Child Labour

The aim of this article is to reconstruct child labour force partici- pation rate in the first decade of the twenty century in two textile Catalan towns in the Cuenca del Ter: Manlleu and Torelló. Local statistics on child labour show that the massive incorporation of children to the labour market occurred after the age of then. School leaving records support this finding. The incorpo- ration of boys and girls to the labour market was sharply affected by the differ- ent gender organization of labour in the textile spinning manufactures in these two municipalities, especially within the range of then to fourteen years old. Occupations and labour conditions of both boys and girls were also very differ- ent. Our analysis includes supply and demand as well as institutional factors.

Child labour widely measured by child labour participation rates in literature is considered by non-attendance rates in primary education in this study. Along with this approach, it is attempted to investigate in what closeness the child labour ratios of countries are also measured by ...

There is a dearth of research on the frustrations, moral
dilemmas and challenges non-Western teachers might face
in the everyday praxis of peace education. To address this
gap, this study analyses how violence is negotiated and
understood in an Indian school seeking to build a culture of
peace. Interviews with eight teachers and four students are
analysed using grounded theory. Firstly, the study discusses
a teacher’s response to a student witnessing domestic violence. Thereby, it explores the limits of peace education in
the face of home-school boundaries and societal stigmas.
Secondly, the study discusses a teacher’s attempt to help
an abused child labourer. It questions the extent to which
peace education can tackle systemic inequalities and the
danger of the field reproducing exclusionary structures.
Thirdly, the study discusses the intergenerational politics of
children endorsing corporal punishment. It seeks to demonstrate how socio-economic pressures and historical legacies
might lead to children legitimating violence against their
own bodies. By exploring the fractures and gaps within
peace education in an understudied non-Western context,
the study aims to raise larger questions about the structures
and norms hindering ideals of peace and the need for peace
education to prioritise criticality, context and reflexivity

Child labor in India is to be found in almost every sector of the informal economy. There are also arguments that child labor reinforces poverty. Hence, this study focused on working condition of female child labor and their socioeconomic conditions in Palldam taluk of Tirupur District of Tamilnadu. Palladam Besides being a first grade municipality of Tirupur District, act as an agglomerate in unorganized textile industries and power loom industry and so attract labor in general and female child labor in particular for cheep employment. This paper makes use of primary and secondary sources, primary date collected through structured questionnaires by interview schedule. Secondary sources collected from journals and Published Reports. The study found that majority of the female children in palladam become a labor, one of the main cause are poverty. Most of the female child workers in palladam taluk are going to textile related works, like Baniyan waste cutting, checking, Packing. They are earning low wage compare to adult workers, but work timing and targets as well as same.

El documento que se presenta es el primer acercamiento a una experiencia de evaluación de una
Política Nacional en materia de Erradicación del Trabajo Infantil en la región. El objetivo del mismo
es analizar los avances producidos en Colombia desde 1996, en un tema sobre el cual, a principios de
la década de los noventa, no existían experiencias a nivel internacional.
Colombia ha sido, junto con Brasil, uno de los primeros países en incluir en el marco de sus políticas
públicas un conjunto de acciones y medidas de orden estructural para combatir el trabajo infantil,
aunque éstas han coexistido con dinámicas sociales tendientes al mantenimiento de este fenómeno en
el país.

