the Polish legal system of legal norms relating to one of these burdens, namely... more
The article analyses legal regulations relating to the constitutional duty to bear public burdens,The author examines the development and formation in the Polish legal system of legal norms relating to one of these burdens, namely personal services and in-kind contributions. The discussion concerns only the duty to bear these burdens in the event of occurrence of premises for introducing one of the three , apart from a state of emergency and a state of natural disaster, extraordinary measures mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland - martial law.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Laws of War, Poland, Administrative Law, Constitutional History, and 10 moreHistory of Law, history of Poland, Martial Law, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Martial Law in Poland, History of State and Law, Mobilisation for War, and Material requisition
The article analyses the reforms of agrarian relations, which were carried during the the first years of the Duchy of Warsaw, created as a result of the peace treaties of 1807. The legal status of peasants was at that time initially... more
The article analyses the reforms of agrarian relations, which were carried during the the first years of the Duchy of Warsaw, created as a result of the peace treaties of 1807. The legal status of peasants was at that time initially regulated in a general way by the provisions of the Constitution granted by Napoleon Bonaparte on 22 July 1807. These provisions were then made more specific with the promulgation of a Decree on 21 December 1807, which brought about the abolition of serfdom and allowed peasants to move within the territory of the Duchy. According to the Decree, the land was the property of the lord and a peasant leaving the village should return the land to the lord along with the crops, the buildings and the livestock. This meant that after the Decree came into force, there was a possibility of unlimited eviction of peasants, as well as increasing serfdom burdens. It should be noted, however, that due to the considerable depopulation of the country at that time and the emerging difficulties in providing manpower for the manor house, the eviction was used relatively rarely. Nevertheless, later on, the reform carried out by this decree was said to “remove peasant's boots along with his shackles”. In this article, the author analyses the provisions of this Decree in the context of regulations resulting from the Constitution of the Duchy, Napoleonic Code and the Decree of 23 February 1809 introducing a temporary organisation of rural communes. The reflections on peasant reforms in this period were supplemented by an analysis of the socio-economic situation in the lands forming the Duchy and selected statements that appeared in the relevant literature on the peasant question from the past till the present.
Research Interests: Napoleonic Wars, Poland, 19th Century Poland, Law (History), Administrative Law, and 9 moreHistory of Law, history of Poland, Napoleonic History, History of Law and Administration, Constitutional and Administrative Law, History of Serfdom, Poland and Napoleon, XIXth Century History, and Duchy of Warsaw
The scope of this analysis are the legal regulations of the 1794 insurrectionary authorities relating to the donations of valuable objects made by citizens in large numbers for the benefit of the Uprising. These donations, understood as... more
The scope of this analysis are the legal regulations of the 1794 insurrectionary authorities relating to the donations of valuable objects made by citizens in large numbers for the benefit of the Uprising. These donations, understood as patriotic sacrifices, were intended to cover the expenses related to financing the military activities of the Uprising. In his considerations, the Author draws attention to the organisation of the administrative apparatus, whose task was to handle the donations and the procedures of transferring the civic donations. In addition, the analysis also refers to practical problems related to the transfer of property by civilians and clergy.
Research Interests: Legal History, Property, XVIII century, European Legal History, Poland, and 10 moreAdministrative Law, Politics of Economics and War, history of Poland, Economy of war, Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Donations, History of Poland-Lithuania, Military History of Poland, and Insurekcja Kościuszkowska
The subject of the analysis are war burdens, which are a form of public burdens which mean various kinds of administrative duties imposed on inhabitants in the public interest. As far as the present discussion is concerned, these burdens... more
The subject of the analysis are war burdens, which are a form of public burdens which mean various kinds of administrative duties imposed on inhabitants in the public interest. As far as the present discussion is concerned, these burdens were imposed by the insurgent authorities on indicated entities during the war against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia in 1794 in order to satisfy the army's needs for all items necessary for military operations. The author analyses particular encumbrances for the benefit of the army and the ways of their implementation by means of voluntary services and contributions or compulsory requisitions.
Research Interests: Legal History, War Studies, French Revolution, XVIII century, Poland, and 13 moreLaw (History), Administrative Law, History of Law, history of Poland, History of Law and Administration, Economy of war, Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko, History of State and Law, History of Poland-Lithuania, Historia Prawa, Thaddeus Kosciusko, and Insurekcja Kościuszkowska
In connection with the dramatic shortage of flats in the first years of Polish statehood after the regaining of independence in 1918, the way to guarantee their provision for military personnel (officers and married non-commissioned... more
In connection with the dramatic shortage of flats in the first years of Polish statehood after the regaining of independence in 1918, the way to guarantee their provision for military personnel (officers and married non-commissioned officers) and civilians (state and local government officials) was a statutory obligation to provide them by means of legal administrative coercion. The aim of this article is to analyse issues relating to the requisitioning of flats, in particular,to analyse the sources of the legislation in this area at that time and judicial decisions of the administrative court with regard to complaints made to this court in cases concerning these requisitions.
Research Interests: Military History, Military Law, Polish History, Housing, Civil-military relations, and 13 morePoland, Comparative administrative law, Military, Administrative Law, Social Housing, History of Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Judiciary, History of Poland in twentieth century, History of Law and Administration, Constitutional and Administrative Law, and Military quarters
This article analyses the institution of administrative duties which in the interwar period were imposed on individuals in the public interest in order to perform certain tasks belonging to public administration – in this case, the... more
This article analyses the institution of administrative duties which in the interwar period were imposed on individuals in the public interest in order to perform certain tasks belonging to public administration – in this case, the administration of the armed forces. These obligations consisted in providing the army in peacetime with means of transport owned by certain entities, which were deemed necessary by the military authorities in order to perform tasks arising from the responsibilities granted to them. The analysis made by the author was carried out on the example of the obligation to provide the army with transport means in the form of water means of inland navigation and aircraft.
Research Interests: Military History, Military Law, Air Force Studies, Polish History, Interwar Period History, and 14 morePoland, Military, Administrative Law, History of Law, Polish Interwar History, Polska, Interwar period, 1919 - 1939, Military Administartion, History of Poland in twentieth century, Druga Rzeczpospolita, Interwar Europe, History of Law and Administration, Dwudziestolecie Międzywojenne, and Interwar Poland 1918-1939
Among the many public burdens of a personal or financial nature for the defence of the State that existed in the distant past, one of the oldest and most burdensome is the obligation to provide quarters for the army. This burden was... more
Among the many public burdens of a personal or financial nature for the defence of the State that existed in the distant past, one of the oldest and most burdensome is the obligation to provide quarters for the army. This burden was characterised by the fact that the inhabitants of villages, and then of settlements and towns, were forced to provide quarters for the army, As a rule, their owners receiving a certain amount of remuneration, which, however, was often disproportionately low compared to the damage caused by the army to the property providing the quarters. Therefore, the biggest problem with this institution was, for a long time, the one relating to the numerous robberies and destruction carried out by military units. This article is a synthetic analysis of the development of the institution of military quartering on Polish soil from the earliest times, through the period of partitions and the rebith of Poland in the interwar period, to the outbreak of World War II.
Research Interests: Military History, Constitutional Law, Military Law, Polish History, Poland, and 11 moreAdministrative Law, History of Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Kingdom of Poland 1815, Królestwo Polskie, History of Law and Administration, Military Administrative Law, and Księstwo Warszawskie
The aim of this article is to analyse a short period in the life of Karl Marx when he was a student at the Law Faculty at the University of Bonn, and then at the Law Faculty at the University of Berlin. During the period of these,... more
The aim of this article is to analyse a short period in the life of Karl Marx when he was a student at the Law Faculty at the University of Bonn, and then at the Law Faculty at the University of Berlin. During the period of these, ultimately uncompleted, legal studies, his attention was absorbed by the notions of "state" and "law", the analysis of which in his later work - as a philosopher, economist and revolutionary activist - was an important element of his academic delibarations. This article therefore analyses issues related to Karl Marx's first steps as a young student of law. The author presents selected threads of Karl Marx's statements, mainly those concerning the political and legal system, which appeared in his publications, both during the period in question and later.
Research Interests: Legal Education, Marxism, Legal History, Philosophy Of Law, Comparative Legal Education, and 10 morePhilosophy of Karl Marx, Marxist theory, Law and philosophy, Karl Marx, History of Law, History of Revolutions, Education Law, Philosophy of Law, History of Law and Administration, and Law and Revolution
The aim of this article is to anlyse issues related to the system of public duties for the army in peacetime on the example of the obligation, in force in the Second Polish Republic. to provide the army with mechanical means of transport... more
The aim of this article is to anlyse issues related to the system of public duties for the army in peacetime on the example of the obligation, in force in the Second Polish Republic. to provide the army with mechanical means of transport (cars, motorbikes and bicycles). The constitutional obligation of make in-kind contributions for the army in peacetime served mainly the purposes of supply, training (military exercises) or military qualification (understood as a whole range of undertakings aimed at determining one's ability to perform active military service). The author analyses the interwar legislation in this respect against the background of the economic, economic and political situation of the Polish State at the time.
Celem badawczym artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z systemem świadczeń publicznych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju na przykładzie obowiązującego w II Rzeczypospolitej obowiązku dostarczania dla wojska mechanicznych środków przewozowych (samochodów, motocykli i rowerów). Konstytucyjny obowiązek świadczeń rzeczowych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju służył głównie celom zaopatrzeniowym, szkoleniowym (ćwiczeń wojskowych) czy kwalifikacji wojskowej (rozumianej jako całokształt przedsięwzięć mających na celu ustalenie zdolności do czynnej służby wojskowej). Autor dokonuje analizy międzywojennego ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie na tle ówczesnej sytuacji ekonomicznej, gospodarczej i politycznej państwa polskiego.
