Polish administrative law

The subject of this article is the trial of reconstrution of the local law proclamation history during  the  1st Polish  Republic.  The  proclamation  of  local  acts  is  important  competence  of  the local self government organs that determines its position and role in contemporary state. Local govenment  is  decentralized  form  of  the  public  administration  and  according  to  legal instruments  was  provided  with  administrative  power,  which means  the  capability  to  execute public  tasks  manifested  in  ability  to  proclaim  law  acts,  regulating  many  different  spheres  of social life. Besides the fact that the local self government as a law term came into being after the  fall  down  of  feudal  state  and  after  the  creation  of  citizen  community,  author  detects  its origins  in  the  medieval  local  governance.  Political  form  and  medieval  and  medieval  cities organization,  according  to  author,  was  a  first  stage  of  that,  what  in  present  days  assumed a  form  of  local  self  government.  Parrallel  to  cities  development  in  1st Polish  Republic,  the legislative  power  of their  organs  formed  its  shaped.  Many aspects  of  daily  life were  managed by  obigatory  common  law  which  was  valid  only  the  territory  of the  city  and  its  suburbs. Legislative  activity  of  medieval  cities  organs  contributed  to  the  development  of  local  selfgovernment  institutions  in  later  times.

W książce przedstawiono zasadę proporcjonalności jako instrument umożliwiający kontrolę politycznie umocowanych działań władzy, które w nomenklaturze prawnej określa się mianem „władzy dyskrecjonalnej” lub „swobodnego uznania”. Oznaczało to konieczność zbadania doktrynalnych podstaw oraz instytucjonalnego rozwoju sądowej kontroli działań organów władzy, zwłaszcza tych, które pozostawały w sferze swobodnego uznania. Przedmiotem analizy były treści doktrynalne oraz prawo we Francji, Niemczech, Austrii i Anglii oraz w Polsce od XIX w., do czasów obecnych. Pozwoliło to, obok prezentacji samego zagadnienia kontroli kompetencji dyskrecjonalnych i zasady proporcjonalności w podstawowych europejskich kulturach prawnych, ukazać również rozwój nowoczesnej teorii politycznej i szeroko pojmowanego prawa publicznego ze wskazaniem na charakterystyczne dla tych procesów prawidłowości.
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The principle of proportionality is presented as a means which makes the judicial review of discretionary powers possible. For this reason, the book starts with an analysis of the very concept of discretionary powers in itself, its philosophical origins and legal consequences, as well as the development of the judicial review of action by the state on its different levels (first administrative, then legislative) in various European countries. The legal systems of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Austria are examined from the 19th century to the present day, and the Polish legal system since 1918. This is the context in which the emergence of the principle of proportionality in German law is described, as well as its development and subsequent reception throughout the whole of Europe. Particular attention is devoted to the principle of proportionality in EU law and within the system of the European Convention of Human Rights. An investigation is carried out of the crucial role of case law under the ECHR for the pan-European reception of proportionality. This is followed by an examination of the way in which the German and French legal methods for the judicial review of discretionary powers have shaped the identity of the proportionality principle within EU law.The adoption of the principle of proportionality at the turn of the 20th and 21st century is described in detail in relation to the legal systems of France, Austria, the United Kingdom and Poland. Particular attention is devoted to the fact that the principle was first adopted on the level of constitutional law and only later in administrative law, with a certain exception for the United Kingdom?, due to the absence of a regular constitutional review. It is also pointed out that the judicial means of reviewing discretionary powers (including the principle of proportionality) are very powerful instruments for the strengthening of one political centre against another. This aspect is analysed in the context of administrative – parliamentary relations in 19th-century Europe and in the relations between national legislatures and EU transnational administration in the late 20th and early 21st century.

The institution of requisitioning, analysed in this article, belongs to the area of research related to the obligation to provide in-kind contributions by the population in the area of military operations. It is primarily an area of interest for the study of international public law and administrative law. The institution of war requisitioning, understood as a way of obtaining items important for the supply of troops, has a centuries-long tradition and is connected with warfare carried out by individual nations and States over the centuries. The aim of the article is to analyse normative issues related to the use of this institution by the Polish army during the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, in the light of the legislation regulating this matter at that time, as well the practice and decisions of Polish courts in this area after the end of warfare.