In this thesis I trace back the socio-economic, political and ideological transformations that are currently redefining the field of childhood in Peru, for instance the neo-liberal orientation adopted by past governments and the penetration of children's rights discourse. Then I link these structural changes with the experiences of children who are engaged in what is internationally recognized today as one of the "worst forms of child labour", and whose lives are more than ever affected by poverty and social inequalities. In order to achieve this, I have applied a theoretical perspective of political and cultural economy of childhood, an approach which allowed me to contemplate the different relevant areas in an anthropological study of childhood and to put young people at the core of my thinking. As regards to child labour in waste scavenging, it embodies a paradoxical relationship, between poverty, social inequalities that appear to exacerbate the conditions of work, and the globalized ideology of childhood which strongly condemns such economic activity. Thus the social realities of a group of children who recycle waste in Las Lomas de Carabayllo, a marginalized neighborhood in Lima, Peru, enable a critical reflection on these two complex processes. In addition, it constitutes a powerful argument for a constructive reconsideration of children's rights. In fact, my research is intended to contribute to a wider agenda that aims for a better protection and recognition of other childhoods. This is what I have undertaken in this thesis using a participatory methodology that integrates various forms of expression such as drawing, theater and photography, and referring to "the best interest ofthe child" ofthe Convention on the Rights ofthe Child (1989), a principle which represents a promising avenue to question the taken-for-granted truths and ethics. I have asked myself how to rethink "the best interest" of children who work in waste scavenging as coping with the joint pressure of poverty, inequalities and the globalized ideology of childhood. It appears that seriously taking into account the voices of young people has become fundamental in the creation of new ethics that would ensure a better protection and recognition ofthe other childhoods in the future.


Dans cette thèse, je retrace les transformations socioéconomiques. politiques et idéologiques qui redéfinissent actuellement le champ de l'enfance au Pérou, je pense notamment à l'orientation néolibérale adoptée par les derniers gouvernements et à la pénétration du discours des droits de l'enfant. Je mets ensuite en relation ces transformations d'ordre structurel avec les expériences d'enfants dont les vies se révèlent plus que jamais marquées par la pauvreté et les inégalités sociales, et qui pratiquent ce qui est aujourd'hui internationalement reconnu comme une des « pires formes de travail infantile ». Pour ce faire, j'ai opté pour une perspective théorique d'économie politique et culturelle de l'enfance, une approche qui m'amène à rattacher les différents domaines qui m'apparaissent pertinents dans un examen anthropologique de l'enfance et à placer les jeunes sujets au centre de la réflexion. Le travail infantile de collecte et de tri des ordures incarne la relation en apparence paradoxale entre la pauvreté, les inégalités qui semblent exacerber les conditions de mise au travail, et l'idéologie globalisée de l'enfance qui condamne avec véhémence de telles activités économiques. Les réalités d'un groupe d'enfants qui recyclent les déchets à Las Lomas de Carabayllo, un quartier marginalisé de Lima, au Pérou, permettent ici d'engager une réflexion critique sur ces deux processus complexes, en plus de constituer un argument puissant en faveur d'une reconsidération constructive des droits de l'enfant. En fait, ma démarche s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet plus large de protection et de reconnaissance des enfances autres. C'est ce que j'ai entamé dans cette thèse, soit de repenser les régimes de vérité et les éthiques actuelles à partir du principe de l'« intérêt supérieur de l'enfant » véhiculé dans la Convention Relative aux Droits de l'Enfant (1989). En utilisant une méthodologie participative qui intègre divers modes d'expression tels le dessin, le théâtre et la photographie, je me suis demandée comment repenser F« intérêt supérieur» des enfants qui travaillent à la collecte et au tri des ordures face aux pressions conjointes exercées par la pauvreté, les inégalités et l'idéologie globale de l'enfance. La prise en considération des points de vue des jeunes personnes est apparue incontournable dans l'élaboration de nouvelles éthiques qui permettraient d'atteindre une meilleure protection et reconnaissance des enfances autres.

This Training Manual on Child Labour in Afghanistan aims to equip trainees with the knowledge and skills to combat all forms of child labour, including its worst forms in Afghanistan. This Manual is expected to enable the stakeholders, such as the government, social partners, UN organizations, NGOs, private sector and civil society organizations to have uniform knowledge and the skills needed to better address the
problem of child labour through a multi-sectoral approach, and thus help the children of Afghanistan.

India has passed a number of constitutional protections and laws on child labour, before and after its independence from colonial rule. The Constitution of India in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy prohibits child labour below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine, restaurant or engagement in any other hazardous employment. But every form of child labour including ragpicking is prevalent in almost all the regions of the country. The practice of child ragpicking is a worst form of child labour that has not been duly recognized by law makers in India. Therefore, the present study aims at the investigation of the legislative provisions for child labour in India with special reference to child ragpicking thereof.