Celem badawczym artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z systemem świadczeń publicznych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju na przykładzie obowiązującego w II Rzeczypospolitej obowiązku dostarczania dla wojska mechanicznych środków przewozowych (samochodów, motocykli i rowerów). Konstytucyjny obowiązek świadczeń rzeczowych na rzecz wojska w okresie pokoju służył głównie celom zaopatrzeniowym, szkoleniowym (ćwiczeń wojskowych) czy kwalifikacji wojskowej (rozumianej jako całokształt przedsięwzięć mających na celu ustalenie zdolności do czynnej służby wojskowej). Autor dokonuje analizy międzywojennego ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie na tle ówczesnej sytuacji ekonomicznej, gospodarczej i politycznej państwa polskiego.
Research Interests: Military History, Polish History, Polish Studies, Interwar Period History, Civil-military relations, and 11 morePoland, History of Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish military history, History of Law and Administration, Military Economics, Second Polish Republic, and Military Administrative Law
The article analyses issues related to the civic duty to bear the burdens for the defence of the state. These burdens have a centuries-long tradition and in the period discussed by the author they were also often used by the Polish Army... more
The article analyses issues related to the civic duty to bear the burdens for the defence of the state. These burdens have a centuries-long tradition and in the period discussed by the author they were also often used by the Polish Army through forced requisitions, which, however, were often of an illegal nature and even took the form of looting and plundering, i.e. criminal acts. Numerous military abuses by the army in the course of requisitioning became the subject of interest of the Supreme Command, including in particular the Minister of Military Affairs. By giving the relevant orders to military units, he tried to put an end to this illegal practice of requisitioning abuses, often referring to the dignity of a Polish soldier's uniform and forcing the commanders of units to apply absolute discipline and punishment for these abuses during requisitioning operations. The author discusses requisitioning activities through the prism of the analysis of requisitioning legislation and the attitude of the supreme military authorities to these activities in the light of the content of the orders sent by the Minister of Military Affairs to military units subordinate to him.
Research Interests: History of International Law, Laws of War, Interwar Period History, Administrative Law, History of Law, and 13 moreMilitary Orders, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Bolshevism, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Interwar Europe, History of Law and Administration, Polish Bolshevik war, History of State and Law, Second Polish Republic, Polish History of Law, and Interwar Poland 1918-1939
The subject of this article is connected both with public burdens in the form of the obligation to provide accommodation for the armed forces in situations envisaged by the legislator, and with the issues of military economy, in... more
The subject of this article is connected both with public burdens in the form of the obligation to provide accommodation for the armed forces in situations envisaged by the legislator, and with the issues of military economy, in particular with the administration of military real estate. The author analyses the legal regulations in the field of military quartering in the interwar period in Poland, additionally taking into account the quartering practice as well as the judicial decisions in this field.
Przedmiot niniejszych rozważań pozostaje związany zarówno z ciężarami publicznymi w postaci obowiązku dostarczania zakwaterowania siłom zbrojnym w sytuacjach przewidzianych przez ustawodawcę, jak i powiązany jest z zagadnieniami gospodarki wojskowej, a w szczególności z administracją nieruchomości wojskowych. Autor dokonuje analizy przepisów prawnych w obszarze kwaterunku wojskowego w okresie międzywojennym w Polsce, uwzględniając dodatkowo praktykę kwaterunkową, jak i orzecznictwo sądowe w tym zakresie.
Przedmiot niniejszych rozważań pozostaje związany zarówno z ciężarami publicznymi w postaci obowiązku dostarczania zakwaterowania siłom zbrojnym w sytuacjach przewidzianych przez ustawodawcę, jak i powiązany jest z zagadnieniami gospodarki wojskowej, a w szczególności z administracją nieruchomości wojskowych. Autor dokonuje analizy przepisów prawnych w obszarze kwaterunku wojskowego w okresie międzywojennym w Polsce, uwzględniając dodatkowo praktykę kwaterunkową, jak i orzecznictwo sądowe w tym zakresie.
Research Interests: Military History, Military Law, Interwar Period History, Poland, Administrative Law, and 10 moreHistory of Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, History of Poland in twentieth century, History of Law and Administration, History of State and Law, Second Polish Republic, Interwar Poland 1918-1939, Military Accommodation, and Military quarters
The aim of this article is analyse issues related to extraordinary measures provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event... more
The aim of this article is analyse issues related to extraordinary measures provided for by the Polish Constitution. The subject of the research concerns the duty to provide personal and in-kind contributions (public burdens) in the event of the introduction of one of extraordinary measures. The author focuses his attention on the nature of these contributions in relation to each of extraordinary measures, analysing their subjective and objective scope, the procedure, as well as the principles and mode of remunaration for and compensation of losses resulting from the duty to bear these burdens in situations of extraordinary measures.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z występującymi w polskiej Konstytucji stanami nadzwyczajnymi (stan wojenny, stan wyjątkowy, stan klęski żywiołowej). Zagadnienia stanowiące przedmiot badań odnoszą się do regulacji obowiązku świadczeń osobistych i rzeczowych (ciężary publiczne) w razie wprowadzenia jednego z rzeczonych stanów nadzwyczajnych. Autor swoje rozważania skoncentrował na charakterze tych świadczeń w odniesieniu oddzielnie do każdego z tych stanów nadzwyczajnych, analizując ich zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy, procedurę oraz zasady i tryb wynagradzania i wyrównywania strat wynikłych z obowiązku ponoszenia tych ciężarów w sytuacjach stanów nadzwyczajnych.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z występującymi w polskiej Konstytucji stanami nadzwyczajnymi (stan wojenny, stan wyjątkowy, stan klęski żywiołowej). Zagadnienia stanowiące przedmiot badań odnoszą się do regulacji obowiązku świadczeń osobistych i rzeczowych (ciężary publiczne) w razie wprowadzenia jednego z rzeczonych stanów nadzwyczajnych. Autor swoje rozważania skoncentrował na charakterze tych świadczeń w odniesieniu oddzielnie do każdego z tych stanów nadzwyczajnych, analizując ich zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy, procedurę oraz zasady i tryb wynagradzania i wyrównywania strat wynikłych z obowiązku ponoszenia tych ciężarów w sytuacjach stanów nadzwyczajnych.
Research Interests:
The article the duty to provide transport services which lay with local administration units in the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1918) – rural and municipal commune. The research covers two periods in the history of the Kingdom, namely the... more
The article the duty to provide transport services which lay with local administration units in the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1918) – rural and municipal commune. The research covers two periods in the history of the Kingdom, namely the so-called constitutional period, from the Congress of Vienna to the November Uprising, and then the period of limiting political separateness after the fall of the Uprising, until the end of the Kingdom as a result of World War I. The author draws attention to the essence and nature of commune self-government and public burdens (obligations) which lay on it., putting particular emphasis on the extremely onerous commune burdens that were borne by the population for the benefit of the army and public officials.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy związany pozostaje z posługami o charakterze transportowym, których obowiązek dostarczania spoczywał na lokalnej jednostce administracji w Królestwie Polskim (1815-1918), jaką była organizacja gminna, zarówno wiejska, jak i miejska. Cezura badań obejmuje dwa okresy w dziejach Królestwa, a mianowicie okres tzw. konstytucyjny, od kongresu wiedeńskiego do powstania listopadowego, a następnie okres ograniczania odrębności ustrojowych po upadku powstania, aż do zakończenia bytu Królestwa wskutek I wojny światowej. Autor niniejszych rozważań zwraca uwagę na istotę i charakter samorządu gminnego i spoczywających na nim ciężarów (powinności) publicznych, kładąc szczególnie akcent analizy na niezwykle uciążliwe ciężary gminne, które świadczone były przez ludność na rzecz wojska i urzędników państwowych.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy związany pozostaje z posługami o charakterze transportowym, których obowiązek dostarczania spoczywał na lokalnej jednostce administracji w Królestwie Polskim (1815-1918), jaką była organizacja gminna, zarówno wiejska, jak i miejska. Cezura badań obejmuje dwa okresy w dziejach Królestwa, a mianowicie okres tzw. konstytucyjny, od kongresu wiedeńskiego do powstania listopadowego, a następnie okres ograniczania odrębności ustrojowych po upadku powstania, aż do zakończenia bytu Królestwa wskutek I wojny światowej. Autor niniejszych rozważań zwraca uwagę na istotę i charakter samorządu gminnego i spoczywających na nim ciężarów (powinności) publicznych, kładąc szczególnie akcent analizy na niezwykle uciążliwe ciężary gminne, które świadczone były przez ludność na rzecz wojska i urzędników państwowych.