Институт  реквизиции,  который  является  предметом  настоящего  анализа,  относится  к  вопро-сам, связанным с обязанностью несения материальных благ населением, находящимся в зоне военных действий, является сферой интересов науки в рамках международного публичного права и администра-тивного права. Институт военной реквизиции, понимаемый как способ приобретения важных с его точ-ки  зрения  объектов  для  нужд  снабжения  армий,  имеет  многовековую  традицию  и  остается  связанным  с военными операциями, проводимыми на протяжении веков различными народами и государствами. Целью  настоящей  статьи  является  анализ  нормативных  вопросов,  связанных  с  использованием  этого  института польской армией во время польско-большевистской войны 1920 года, в свете законодатель-ства, регулирующего этот вопрос в то время, и судебной практики польских судов в этой области после окончания военных действий.

The system of obligations to provide means of transport to the state in the period of the Second Polish Republic included both the obligations to provide them during peacetime and in the event of mobilisation or an outbreak of war. The present analysis covers only the latter case, i.e. it concerns the legal regulations on handing over, for remuneration, draught animals, carts, motor vehicles and bicycles for the defence of the state. The author reviews the Polish interwar legislation, paying attention to its evolution, and also analyses of the legal procedures related to the obligation to fulfil administrative duties examined in the article.

The article concerns the issues shaping the optimal model of the administrative process in Poland, which consists of the administrative proceedings before public administration bodies and the conduct of administrative courts. The research problem is analyzed based on selected problems of the practice of public administration, the most important from the point of view of the author and allow to capture the essence of the ongoing discourse. The author criticizes the current functioning of the administrative process model postulating his dejurydyzację, or withdrawal of the rights of the public to regulate social life. The method allows for the development of the title, the optimal model is convinced's widespread use in the process of lawmaking achievements of scientists from various fields of science, dealing with the regulated area of ​​life, which can be closed in the statement of "praise schooling legislation."
The article presents problems primates Polish administrative process, in particular the lack of action by the legislator, aimed at the comprehensive, universal change.
Consequently raised criticism, formulated the proposals for directional changes as de lege ferneda.

Supervision and control are inseparable forms of measuring the effectiveness of governance in the modern democratic state of law. Issues relating to these forms of assessement of public administration which are the subject of research for several years continuusly conducted by the cycle of this publication.

The evolution of the Polish regulations on civil service was not a linear process. One may distinguish three distinct phases of the post-1989 relevant legislative framework. The introductory legislative stage (1989-1998) was linked to the choice of an appropriate regulatory setting for public officials law. After various research studies and analyses first legislative projects were made, finalized within the adoption of the Civil Service Act (CSA) of 1996, and only two years later, with the CSA of 1998. This latter regulation may described as the fundament of the Weberian model of career, enriched with some elements of the position model (motivation incentives). Within the intermediate application stage (1998-2008) the rigid normative framework of CSA of 1998 was being constantly rejected, firstly by de facto actions of politicians, and then de jure, with the amendment provisions and finally with the adoption of the new CSA of 2006, allowing for official inclusion of political elites into public administration. The last reconstruction stage (since 2008) signifies the return to the basic ideas of Weberian model of administration, with the adoption of CSA of 2008. The article explores the reasons for such a trajectory of institutional change in the Polish civil service, also within a comparative perspective.

The article discusses the issue of compulsory immunization of children in Poland. The sanitary inspection had made a lot of decisions imposing parental obligation in that aspect, which has been questioned by the courts, since the obligation is imposed by the law itself. As a result of
this case law, the inspection started enforcement proceedings without issuing a decision. It turned out to be unlawful, because the inspection don’t have the competence to carry out those proceedings. Inspectors therefore comprise an administrative agreements with the voivodes, who entrust them to conduct enforcement proceedings. Such agreements cannot be comprised between the principal and the subordinate which leads to possibility that agreements mentioned above are against the law. There is also the problem of the constitutionality of the statute and the Regulation of the Minister of Health. Both of these acts refer to the annual bulletin of the Chief Sanitary Inspector. This bulletin is not included in the constitutional catalogue of the sources of law.