Boletín socio económico laboral que tiene como objetivo principal mostrar y analizar información de niños, niñas y adolescentes de 6 a 17 años que trabajan en la región Callao.
El estudio de este grupo es importante, debido a la existencia de algunas actividades laborales cuyas características las convierten en perjudiciales para ellos, por ser labores peligrosas que afectan su desarrollo físico, mental o moral, además de interferir su escolarización.
En la región Callao existe limitada información sobre este tema, sin embargo el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2007 elaborado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática presenta algunos datos importantes, encontrándose que el 4,5% de la población de 6 a 17 años de edad estaba trabajando.
Para un análisis actualizado del problema, en el presente documento se realizó un modelo de respuesta cualitativa para Lima Metropolitana. El modelo planteado muestra que los niños, niñas y adolescentes que residen en la región Callao tienen una menor probabilidad de insertarse en el mercado laboral que en el resto de Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente se analiza el caso de los adolescentes de 14 a 17 años cuyos resultados mostraron que trabajan en actividades con bajas remuneraciones y que requieren poca calificación como el comercio al por menor.

Concerning the income generation of children, studies on developing nations are almost exclusively concentrated on child labor. Nonetheless, this research extends the view by revealing how a number of poor children were engaged in businesses to maintain their subsistence in the context of Bangladesh. Thus, it introduces 'Child Entrepreneurs' in the extant literature with the diversities and complexities of their ventures. Further, it discloses the reasons for and the consequences of entrepreneurial efforts in the personal lives of the children. It should be highlighted that these children were less than 12 years old, when they were not legally allowed to be engaged in any form of employment. Nevertheless, whilst apparently, the entrepreneurs are essentially adults, this study potentially contributes to the prevailing knowledge by introducing these children as entrepreneurs.

In Nepal, the adult entertainment sector (AES) is perceived as a high-risk
environment for children where sexual exploitation is known to occur. The AES is made up of a diverse range of venues that includes restaurants, folk dance bars, erotic dance bars, massage parlours, guest houses, and hotels.
This Working Paper seeks to understand the reasons why the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) exists in the AES, focusing on how social and cultural norms reinforce and reproduce the material and structural realities of the sector. It also explores how these norms affect the employment trajectories of minors and looks at the role of labour intermediaries – both formal and informal – in intentionally or unintentionally supporting the employment of minors in the AES.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children continues to be a significant and pressing concern in developing countries around the globe. Few existing reports, however, indicate the alarming rate at which the problem is in Madagascar, where child labour is very common until today.

This presentation investigates Malagasy child prostitution and marriages from an anthropological perspective by outlining the life conditions of Malagasy children against a backdrop of children’s rights, as it is considered a gross violation of their rights and dignity from a Western perspective.

However, this study aims to negotiate these phenomena from a cultural relativist approach by paying attention to children’s aspirations in a changing society, and relating the themes to traditional practices and cultural values.

These anthropological findings can help foster various stakeholders, ranging from families to policy makers, to formulate further and appropriate interventions and to implement policies such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The objectives of this presentation are to examine what the key social, cultural, historical and economic determinants are which lead children to engage in transactional sex. Moreover, it tries to explain why the Convention of the Rights of the Child do not work in Madagascar.

Key words: sexual exploitation, child prostitution, servile marriages, Madagascar