Research Interests: Military History, Transport History, Polish History, Poland, Law (History), and 14 moreAdministrative Law, History of Law, history of Poland, Transport Law, Polish law, Kingdom of Poland 1815, History of Law and Administration, Local Self-Government, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, XIXth Century History, Provision of Public Services, Local Self Governance, Transportation Services, and Podvodas
The subject of this analysis are war burdens during the first Polish national uprising, i.e. the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. These burdens (obligations) were imposed on the inhabitants of the then Polish lands in order to provide... more
The subject of this analysis are war burdens during the first Polish national uprising, i.e. the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. These burdens (obligations) were imposed on the inhabitants of the then Polish lands in order to provide something for the insurgent administration. These duties, just like nowadays, can be classified as personal and material duties. Personal duties meant, above all, the obligation to provide recruits, i.e. to provide military service as part of levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) and to perform certain works or provide certain services (the construction of fortifications, trenches, abatis, etc.). Material duties consisted in providing the insurgent administration with certain items for use or consumption, i.e. mainly the provision of food, forage, horses and podvodas, or a range of materials needed for military purposes (clothing, construction materials, etc.). The author presents the evolution of the duty to fulfill these obligations in Poland before the Uprising, followed by an in-depth analysis of normative acts issued in this respect by the highest insurgent authorities.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy stanowią ciężary wojenne w okresie pierwszego polskiego powstania narodowego, czyli insurekcji kościuszkowskiej 1794 roku. Tytułowe ciężary (powinności) nakładane były na mieszkańców ówczesnych ziem polskich celem świadczenia czegoś na rzecz administracji powstańczej. Obowiązki te, podobnie jak współcześnie, można klasyfikować na osobiste i rzeczowe. Te pierwsze oznaczały przede wszystkim obowiązek dostarczenia rekruta, czyli świadczenia w zakresie służby w pospolitym ruszeniu oraz wykonywania pewnych robót lub świadczenia usług (budowa fortyfikacji, okopów, zasieków etc.). Z kolei te drugie – rzeczowe – polegały na dostarczaniu administracji powstańczej pewnych rzeczy do użytkowania lub zużycia, czyli głównie dostarczaniu żywności i furażu, koni i podwód, czy szeregu materiałów potrzebnych do celów wojskowych (odzież, materiały budowlane etc.). Autor przedstawia ewolucję obowiązku świadczenia tych powinności w Polsce w okresie przedpowstaniowym, po czym dokonuje pogłębionej analizy aktów normatywnych wydawanych w tym zakresie przez najwyższe władze powstańcze.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy stanowią ciężary wojenne w okresie pierwszego polskiego powstania narodowego, czyli insurekcji kościuszkowskiej 1794 roku. Tytułowe ciężary (powinności) nakładane były na mieszkańców ówczesnych ziem polskich celem świadczenia czegoś na rzecz administracji powstańczej. Obowiązki te, podobnie jak współcześnie, można klasyfikować na osobiste i rzeczowe. Te pierwsze oznaczały przede wszystkim obowiązek dostarczenia rekruta, czyli świadczenia w zakresie służby w pospolitym ruszeniu oraz wykonywania pewnych robót lub świadczenia usług (budowa fortyfikacji, okopów, zasieków etc.). Z kolei te drugie – rzeczowe – polegały na dostarczaniu administracji powstańczej pewnych rzeczy do użytkowania lub zużycia, czyli głównie dostarczaniu żywności i furażu, koni i podwód, czy szeregu materiałów potrzebnych do celów wojskowych (odzież, materiały budowlane etc.). Autor przedstawia ewolucję obowiązku świadczenia tych powinności w Polsce w okresie przedpowstaniowym, po czym dokonuje pogłębionej analizy aktów normatywnych wydawanych w tym zakresie przez najwyższe władze powstańcze.
Research Interests: Military Law, Polish History, Polish, XVIII century, Civil-military relations, and 12 morePoland, Military, History of Law, Military Orders, history of Poland, Partitions of Poland, Insurgence, History of Law and Administration, Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, History of State and Law, Means of Transport, and Insurekcja Kościuszkowska
This analysis is related to the system of civilians’ wartime contributions for the defence of the state in the Second Polish Republic. The system of wartime contributions gave the State the right to demand these contributions from the... more
This analysis is related to the system of civilians’ wartime contributions for the defence of the state in the Second Polish Republic. The system of wartime contributions gave the State the right to demand these contributions from the population, and in particular to demand handing over to the State, against payment, property or the right to use movable and immovable property directly or indirectly needed for the purposes of supplying the army and defending the State, but only when the war broke out or when partial or general mobilisation was ordered. The author analyses only one type of the system of wartime contributions understood in this way, namely contributions involving the obligation to hand over draught animals and carts upon the announcement of mobilisation or the outbreak of war. The article draws attention to the first legal regulations in the field of wartime contributions in force on the territory of a reborn Polish State, and in particular to the first legal acts relating to handing over draught animals and carts.
Research Interests: Military History, Interwar Period History, Poland, Administrative Law, History of Law, and 12 moreDefence, Animals, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Military Administartion, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Transport in Military, Transportation History, Second Polish Republic, and Animals in Military
The institution of requisitioning, analysed in this article, belongs to the area of research related to the obligation to provide in-kind contributions by the population in the area of military operations. It is primarily an area of... more
The institution of requisitioning, analysed in this article, belongs to the area of research related to the obligation to provide in-kind contributions by the population in the area of military operations. It is primarily an area of interest for the study of international public law and administrative law. The institution of war requisitioning, understood as a way of obtaining items important for the supply of troops, has a centuries-long tradition and is connected with warfare carried out by individual nations and States over the centuries. The aim of the article is to analyse normative issues related to the use of this institution by the Polish army during the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, in the light of the legislation regulating this matter at that time, as well the practice and decisions of Polish courts in this area after the end of warfare.
Институт реквизиции, который является предметом настоящего анализа, относится к вопро-сам, связанным с обязанностью несения материальных благ населением, находящимся в зоне военных действий, является сферой интересов науки в рамках международного публичного права и администра-тивного права. Институт военной реквизиции, понимаемый как способ приобретения важных с его точ-ки зрения объектов для нужд снабжения армий, имеет многовековую традицию и остается связанным с военными операциями, проводимыми на протяжении веков различными народами и государствами. Целью настоящей статьи является анализ нормативных вопросов, связанных с использованием этого института польской армией во время польско-большевистской войны 1920 года, в свете законодатель-ства, регулирующего этот вопрос в то время, и судебной практики польских судов в этой области после окончания военных действий.
Институт реквизиции, который является предметом настоящего анализа, относится к вопро-сам, связанным с обязанностью несения материальных благ населением, находящимся в зоне военных действий, является сферой интересов науки в рамках международного публичного права и администра-тивного права. Институт военной реквизиции, понимаемый как способ приобретения важных с его точ-ки зрения объектов для нужд снабжения армий, имеет многовековую традицию и остается связанным с военными операциями, проводимыми на протяжении веков различными народами и государствами. Целью настоящей статьи является анализ нормативных вопросов, связанных с использованием этого института польской армией во время польско-большевистской войны 1920 года, в свете законодатель-ства, регулирующего этот вопрос в то время, и судебной практики польских судов в этой области после окончания военных действий.
Research Interests: Polish History, War Studies, Public International Law, Laws of War, Polish Studies, and 13 morePoland, Polish administrative law, Administrative Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Polish Bolshevik war, Second Polish Republic, Polish-Soviet War 1920, Administrative Courts, and State and military command
The system of obligations to provide means of transport to the state in the period of the Second Polish Republic included both the obligations to provide them during peacetime and in the event of mobilisation or an outbreak of war. The... more
The system of obligations to provide means of transport to the state in the period of the Second Polish Republic included both the obligations to provide them during peacetime and in the event of mobilisation or an outbreak of war. The present analysis covers only the latter case, i.e. it concerns the legal regulations on handing over, for remuneration, draught animals, carts, motor vehicles and bicycles for the defence of the state. The author reviews the Polish interwar legislation, paying attention to its evolution, and also analyses of the legal procedures related to the obligation to fulfil administrative duties examined in the article.
Research Interests: Military History, Polish History, Polish Studies, Railway and Transportation History, Poland, and 11 morePolish administrative law, Military, History of Law, Politics of Economics and War, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Second Polish Republic, and Military Administrative Law
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to the public duties to provide transport services and traffic facilities in old Polish law. As is commonly known, the population was obliged to provide tributes and labour services to... more
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to the public duties to provide transport services and traffic facilities in old Polish law. As is commonly known, the population was obliged to provide tributes and labour services to the ruler and the collection of tributes and the enforcement of the performance of all obligations was based on coercion; the application of coercion required a legal sanction. The transport and traffic obligations under consideration, apart from the tributes, were the heaviest burdens that the serfs had to bear, both in the case of fulfilling this obligation in the system of ducal [public] law (ius ducale) and serfdom‑agricultural (private) legal system. In the latter case, such duties were usually included in the applicable standard of weekly work, and were often required outside the standard. The subject of the analysis are only transport and traffic services of a public nature, i.e. those required under ducal law. The author presents individual categories of these duties, referring to the relevant literature and citing the provisions of selected normative acts which regulate these public duties.
Research Interests: History, Economic History, Transport History, Polish History, Poland, and 15 moreFeudalism and Lordship, Public Law, History of Law, history of Poland, Horses, Medieval Poland, Legal system, Polish law, Feudalism, Feudalismo, History of Law and Administration, History of Serfdom, History of State and Law, Medieval history of Poland, and Volumina Legum
The public burdens for the defence of the State analysed in this article are connected with the obligation to defend the Homeland in force in the Polish legal order and are borne by the citizens in the event of an announcement of... more
The public burdens for the defence of the State analysed in this article are connected with the obligation to defend the Homeland in force in the Polish legal order and are borne by the citizens in the event of an announcement of mobilisation or during a war. These burdens are contributions in kind, against payment, which serve a specific administrative purpose - a public undertaking, the content of which consists in making available for use for the benefit of the armed forces or other State units performing tasks for the needs of the State, possessed means of transport for the purposes of preparing or conducting the defence of the State.
Research Interests: Military History, Constitutional Law, Military Law, Polish History, Polish Studies, and 13 morePoland, Administrative Law, Military Service, Armed Forces, History of Law, Polish Interwar History, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, History of Law and Administration, Obligations, History of State and Law, and Means of Transport
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to organising the administration for the army in the Duchy of Warsaw. During this period, the issue of feeding the army was first under the controlof civil authorities, namely the Food... more
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to organising the administration for the army in the Duchy of Warsaw. During this period, the issue of feeding the army was first under the controlof civil authorities, namely the Food Committee (1807-1809), then was taken over by military authorities (1810-1811), and finally returned to civil authorities. The analysis covers the course of legislative work preceding the establishment of the permanent food administration undermilitary authority, and the provisions of the royal decrees establishing this administration.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z organizacją administracji żywności dla wojska w Księstwie Warszawskim. W okresie tym kwestia wyżywienia wojska podlegała wpierw zwierzchnictwu władz cywilnych na czele z Komisją Żywności (1807-1809), następnie zaś administracja żywności wojska przeszła pod zwierzchnictwo władz wojskowych (1810-1811), po czym wróciła z powrotem w kompetencje władz cywilnych. Analiza obejmuje przebieg prac legislacyjnych poprzedzających powołanie stałej administracji żywności znajdującej się pod zwierzchnictwem wojskowym oraz postanowienia dekretów królewskich powołujących tę administrację.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z organizacją administracji żywności dla wojska w Księstwie Warszawskim. W okresie tym kwestia wyżywienia wojska podlegała wpierw zwierzchnictwu władz cywilnych na czele z Komisją Żywności (1807-1809), następnie zaś administracja żywności wojska przeszła pod zwierzchnictwo władz wojskowych (1810-1811), po czym wróciła z powrotem w kompetencje władz cywilnych. Analiza obejmuje przebieg prac legislacyjnych poprzedzających powołanie stałej administracji żywności znajdującej się pod zwierzchnictwem wojskowym oraz postanowienia dekretów królewskich powołujących tę administrację.
Research Interests: Military History, Polish History, Administrative History, Napoleonic Wars, Polish Studies, and 15 morePoland, Comparative administrative law, Napoleonic Europe, Administrative Law, history of Poland, Napoleonic History, History of Law and Administration, Poland and Napoleon, XIXth Century History, History of State and Law, Polish History of Law, Military History of Poland, Duchy of Warsaw, Księstwo Warszawskie, and Polish History of XIX century
Целью настоящего исследования является анализ вопросов, связанных с транспортными и коммуникационными услугами в старом польском законодательстве. Как известно, население, начиная со времен средневековья, было вынуждено выполнять... more
Целью настоящего исследования является анализ вопросов, связанных с транспортными и коммуникационными услугами в старом польском законодательстве. Как известно, население, начиная со времен средневековья, было вынуждено выполнять различные обязанности для правителя в рамках системы публичного права, а также для феодала в рамках системы частного права. Повинности транспортного и коммуникационного характера, являющиеся предметом настоящего исследования, помимо дани, были самым тяжелым бременем, которое должны были нести подданные. В рамках системы частного права услуги этого вида обычно включались в действовавшую еженедельную рабочую норму, при этом часто требования ее превышали. Предметом анализа являются исключительно транспортные и коммуникационные услуги, то есть те, которые требовались в рамках повинности княжеского права. Автор представляет отдельные категории этих услуг, ссылаясь на литературу в этой области и приводя положения отдельных нормативных документов, касающихся этих общественных повинностей.
Research Interests:
Nos considérations ont pour objet d’analyser les problèmes liés aux services de transport en commun pendant la période de l’existence du Duché de Varsovie (1807–1815). Compte tenu de la pénibilité de la fourniture de ces services par les... more
Nos considérations ont pour objet d’analyser les problèmes liés aux services de transport en commun pendant la période de l’existence du Duché de Varsovie (1807–1815). Compte tenu de la pénibilité de la fourniture de ces services par les citoyens de l’État dont l’origine remontait à l’époque féodale, il a été décidé de réglementer la fourniture de tels services par le biais d’une réglementation détaillée sous la forme d’un décret du 22 mai 1810. L’analyse des dispositions de ce décret est l’objet principal de nos considérations. Il faut toutefois souligner que cette analyse a été faite dans un contexte comparatif tenant compte des dispositions de la réglementation prussienne relative aux chariots hippomobiles du 1 er octobre 1793 qui servait de base pour la création de la réglementation polonaise. L’auteur présente d’abord la nature des obligations en matière de transport et de communication dans leur développement historique à la lumière des réglementations de l’ancienne loi polonaise – principalement des lois princières. Ensuite, à titre d’introduction à l’analyse du sujet, il propose une description concise de la genèse et de l’essence du Duché de Varsovie.
The purpose of the following article is to analyze the issues connected with public transportation services in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815). The duty to provide this service was a burden to the population and it dated back to the times of feudal law. Due to these two reasons, it was decided that providing such services was to be regulated. Accordingly, this was done by the introduction of a detailed regulation in the form of the decree of 22 May 1810. The analysis of the provisions of this decree is the main purpose of the deliberations contained within the article. Moreover, it was set against the comparative background which took into consideration Prussian rules and regulations of 1 October 1793 which concerned providing horses and vehicles. These rules and regulations served as a basis in the process of creation of the Polish regulation. In the first part of the paper, the character of transportation and communications duties are presented in the course of their development against the backdrop of Polish law which had been created before Poland was partitioned. Subsequently, the article makes a succinct characterization of the origin and essence of the Duchy of Warsaw as an introduction to the analysis.
The purpose of the following article is to analyze the issues connected with public transportation services in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815). The duty to provide this service was a burden to the population and it dated back to the times of feudal law. Due to these two reasons, it was decided that providing such services was to be regulated. Accordingly, this was done by the introduction of a detailed regulation in the form of the decree of 22 May 1810. The analysis of the provisions of this decree is the main purpose of the deliberations contained within the article. Moreover, it was set against the comparative background which took into consideration Prussian rules and regulations of 1 October 1793 which concerned providing horses and vehicles. These rules and regulations served as a basis in the process of creation of the Polish regulation. In the first part of the paper, the character of transportation and communications duties are presented in the course of their development against the backdrop of Polish law which had been created before Poland was partitioned. Subsequently, the article makes a succinct characterization of the origin and essence of the Duchy of Warsaw as an introduction to the analysis.
Research Interests: Transport History, Polish History, Napoleonic Wars, Railway and Transportation History, Poland, and 15 moreNapoleonic Europe, Administrative Law, history of Poland, Horses, Napoleonic History, Napoleonic Era, Polish military history, Napoleonic Military History, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, XIXth Century History, History of State and Law, military formations in Poland, Military History of Poland, Military Mobilization, and Księstwo Warszawskie
In the light of old Polish law, based on the system of norms of peasant slavery, understood as a legal institution, the flight of peasants was qualified as an illegal act, which was subject various to legal sanctions. The reason why... more
In the light of old Polish law, based on the system of norms of peasant slavery, understood as a legal institution, the flight of peasants was qualified as an illegal act, which was subject various to legal sanctions. The reason why peasants chose to become fugitives was usually their desire to improve living conditions. The direction the fugitives took was another village (a different demesne), a town (private or royal); peasants even crossed state borders. This analysis draws attention to the most important legal problems related to the flight of peasants in old Poland concerning the sources of law as regards the flight of peasants, ways of seeking to release a peasant by means of court proceedings, types of sanctions for such flight, and forms of peasants' abandonment of master's property other than flight.
W świetle dawnego prawa polskiego stojącego na gruncie systemu norm niewoli chłopskiej rozumianej jako instytucja prawna, zbiegostwo chłopów posiadało kwalifikację czynu nielegalnego, który zagrożony był różnorodnymi sankcjami prawnymi. Przyczynami zbiegostwa była zazwyczaj chęć poprawy warunków egzystencji. Kierunkiem jaki obierali zbiegowie była inna wieś (inny majątek ziemski), miasto (prywatne lub królewskie) lub nawet chłopi uchodzili poza granice państwa. Niniejsza analiza zwraca uwagę na najważniejsze problemy prawne związane ze zbiegostwem chłopów w dawnej Polsce dotyczące źródeł prawa w zakresie zbiegostwa chłopów, sposobów dochodzenia na drodze sądowej do wydania zbiega, rodzajów sankcji za zbiegostwo, oraz innych niż zbiegostwo form opuszczania przez chłopów majątku pańskiego.
W świetle dawnego prawa polskiego stojącego na gruncie systemu norm niewoli chłopskiej rozumianej jako instytucja prawna, zbiegostwo chłopów posiadało kwalifikację czynu nielegalnego, który zagrożony był różnorodnymi sankcjami prawnymi. Przyczynami zbiegostwa była zazwyczaj chęć poprawy warunków egzystencji. Kierunkiem jaki obierali zbiegowie była inna wieś (inny majątek ziemski), miasto (prywatne lub królewskie) lub nawet chłopi uchodzili poza granice państwa. Niniejsza analiza zwraca uwagę na najważniejsze problemy prawne związane ze zbiegostwem chłopów w dawnej Polsce dotyczące źródeł prawa w zakresie zbiegostwa chłopów, sposobów dochodzenia na drodze sądowej do wydania zbiega, rodzajów sankcji za zbiegostwo, oraz innych niż zbiegostwo form opuszczania przez chłopów majątku pańskiego.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Peasant Studies, Polish History, Slave Trade, and 15 morePoland, Feudalism and Lordship, History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Law, history of Poland, Medieval Poland, Peasant History, Polish law, Feudalism, Peasant Movements, History of Law and Administration, History of Serfdom, History of State and Law, Polish History of Law, and history of the peasants
The Kraków Uprising was the first Polish uprising which set itself the main goal of not only regaining independence, but also a profound reform of agrarian relations. The Manifesto of the insurgent authorities, which was the basic legal... more
The Kraków Uprising was the first Polish uprising which set itself the main goal of not only regaining independence, but also a profound reform of agrarian relations. The Manifesto of the insurgent authorities, which was the basic legal act of the Kraków revolution, announced that everyone would be granted the right to land and that the peasants would be given the ownership of the land they used without compensation for the manorial lords. Landless population in the countryside and other participants of the uprising were promised plots of national land, people who were poor or unable to work were promised social care. In accordance with the programme provisions of the Manifesto the following were declared: the abolition of serfdom, unconditional affranchisement of peasants who used land (without the obligation to buy it), the promise to grant plots of national land to those landless peasants who would take part in the uprising and making everybody equal in terms of political rights. Although the uprising lasted only a few days and ended in a fiasco, the decisions of the insurgent authorities were recognized in world historiography as fundamental to the development of the democratic and socially progressive doctrine in Europe. The analysis starts with the description of the legal status of the rural population in the Austrian partition, followed by the presentations of the concepts of peasant reform in the programmes of Polish political groups in exile. The author then moves on analyse the provisions of the basic legal acts reforming the legal status the peasants during the uprising. The discussion is concluded with analysis the effects of the Kraków Uprising on the issue of agrarian reform in the Russian and Austrian partitions.