Çocuk işçiliği ile ilgili olarak literatürde birçok çalışma yapılmış olduğu bir gerçektir. “Türk İşgücü Piyasasında Dezavantajlı Gruplar” ismi verilen bu kitabımızda ise çocuk işçiler dâhil hemen bütün dezavantajlı gruplar yer aldığı için, çalışmanın amacına uygun olarak bir bütünlük
içinde ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu bölümümüzde en
dezavantajlı grupların başında gelen çocuk işçilerin Türkiye’deki durumu ve mevzuat çerçevesinde çocuk işçiliği ile mücadele yöntemleri hakkında bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda son yıllarda yapılan yasal
düzenlemeler ışığında, nitel veri toplama teknikleri çerçevesinde literatür taraması yönteminden ve ikincil araştırmalardan yararlanarak, bir derleme çalışması ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada genel hatlarıyla çocuk işçiliği konusu, güncel mevzuat ve kamu kurumları tarafından uygulanan politikalar açısından
incelenmektedir. Birinci bölümde çocuk işçiliğinin kavramsal çerçevesi yer almaktadır. İkinci bölümde, dünyada ve Türkiye’de çocuk işçiliğine ilişkin
mevcut durum en güncel istatistiklerle ortaya konulmaktadır. Üçüncü bölümde uluslararası boyutuyla çocuk işçiliği ile ilgili hukuki düzenlemeler incelenmektedir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye’de çocuk işçiliği ile ilgili mevzuat ve mücadelede uygulanmış/uygulanan politikalar yer almakta
ve nihayet beşinci bölümde ise sonuç ve öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Nikolas Dörr, 165 Jahre Einschränkung der Kinderarbeit in Preußen. Ein Beitrag zum Beginn der Sozialgesetzgebung in Deutschland, in: MenschenRechtsMagazin (hrsg. vom Menschenrechtszentrum der Universität Potsdam), 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 2/2004, S. 141–151.

Child labor engaged in the digital culture industry is still missed from the handling of government and child institutions. There are forms of exploitation and violation of rights that occur when the child works. This study aims to see, describe, and analyze how forms of child exploitation, violations of children's rights committed by companies, public discourse on child artists, as well as the responses of proparents in terms of approving children to be in the world of digital culture industry. This research uses descriptive research methods with library studies. The data used in this study is secondary data taken from various internet sources, previous journals, or relevant books. The study used theory strains of Robert K Merton and child researchers to analyze the strains and adaptation processes performed by children. The results of this study show that there are forms of child exploitation, especially in terms of education, play opportunities, mental condition, self-development and physical child. These processes occur in an environment that is not child-friendly and difficult to handle by the relevant institutions.

Two little known forms of child labour in Turkey are examined. The process through which these children are made to work has parallels with the experiences of slaves. First, a longstanding practice from Northwestern Turkey of parents hiring children to better-off farmers is examined. Further, a more recent problem is examined where children are trafficked to big cities and forced to join criminal rings. Both forms of child labour are consequences of poverty. The factors that give rise to child trafficking and parents letting ...

The purpose of this research is to show child labour as a matter of concern and to draw the attention to such a violation of human rights. Also the role of Western societies on child labour and their hypocrisy as making higher profit on one hand, and consolidating protection of human rights on the other hand is aimed to be given.

L’objet du présent rapport est de préciser le profil et la situation des enfants qui mendient dans la région de Dakar. Le rapport a pour point de départ une enquête menée auprès des enfants mendiant dans les rues de Dakar, laquelle a fourni un premier état des lieux, assorti d’une vue d’ensemble des actions entreprises à l’échelle nationale, face à ce problème. L’enquête a également permis de proposer diverses options stratégiques visant à accélérer et renforcer la réponse nationale contre la mendicité enfantine. Finalement, il convient de souligner que même si cette étude prétend donner une image assez représentative de la situation des enfants mendiants dans la zone de Dakar, elle ne dépeint pas la condition de l’ensemble des enfants talibés vivant dans les daaras.

Mevsimlik Gezici Tarım İşçisi Haneler ve Çocuklarına Yönelik Uygulama Modeli Geliştirme Rehberi ‘en kötü biçimdeki çocuk işçiliği’ olarak tanımlanan mevsimlik tarımsal üretimde gezici tarım işçisi olarak çalışan çocukların sayısının azaltılması, bu çocuk işçiliği biçiminin ortadan kaldırılması ve mevsimlik gezici tarım işçiliği yapan hanelerin yaşam ve çalışma koşullarının iyileştirilmesi için yerel düzeyde izleme, tespit, değerlendirme, belgeleme çalışmaları yürütmeyi ve nihayetinde uygulamaların yapılmasına katkı vermeyi hedeflemektedir.