Powstanie krakowskie było pierwszym polskim zrywem niepodległościowym, który stawiał sobie za główny cel poza odzyskaniem niepodległości, również głęboką reformę stosunków agrarnych. Manifest władz powstańczych, będący podstawowym aktem prawnym rewolucji krakowskiej, zapowiadał przyznanie każdemu prawa do ziemi oraz nadanie chłopom na własność gruntów przez nich użytkowanych bez odszkodowania na rzecz dziedziców. Ludności bezrolnej na wsi i innym uczestnikom powstania przyrzekano nadanie działek ziemi z dóbr narodowych, a ludziom ubogim i niezdolnym do pracy opiekę społeczną. Zgodnie z postanowieniami programowymi Manifestu deklarowano: zniesienie pańszczyzny, bezwarunkowe uwłaszczenie (bez wykupu) chłopów użytkujących ziemię, zapowiedź nadzielenia ziemią z dóbr narodowych tych bezrolnych, którzy wezmą udział w powstaniu, zrównanie wszystkich względem praw politycznych. Mimo iż powstanie trwało zaledwie kilka dni i skończyło się fiaskiem, to postanowienia władz powstańczych uznane zostały w światowej historiografii za fundamentalne dla rozwoju europejskiej doktryny demokratycznej i społecznie postępowej. W trakcie niniejszej analizy autor charakteryzuje wpierw status prawny ludności wiejskiej w zaborze austriackim w latach poprzedzających powstanie, następnie przedstawia koncepcje reform włościańskich w programach polskich ugrupowań politycznych na emigracji, zaś w dalszej kolejności dokonuje analizy postanowień podstawowych aktów prawnych reformujących status prawny chłopów w okresie powstania. Całość rozważań zamyka analiza skutków powstania krakowskiego dla sprawy reformy agrarnej w zaborze rosyjskim i zaborze austriackim.
Powstanie krakowskie było pierwszym polskim zrywem niepodległościowym, który stawiał sobie za główny cel poza odzyskaniem niepodległości, również głęboką reformę stosunków agrarnych. Manifest władz powstańczych, będący podstawowym aktem prawnym rewolucji krakowskiej, zapowiadał przyznanie każdemu prawa do ziemi oraz nadanie chłopom na własność gruntów przez nich użytkowanych bez odszkodowania na rzecz dziedziców. Ludności bezrolnej na wsi i innym uczestnikom powstania przyrzekano nadanie działek ziemi z dóbr narodowych, a ludziom ubogim i niezdolnym do pracy opiekę społeczną. Zgodnie z postanowieniami programowymi Manifestu deklarowano: zniesienie pańszczyzny, bezwarunkowe uwłaszczenie (bez wykupu) chłopów użytkujących ziemię, zapowiedź nadzielenia ziemią z dóbr narodowych tych bezrolnych, którzy wezmą udział w powstaniu, zrównanie wszystkich względem praw politycznych. Mimo iż powstanie trwało zaledwie kilka dni i skończyło się fiaskiem, to postanowienia władz powstańczych uznane zostały w światowej historiografii za fundamentalne dla rozwoju europejskiej doktryny demokratycznej i społecznie postępowej. W trakcie niniejszej analizy autor charakteryzuje wpierw status prawny ludności wiejskiej w zaborze austriackim w latach poprzedzających powstanie, następnie przedstawia koncepcje reform włościańskich w programach polskich ugrupowań politycznych na emigracji, zaś w dalszej kolejności dokonuje analizy postanowień podstawowych aktów prawnych reformujących status prawny chłopów w okresie powstania. Całość rozważań zamyka analiza skutków powstania krakowskiego dla sprawy reformy agrarnej w zaborze rosyjskim i zaborze austriackim.
Research Interests: Peasant Studies, Polish History, Polish Studies, Social movements and revolution, Poland, and 15 more19th Century Prussia/Germany, history of Poland, Peasant History, Habsburg Monarchy in the 18th century, Agrarian reform, Partitions of Poland, Peasant Movements, History of Serfdom, XIXth Century History, History of of Russia XIX Century, Galicja, History of State and Law, Free City Kraków, Kraków Uprising, and Kraków Manifesto of 1846
This article constitutes the second part of the analysis of normative aspects of the reconstruction of the Polish state. This part covers the period which started when the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland passed authority over the... more
This article constitutes the second part of the analysis of normative aspects of the reconstruction of the Polish state. This part covers the period which started when the Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland passed authority over the army to Józef Piłsudski on 11 November 1918 and finished when Józef Piłsudski launched a coup in May 1926. The au-thor analyses individual stages of the formation of Polish constitutionalism during this period, drawing attention to, inter alia, the fact that the political system of the Third French Republic particularly inspired the Polish constitutional legislator.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Poland, Independence, history of Poland, Third French Republic, and 11 moreJózef Piłsudski, History of Poland in twentieth century, Druga Rzeczpospolita, Prawo Konstytucyjne, Coup D`etats, II Rzeczpospolita, Historia Polski W XX Wieku, Konstytucja, History of State and Law, Second Polish Republic, and Zamach stanu
The article discusses one of the many transport services provided by serfs for the benefit of the ruler and his officials on the lands of the former Polish state. Podvoda (the podwód) consisted in supplying horses, which were used mainly... more
The article discusses one of the many transport services provided by serfs for the benefit of the ruler and his officials on the lands of the former Polish state. Podvoda (the podwód) consisted in supplying horses, which were used mainly by the king with his wife. They were also used persons to whom one of them ordered to supply podvoda horses (e.g. royal messengers), while the obligation to provide this kind of obligation was often changed into a kind of rent (known podwodne or podwodnie) paid in exchange for the obligation to carry out and provide podvodas. The analysis conducted by the Author concerns the issues related to legal regulations in the field of the podvoda duty in the light of the provisions of 16th and 17th century universals and constitutions contained in the collection of the oldest laws of the Polish state.
Przedmiot niniejszych rozważań stanowi jedna z wielu posług o charakterze transportowym świadczonych przez ludność poddaną na rzecz panującego i jego urzędników na ziemiach dawnego państwa polskiego. Podwoda (podwód) polegała na dostarczeniu koni, z których korzystał przede wszystkim król ze swoją małżonką oraz osoby, którym jedno z nich poleciło dostarczyć konie podwodne (np. posłańcy królewscy), przy czym obowiązek świadczenia tego rodzaju powinności był często zamieniany na rodzaj czynszu (podwodne, podwodnie) składanego w zamian za powinność odbywania i dostarczania podwód. Analiza przeprowadzona przez Autora dotyczy zagadnień związanych z regulacjami prawnymi w zakresie obowiązku podwodowego w świetle postanowień XVI i XVII-wiecznych uniwersałów i konstytucji zawartych w zbiorze najdawniejszych praw państwa polskiego.
Przedmiot niniejszych rozważań stanowi jedna z wielu posług o charakterze transportowym świadczonych przez ludność poddaną na rzecz panującego i jego urzędników na ziemiach dawnego państwa polskiego. Podwoda (podwód) polegała na dostarczeniu koni, z których korzystał przede wszystkim król ze swoją małżonką oraz osoby, którym jedno z nich poleciło dostarczyć konie podwodne (np. posłańcy królewscy), przy czym obowiązek świadczenia tego rodzaju powinności był często zamieniany na rodzaj czynszu (podwodne, podwodnie) składanego w zamian za powinność odbywania i dostarczania podwód. Analiza przeprowadzona przez Autora dotyczy zagadnień związanych z regulacjami prawnymi w zakresie obowiązku podwodowego w świetle postanowień XVI i XVII-wiecznych uniwersałów i konstytucji zawartych w zbiorze najdawniejszych praw państwa polskiego.
Research Interests: Polish History, Transportation, Polish Studies, Feudalism and Lordship, History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and 14 moreHistory of Law, history of Poland, Horses, Polish law, History of transportation, Feudalism, Feudal Law, History of Law and Administration, I Rzeczpospolita, History of State and Law, Polish History of Law, History of horse transport, Stanisław Konarski, and Volumina Legum
The subject of this analysis are the issues related to the revolutionary events which took place in Europe between 1848 and 1849, and which have been referred to in history as the "Spring of Nations". Although these events, which had... more
The subject of this analysis are the issues related to the revolutionary events which took place in Europe between 1848 and 1849, and which have been referred to in history as the "Spring of Nations". Although these events, which had their roots in a common European protest against dominant state authorities, political power balance and social injustice, characterised by different aims and ideological assumptions in individual European countries, depending on the type and tension level of the conflicts. In addition, however, these events significantly influenced the formation of liberal, republican and socialist ideas, directly influencing specific projects of political reforms in the spirit of constitutionalism and parliamentarianism. It is in the constitutionalism of the Spring of Nations that we find the full concept of the rule of law, i.e. the idea of the rule of law based on the principles nowadays considered fundamental for Western democracies. This analysis has been supplemented by a number of selected statements by K. Marx and F. Engels; they were keenly interested in European events of that period, reported in an extremely interesting way on the various revolutionary events that took place on the European continent in the years 1848-1849.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy stanowią zagadnienia, związane z wydarzeniami o charakterze rewolucyjnym, jakie miały miejsce w Europie w latach 1848-1849, a które przyjęło się w historii określać mianem „Wiosny Ludów”. Wydarzenia te, mimo że mające u swojego źródła wspólny dla Europy protest przeciwko dominującym autorytetom państwowym, układowi sił politycznych i niesprawiedliwości społecznej, w poszczególnych krajach europejskich charakteryzowały się różnymi celami i założeniami ideowymi w zależności od rodzaju i napięcia konfliktów. Poz tym jednak wydarzenia te w znaczący sposób wpłynęły na kształtowanie się idei liberalnych, republikańskich i socjalistycznych, wpływając bezpośrednio na konkretne projekty reform ustrojowych w duchu konstytucjonalizmu i parlamentaryzmu. To właśnie w konstytucjonalizmie Wiosny Ludów odnajdujemy pełną koncepcję państwa prawa, a więc idei państwa prawa opierającej się na zasadach uznawanych współcześnie za fundamentalne dla zachodnich demokracji. Analiza niniejsza została uzupełniona licznymi wybranymi wypowiedziami K. Marksa i F. Engelsa, którzy żywo zainteresowani wydarzeniami europejskimi tamtego okresu, w sposób niezwykle interesujący relacjonowali poszczególne zdarzenia rewolucyjne, jakie miały miejsce na kontynencie europejskim w latach 1848-1849.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy stanowią zagadnienia, związane z wydarzeniami o charakterze rewolucyjnym, jakie miały miejsce w Europie w latach 1848-1849, a które przyjęło się w historii określać mianem „Wiosny Ludów”. Wydarzenia te, mimo że mające u swojego źródła wspólny dla Europy protest przeciwko dominującym autorytetom państwowym, układowi sił politycznych i niesprawiedliwości społecznej, w poszczególnych krajach europejskich charakteryzowały się różnymi celami i założeniami ideowymi w zależności od rodzaju i napięcia konfliktów. Poz tym jednak wydarzenia te w znaczący sposób wpłynęły na kształtowanie się idei liberalnych, republikańskich i socjalistycznych, wpływając bezpośrednio na konkretne projekty reform ustrojowych w duchu konstytucjonalizmu i parlamentaryzmu. To właśnie w konstytucjonalizmie Wiosny Ludów odnajdujemy pełną koncepcję państwa prawa, a więc idei państwa prawa opierającej się na zasadach uznawanych współcześnie za fundamentalne dla zachodnich demokracji. Analiza niniejsza została uzupełniona licznymi wybranymi wypowiedziami K. Marksa i F. Engelsa, którzy żywo zainteresowani wydarzeniami europejskimi tamtego okresu, w sposób niezwykle interesujący relacjonowali poszczególne zdarzenia rewolucyjne, jakie miały miejsce na kontynencie europejskim w latach 1848-1849.
Research Interests: European History, Constitutional Law, Marxism, Republicanism, Revolutions, and 15 moreMarxist theory, Rule of Law, European Legal History, Social movements and revolution, Democracy, Constitutionalism, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Historia Política y Social Siglos XVIII-XIX, Marksizm, 1848 Revolution in Germany, The European Revolutions of 1848, Hungarian War of Independence, 1848-1849, Teoria Rewolucji, and XIXth Century History
Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy jest proces reform w zakresie organizacji Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego we Francji, jakie przeprowadzono w pierwszym okresie Rewolucji, kiedy to Zgromadzenie Narodowe podjęło się próby etatyzacji... more
Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy jest proces reform w zakresie organizacji Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego we Francji, jakie przeprowadzono w pierwszym okresie Rewolucji, kiedy to Zgromadzenie Narodowe podjęło się próby etatyzacji Kościoła. W okresie tym nie występują jeszcze oznaki jawnej dechrystianizacji i ateizacji. Reformy parlamentarne dotyczą spraw organizacyjnych, majątkowych i osobowych Kościoła, których zwieńczeniem było uchwalenie konstytucji cywilnej duchowieństwa w dniu 12 lipca 1790 r., co pociągnęło jednakże za sobą wzrost niezadowolenia duchowieństwa, które popierało do tego czasu dotychczasowe przemiany, oraz doprowadziło do rozłamu i podziału wewnątrz łona organizacji kościelnej. Ustawodawstwo w sprawach kościelnych spotkało się z potępieniem ze strony papieża Piusa VI i spowodowało wzrost nastrojów antyrewolucyjnych szczególnie na prowincji. W trakcie analizy autor nieraz korzysta dla celów poznawczych z metody porównawczej, przywołując rozwiązania w zakresie stosunków wyznaniowych wprowadzone w kolejnych latach Rewolucji i rządów Napoleona, które modyfikowały omówione rozwiązania będące właściwym przedmiotem badań.
The article examines the process of reforms in the organisation of the Roman Catholic Church in France, which were implemented during the first period of the Revolution, when the National Assembly made an attempt at introducing state control (étatisation) of the Church. At this time, no signs of overt dechristianisation and atheisation could be seen. The parliamentary reforms affected the organisational, pro-perty, and personal affairs of the Church, and culminated in the adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on 12 July 1790. However, this increased the dissatisfaction of the clergy, who hereto had supported the transformations, and caused a rift within the Church. The legislation on ecclesiastical matters was condemned by Pope Pius VI and caused an increase in anti-revolutionary sentiments, especially locally. The author makes a frequent use of the comparative method for reference only, invoking the solutions used in the area of religious relations in the subsequent years of the Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. These solutions modified the ones discussed in detail in the article.
The article examines the process of reforms in the organisation of the Roman Catholic Church in France, which were implemented during the first period of the Revolution, when the National Assembly made an attempt at introducing state control (étatisation) of the Church. At this time, no signs of overt dechristianisation and atheisation could be seen. The parliamentary reforms affected the organisational, pro-perty, and personal affairs of the Church, and culminated in the adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy on 12 July 1790. However, this increased the dissatisfaction of the clergy, who hereto had supported the transformations, and caused a rift within the Church. The legislation on ecclesiastical matters was condemned by Pope Pius VI and caused an increase in anti-revolutionary sentiments, especially locally. The author makes a frequent use of the comparative method for reference only, invoking the solutions used in the area of religious relations in the subsequent years of the Revolution and Napoleon’s rule. These solutions modified the ones discussed in detail in the article.
Research Interests: French Revolution, Historiography of the French Revolution, XVIII century, Church History, Separation of Church and State, and 15 moreFrench Revolution and Napoleon, Napoleonic Europe, Robespierre, Church and State, Catholic Church History, Napoleonic History, The French Revolution, Historia Kościoła, Rewolucja Francuska, Kościół katolicki, rozdział Kościoła od państwa, Pope Pius VI, civil constitution of clergy, laicyzacja, and Dechristianization
The article analyses the content of the 16 issues of the Polish émigré journal “Północ” [“North”] which appeared in Paris in 1835. Through its editors, Jan Czyński and Szymon Konarski, “Północ” was connected with the ideology of Young... more
The article analyses the content of the 16 issues of the Polish émigré journal “Północ” [“North”] which appeared in Paris in 1835. Through its editors, Jan Czyński and Szymon Konarski, “Północ” was connected with the ideology of Young Poland – a revolutionary and national liberation organisation which was established by Poles fleeing their homeland after the fall of the November Uprising. The journal addressed national issues and dealt with social, political and religious reforms. Although it not was not formally the organ of Young Poland, its editors and articles expressed thoughts which were entirely in the spirit of this organisation. Young Poland, being a part of an international conspiracy organisation founded by Giusseppe Mazzini - Young Europe, was an organization characterised by revolutionary democratic principles, which Polish emigrants understood primarily at the national pursuit of independence. In addition, the programme strongly emphasized both Christian and utopian socialist themes.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy obejmuje treść szesnastu numerów polskiego emigracyjnego czasopisma "Północ", które ukazały się w Paryżu w ciągu roku 1835. "Północ" przez osoby swoich redaktorów – Jana Czyńskiego i Szymona Konarskiego, związana była z ideologią Młodej Polski - organizacji o charakterze rewolucyjnym i narodowowyzwoleńczym, która zawiązana została przez uchodzących z kraju Polaków po upadku powstania listopadowego. Czasopismo to podejmowało problematykę krajową, reform społecznych, ustrojowych, religijnych i politycznych, i mimo, że formalnie nie było organem Młodej Polski, to poprzez swoich redaktorów i publikowane na jej łamach artykuły, głosiła myśli całkowicie w duchu tej organizacji. Młoda Polska, będąca częścią międzynarodowej organizacji spiskowej założonej przez Giuseppe Mazziniego – Młodej Europy, stanowiła organizację, którą cechował programowo rewolucyjny demokratyzm, który w rozumieniu polskich emigrantów oznaczał przede wszystkim dążenie o charakterze narodowym upatrujące swój cel w odzyskaniu niepodległości narodowej. Poza tym jednak program silnie akcentował wątki zarówno chrześcijańskie, jak i te sięgające do koncepcji utopijnego socjalizmu.
Przedmiot niniejszej analizy obejmuje treść szesnastu numerów polskiego emigracyjnego czasopisma "Północ", które ukazały się w Paryżu w ciągu roku 1835. "Północ" przez osoby swoich redaktorów – Jana Czyńskiego i Szymona Konarskiego, związana była z ideologią Młodej Polski - organizacji o charakterze rewolucyjnym i narodowowyzwoleńczym, która zawiązana została przez uchodzących z kraju Polaków po upadku powstania listopadowego. Czasopismo to podejmowało problematykę krajową, reform społecznych, ustrojowych, religijnych i politycznych, i mimo, że formalnie nie było organem Młodej Polski, to poprzez swoich redaktorów i publikowane na jej łamach artykuły, głosiła myśli całkowicie w duchu tej organizacji. Młoda Polska, będąca częścią międzynarodowej organizacji spiskowej założonej przez Giuseppe Mazziniego – Młodej Europy, stanowiła organizację, którą cechował programowo rewolucyjny demokratyzm, który w rozumieniu polskich emigrantów oznaczał przede wszystkim dążenie o charakterze narodowym upatrujące swój cel w odzyskaniu niepodległości narodowej. Poza tym jednak program silnie akcentował wątki zarówno chrześcijańskie, jak i te sięgające do koncepcji utopijnego socjalizmu.
Research Interests: Social Movements, Social Movement, Women's Rights, 19th Century (History), Socialism, and 15 morePoland, Women's Human Rights, Revolutionary Theory, Historia Política y Social Siglos XVIII-XIX, Paris, history of Poland, History of Paris, Partitioned Poland, Utopian Socialism, Giuseppe Mazzini, Młoda Polska, Powstanie Listopadowe, Joachim Lelewel, Literatura de la emigración, and Szymon Konarski
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to the reform of the legal status of the rural population during the Kościuszko Uprising, which was the first Polish national uprising. The analysis concerns the fundamental reform of... more
The aim of this article is to analyse issues related to the reform of the legal status of the rural population during the Kościuszko Uprising, which was the first Polish national uprising. The analysis concerns the fundamental reform of the legal situation of peasants introduced by the uprising authorities in 1794, whose aim was to make this social group join the Uprising. The Commander-in-Chief – Tadeusz Kościuszko – announced the reduction of serfdom loathed by Polish peasants and lifted the ban on leaving the land without the permission of the owner. The defeat of the Uprising destroyed peasants' hopes to be liberated from serfdom. However, it fostered their awareness of being members of the Polish Nation, contrary to the claims of the nobility and the magnates, who considered only their estate to be the Polish Nation and peasants to be their subjects, refusing them the attribute of being Polish.
Research Interests: Polish History, XVIII century, History of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, history of Poland, and 8 morePeasant History, Peasants, History of Serfdom, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Peasants Movement, Historia gospodarcza XVIII wieku, History of the Russian Empire in the XVIIIth century, and Konstytucja 3 maja
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z przewrotem politycznym jako formą sukcesji władzy królewskiej w monarchii zjednoczonej Izraela w okresie panowania pierwszego króla Hebrajczyków-Saula, po czasy ostatnich lat... more
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z przewrotem politycznym jako formą sukcesji władzy królewskiej w monarchii zjednoczonej Izraela w okresie panowania pierwszego króla Hebrajczyków-Saula, po czasy ostatnich lat pobytu na tronie Dawida. W okresie, który został poddany analizie, miało miejsce kilka nieudanych prób przejęcia władzy królewskiej w drodze przewrotu politycznego. W związku z faktem, iż w królestwie izraelskim nie wprowadzono w sposób jednoznaczny dziedziczenia tronu na zasadzie primogenitury, doszło pod koniec życia króla Dawida do najpoważniejszego przewrotu, określanego jako przewrót pałacowy. W następstwie tego wydarzenia na tron Izraela wstąpił młodszy syn Dawida-Salomon, mimo że nie było uzasadnionych podstaw do przejęcia przez niego władzy.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the issues related to a political upheaval as a form of the succession of royal power in the monarchy of united Israel in the period that started during the reign of the first king of the... more
The aim of this article is to analyse the issues related to a political upheaval as a form of the succession of royal power in the monarchy of united Israel in the period that started during the reign of the first king of the Hebrews-Saul-till the last years David spent on the throne. During the period analysed in this article, there were several unsuccessful attempts to seize power through a political coup. Due to the fact that the inheritance based on the principle of primogeniture was never unambiguously introduced in the Kingdom of Israel, the most serious upheaval, described as a palace revolution, took place at the end of King David's life. As a result, the younger son of David-Solomon-ascended to Israel's throne, despite the fact that there were no legitimate grounds for him to take power.
Research Interests: Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Hebrew Bible, Old Testament, Monarchy, Israel, and 15 moreHistory of Law, ancient Israelite religion, Ancient Law, Ancient Israel, King David, Royal Power, History of King David, Archaeology Israel Iron Chronology Judah United Monarchy Bible, Legacy, Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Law, Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, Ancient Hebrew Law, Coup D`etats, Israelite Early Monarchy, and hebrew monarchy
This article is a synthetic analysis of the events of the Spring of Nations in France, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution of the Second French Republic on 4 November 1848. The author presents the main causes of the... more
This article is a synthetic analysis of the events of the Spring of Nations in France, which preceded the adoption of the Constitution of the Second French Republic on 4 November 1848. The author presents the main causes of the revolutionary events, the course of these events until 1848 as well as the most important legal reforms of political and social nature undertaken during that period.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Labour history, Comparative Constitutional Law, Abolition of Slavery, 19th century France, and 15 moreSocial movements and revolution, Socialism, Death Penalty, Paris, Workhouses, Louis Blanc, The European Revolutions of 1848, Voting Rights, Auguste Blanqui, Droit Constitutionnel, Theories of Socialism, 1848 Revolutions in Europe, French Second Republic, Revolution 1848/1849, and Commission du Luxembourg
The article is a continuation of the discussion undertaken on the occasion of the 170th anniversary of the Constitution of the Second French Republic. The author analyses the events that took place in France in the period between the... more
The article is a continuation of the discussion undertaken on the occasion of the 170th anniversary of the Constitution of the Second French Republic. The author analyses the events that took place in France in the period between the shutdown of the national workshops in June 1848 and the adoption of the Constitution of the Second French Republic in November of the same year. A significant part of this article is the analysis of the provisions of the Constitution, with particular emphasis on the analysis of the institution of the President of the Republic, introduced for the first time to French constitutionalism.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, European Constitutionalism, Comparative Constitutional Law, 19th century France, Social movements and revolution, and 13 moreSocial Class, Karl Marx, Class Struggle, Paris, The European Revolutions of 1848, Droit Constitutionnel, Insurgents, French Constitutional Law, French Second Republic, Revolution 1848/1849, 1848 France, Provisional Government, and Eighteenth Brumaire
Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy jest wielopłaszczyznowa, wielopoziomowa i kompleksowa analiza zagadnień związanych z działalnością zbrojnego ruchu oporu, który miał miejsce w Polsce od 1944 r., kiedy, wraz z ofensywą Armii Czerwonej na... more
Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy jest wielopłaszczyznowa, wielopoziomowa i kompleksowa analiza zagadnień związanych z działalnością zbrojnego ruchu oporu, który miał miejsce w Polsce od 1944 r., kiedy, wraz z ofensywą Armii Czerwonej na terenach okupowanych do tego czasu przez hitlerowskie Niemcy, zaczęły powstawać nielegalne - w świetle obowiązującej wciąż konstytucji 1935 roku, struktury państwowe związane personalnie i funkcjonalnie z administracją cywilno-wojskową Związku Radzieckiego. Polski zbrojny ruch oporu, którego ośrodkiem dyspozycji był Londyn i przedwojenny polski rząd emigracyjny, rozpoczął zbrojną konfrontację z samozwańczymi władzami, które efektywnie zaczynały sprawować władzę na terenach wyzwalanych stopniowo przez Armię Czerwoną. Wraz ze wprowadzanymi przez nowe władze reformami kraju o charakterze ustrojowym i społecznym, dochodziło do eskalacji konfliktu, u którego podłoża leżał bunt przeciwko nielegalnemu przejęciu władzy państwowej.
The article provides a comprehensive, multifaceted and multilevel analysis of the issues related to the activity of the armed resistance movement in Poland from 1944. Following the Red Army offensive in the territory occupied by Nazi Germany, that year saw the emergence of state structures which were functionally and personally connected with the civil and military administration of the Soviet Union; these structures were illegal in the light of the still binding Constitution of 1935. The Polish armed resistance movement, operating under the instructions of the Polish government-in-exile in London started an armed confrontation with the self-appointed authorities, which were effectively beginning to exercise power over the areas gradually liberated by the Red Army. The political and social reform introduced by the new authorities were accompanied by the escalation of the conflict.
The article provides a comprehensive, multifaceted and multilevel analysis of the issues related to the activity of the armed resistance movement in Poland from 1944. Following the Red Army offensive in the territory occupied by Nazi Germany, that year saw the emergence of state structures which were functionally and personally connected with the civil and military administration of the Soviet Union; these structures were illegal in the light of the still binding Constitution of 1935. The Polish armed resistance movement, operating under the instructions of the Polish government-in-exile in London started an armed confrontation with the self-appointed authorities, which were effectively beginning to exercise power over the areas gradually liberated by the Red Army. The political and social reform introduced by the new authorities were accompanied by the escalation of the conflict.
Research Interests: Public International Law, World War II, Land reform, Armed resistance, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, and 12 moreRecognition in international law, Home Army (Armia Krajowa), Armia Krajowa, Historia Polski W XX Wieku, Historia polityczna Polski, Historia PRL, History of Polish People's Republic (PRL), II Wojna śWiatowa, Żołnierze Wyklęci, Polish underground state, Polish Underground after the Second World War, and The Cursed Soldiers
The 100th anniversary of regaining independence of Poland in 1918 is a circumstance towards which a jurist cannot remain indifferent. Following the consequences of the First World War, the intellectual and military effort of many... more
The 100th anniversary of regaining independence of Poland in 1918 is a circumstance towards which a jurist cannot remain indifferent. Following the consequences of the First World War, the intellectual and military effort of many generations of Polish independence activists turned into the long-awaited rebirth of Polish statehood after 126 years of oppresion. The article analyses the normative aspects of reconstructing the Polish both during the warfare on the fronts of the Great War and just after it finished. Such an analysis cannot possibly be made without taking into account the impact of political decisions on the formation of the political system of the Polish state and that is why the author frequently makes references to the issues that are at the root of these decisions.
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The article discusses the relationship between the concepts of " legal security " and " coup d'état " on the basis of the evolution of these concepts over the centuries. The analysis of the terms which the author is interested in, adopted... more
The article discusses the relationship between the concepts of " legal security " and " coup d'état " on the basis of the evolution of these concepts over the centuries. The analysis of the terms which the author is interested in, adopted as the subject of this study, leads to the conclusion that, in particular, the concept of " coup d'état " is often mistakenly refereed to as a " revolution " or a " putsch ". A political upheaval, one of the methods of which is a coup d' état, should be regarded, in the light of the research carried out, as deviating from the concept and character of a social upheaval. In the case of a political upheaval, the legal security of the individual is usually protected as before, and a possible lack of such security should only be treated as a result of the natural tendency of the individual to protect his or her legal status within a state organisation. It is only with changes of social (class) character, which may be an indirect consequence of a political upheaval, that the addresses of legal norms may have justified concerns about their legal safety.
Research Interests: Legal History, Revolutions, French Revolution, American Revolution, Democracy, and 12 moreKarl Popper, French Revolution and Napoleon, Gustav Radbruch, Coup d'état, Coup D`etats, Raison d'Etat, Putsch, Antoni Kość, Challenging the Legitymacy of the Law, legal safety, palace revolution, and vacatio legis
The article is an attempt to present a synthetic approach to the work and activities of the first Polish priest and revolutionary – Piotr Ściegienny. His views, which are of a radical democratic nature, had roots in the poverty he... more
The article is an attempt to present a synthetic approach to the work and activities of the first Polish priest and revolutionary – Piotr Ściegienny. His views, which are of a radical democratic nature, had roots in the poverty he experienced as a child in the Polish countryside and were also the outcome of his encounter with the ideas that formed the basis of the social revolution in France at the end of the 18-th century, such as “equality”, ”liberty” and “brotherhood”. In historiography, priest Ściegienny is considered as one of the promoters of socialist principles in the spirit of respect for human dignity and a representative of the political trend in 19-th century Poland which linked national independence to a simultaneous revolution of a social character.
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Polskie konstytucje i inne akty prawne fundamentem odrodzonej Polski [Polish constitutions and other legal acts as the foundation of Reborn Poland], In: Odrodzona Polska. Koncepcje państwa: wybrane aspekty, H. Stańczyk (ed.), K. Kawęcki (ed.), Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2020, 113-153.more
The present article synthetically analyses – at the 100th anniversary of the restoration of Poland’s sovereignty – the evolution and shaping of the legal system of the Polish state. The shaping of an independent Polish state was not an... more
The present article synthetically analyses – at the 100th anniversary of the restoration of Poland’s sovereignty – the evolution and shaping of the legal system of the Polish state. The shaping of an independent Polish state was not an oneoff act but a process consisting of a number of acts, both of political and legal nature. The discussion aims at the analysis of the issues related to the legal process of the reconstruction of the Polish Republic during at the beginning of its existence, with special emphasis on the role of the Basic Law in this process.
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi syntetyczną analizę ewolucji i kształtowania się systemu prawnego państwa polskiego w setną rocznicę odzyskania niepodległości w 1918 r. Proces kształtowania się niepodległego państwa polskiego nie był aktem jednorazowym, lecz składało się na niego szereg aktów, zarówno o charakterze politycznym, jak i o charakterze prawnym. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest analiza zagadnień związanych z procesem prawnym odbudowy Rzeczypospolitej w pierwszych latach jej istnienia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem materii dotyczącej roli Konstytucji RP w tym procesie.
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi syntetyczną analizę ewolucji i kształtowania się systemu prawnego państwa polskiego w setną rocznicę odzyskania niepodległości w 1918 r. Proces kształtowania się niepodległego państwa polskiego nie był aktem jednorazowym, lecz składało się na niego szereg aktów, zarówno o charakterze politycznym, jak i o charakterze prawnym. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest analiza zagadnień związanych z procesem prawnym odbudowy Rzeczypospolitej w pierwszych latach jej istnienia, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem materii dotyczącej roli Konstytucji RP w tym procesie.
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Polish History, Poland, Authoritarianism, Authoritarian regimes, and 14 moreHistory of Law, Polish Interwar History, history of Poland, Józef Piłsudski, History of Poland in twentieth century, Poland in XX century, Polish constitutional law, Polish law, Polish State Police (1918-1939), Coup D`etats, History of State and Law, Second Polish Republic, Roman Dmowski, and Polish History of Law
Research Interests: Constitutional Law, Marxism, Polish History, Revolutions, European Constitutionalism, and 15 moreSocial Stratification, Marxist theory, Second World War, World War II, Social movements and revolution, Poland, Constitutionalism, Karl Marx, Poland 1939-45, history of Poland, Marxism-Leninism, History of Poland in twentieth century, Polish constitutional law, Social Stratification and Inequality, and History of Polish People's Republic (PRL)
Research Interests: Social Movements, Social Movement, French Revolution, Labour history, Labour Law, and 42 moreStrikes (Late 20th Century), History of Capitalism, Catholic Social Science Theory, Capitalism, Social Movements (Political Science), Rosa Luxemburg, Work and Labour, Labor Organizations, Social movements and revolution, Democracy, Labor History and Studies, Socialism, Labor law, Karl Marx, Social Mobility, John Paul II/Karol Wojtyla, Trade unions, Labor Movements, Friedrich Engels, Movimientos sociales, Pope Pius XI, Labor Movement, Child Labour, Right to Resist, LABOR ECONOMICS (The Economics of Trade Unions & Industrial Relations), Kapitalizm, Demokracja, Leone XIII, Industrial Relations & Industrial Conflict, II Rzeczpospolita, Konstytucja, Le Chapelier, Right to strike, Unions, Labor-Community Coalitions, Organizing, Social Stratyfication, Anti Capitalist Social Movements, Karol Marks, Jan Paweł II, Socjalizm, Prawo do strajku, klasa robotnicza, and strajki chłopskie
Research Interests: French Revolution, Historiography of the French Revolution, French Revolution and Napoleon, Coup d'état, Prawo Karne, and 9 moreWładza, Coup D`etats, Teoria Rewolucji, Rewolucja Francuska, Bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne, Prawo Karne Wojskowe, Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, Zamch Stanu, and Bezpieczeństwo Publiczne
For over 200 years since its end, many disputes of social, political and religious nature have arisen around the French Revolution, The subject of this article are the events which took place in France at that time from the point of view... more
For over 200 years since its end, many disputes of social, political and religious nature have arisen around the French Revolution, The subject of this article are the events which took place in France at that time from the point of view of the legal science. This means that all historical threads were linked to their legal sources. The formation of the modern legal system with a number of guarantees protecting the legal interest of an individual is the result of the French Revolution. Nonetheless, due to a number of legal acts issued during the so-called Great Terror between 1793 and 1794 historiography and posterity highlight bad rather than good sides of the revolution. The aim of the analysis in this article is to present a synthetic picture of the benefits of the French Revolution in the field of legislation and drawing the reader’s attention to those threads of the revolution which are related to the sources of the modern democracy and rule of law.
Research Interests: Human Rights Law, Human Rights, French Revolution, History of Human Rights, History of Law, and 9 moreRobespierre, Declaration of rights 1789, Maximilien Robespierre, Democratic Citizenship Rights, Rewolucja Francuska, Jacobins, Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris, law of suspects, and Revolutionary Law
Taking into account the location of the controlling entity in relation to the controlled entity, one may adopt a division into the external control over the public administration and internal administrative control. The article focuses on... more
Taking into account the location of the controlling entity in relation to the controlled entity, one may adopt a division into the external control over the public administration and internal administrative control. The article focuses on the external control which is performed by the competent entities outside the administrative system; this type of control includes the parliamentary control, with the decisive role of the Sejm. The power of control of the Sejm is a result of the representative character of this body. It controls the state apparatus as a sovereign representative, with a mandate given in the elections. The control of the Sejm primarily concerns the activity of the government and that part of the administrative system which is subordinate to the government.
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Supervision and control are inseparable forms of measuring the effectiveness of governance in the modern democratic state of law. Issues relating to these forms of assessement of public administration which are the subject of research for... more
Supervision and control are inseparable forms of measuring the effectiveness of governance in the modern democratic state of law. Issues relating to these forms of assessement of public administration which are the subject of research for several years continuusly conducted by the cycle of this publication.
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The procedure for the demarcation of property is essential for the formation of social relations, for obvious reasons, but it is also an interesting research issue from the point of view of the relationship interpersonal forms of... more
The procedure for the demarcation of property is essential for the formation of social relations, for obvious reasons, but it is also an interesting research issue from the point of view of the relationship interpersonal forms of assessment and impact on the delimitation process of public institutions. In cases of demarcation properties are involved in both powers - the executive and the judiciary power.
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This article aims to highlight issues related to the system of higher education in Poland in connection with another amendment to the Law on Higher Education. Issues examined are mainly errors legislative draft of the amendment.
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It should be noted that a properly organized legislative process can enhance both procedural features of democracy, including accountability and transparency, as well as contribute to strengthening the substantive features, including a... more
It should be noted that a properly organized legislative process can enhance both procedural features of democracy, including accountability and transparency, as well as contribute to strengthening the substantive features, including a focus on providing collective benefits for the whole community. The legislative process should have the legal construction to first and foremost ensure legal consistency from both the formal and axiological, which should be consistent with constitutional values that take into account the fundamental rights of the individual.
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W poszukiwaniu mocy wiążącej prawa, In: Abiit non obiit. Księga poświęcona pamięci Księdza Profesora Antoniego Kościa SVD, A. Dębiński (ed.), P. Stanisz (ed.), T. Barankiewicz red.), J. Potrzeszcz (ed.), W. Sz. Staszewski (ed.), A. Szarek-Zwijacz (ed.), M. Wójcik (ed.), KUL, Lublin 2013, 317-334.more
The article discusses the phenomen of law in the context of the multiplicity of standard-setting systems. The issues analysed are mainly related to the concept of the binding force of law endorsed in the scientific views of Rev. Prof.... more
The article discusses the phenomen of law in the context of the multiplicity of standard-setting systems. The issues analysed are mainly related to the concept of the binding force of law endorsed in the scientific views of Rev. Prof. Antoni Kość.
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This article is an analysis of the status of foreigners in light of international and national regulations with particular emphasis on legal procedures to allow the refugee status in the Polish law.
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Acts of local law, a source of universally binding law, would be the one element of a complete and coherent system of law. Polish legislator, constructs a system of legal control of its legitimacy through the creation of enabling legal... more
Acts of local law, a source of universally binding law, would be the one element of a complete and coherent system of law. Polish legislator, constructs a system of legal control of its legitimacy through the creation of enabling legal instruments to ensure its consistency with other sources of universally binding law. In the Polish legal system, many institutions have the power to investigate the legality of the law established by local government bodies. Each type of control is applied at different stages of the legislative process and each type has other means of action imperious The legality of acts of local law is carried out in two modes, namely: the mode of supervision over local government and in the mode of judicial review.
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Administrative courts is to ensure that public authorities, in spite of their powers to restrict freedoms and rights of citizens, do not use them improperly, and in particular do not abuse your advantage resulting from the administration... more
Administrative courts is to ensure that public authorities, in spite of their powers to restrict freedoms and rights of citizens, do not use them improperly, and in particular do not abuse your advantage resulting from the administration of the power. The essence of administrative justice is thus reduced to the fact that disputes between the citizen and the authority which made the decision to deny a citizen the right or imposing an obligation to decide the authority located outside the public administration apparatus and therefore potentially able to objectively hear the case and make a determination in accordance with the order of rule of law . Administrative Court on the challenge of action (inaction) of the body does not assume administrative matters as such to the final settlement, but has only a check (evaluate) the action of that body. For this reason, an administrative court, in principle, can not replace the administration and issue the final decision in the case. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the lack of effective enforceability of judgments of administrative courts associated with the limited resources to influence by those courts to exercise their judgments, which is supposed to be a contribution to further discussion on the legal structure and modes of discipline of public administration by the administrative courts.