Foreigners

Originally published in the Kyung Hee University Law School Journal (제44권 제3호), December 30, 2009; available here with the permission of Kyung Hee University.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD”) promises to provide effective remedies against xenophobia and discrimination on the basis of foreign nationality in Korea. The treaty has been under-utilized and its legal status and proper role is largely unknown or misunderstood. Few appreciate the broad definition of “racial discrimination” under the ICERD and the implications for non-citizens. Even fewer are aware of the special relationship Korea maintains with the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) because of its recognition of the competence of the CERD to receive complaints and make recommendations under the optional Article 14 procedure. This article examines several real life contemporary scenarios under the ICERD analysis and contrasts results with other jurisdictions. In doing so this article hopes to encourage further study and utilization of the recommendations, observations and jurisprudence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in deciding what equality will mean for the increasing number of foreigners who live in Korea.

European integration and changes in the legal status of foreigners in the European member States. Highly influenced by sovereignty aspects, the law regarding foreigners reflects the vision of a State on the nation and his future, establishing discriminations and differences detrimental to foreigners. In the past decades, the legal order of the European Union has undergone important evolutions that impacted also in this field of law: the economical and political integration of the European States imposed a number a reforms which were highly beneficial to all their citizens, in terms of free movement and non-discrimination on the entire Union territory; this new regime contributes to the development of a European identity for his beneficiaries and, by that, to the achievement of the political Europe.

Urban History 48/3 (2021), 533-551.

Studying the Ottoman subjects in eighteenth-century Vienna helps to understand better the process of integration of the different districts of the city in a fast-changing context, especially around its Danube port area. Despite the withdrawal of the Ottoman empire from central Europe after 1683, Ottomans were fully a part of the history of Vienna and their presence has to be explored within the specific urban dynamics of a city: the reconfiguration of its economic sectors and social places, the tensions at play between the socioeconomic groups by which a city was made and the evolution of its urban planning. Focusing on the Ottoman merchants operating in Vienna allows us to identify and to analyse the workings of the port area of the fourth largest city in Europe and to explore the social spaces of Viennese markets, streets, courtyards and coffeehouses.

Los extranjeros pueden ser divididos en distintos grupos: los trabajadores, los matrimonios binacionales, sus hijos, también los diplomáticos y los estudiantes, entre muchos otros. Para el caso surcoreano, los estudiantes de intercambio hoy en día comprenden una población importante de la comunidad extranjera. El aumento en los programas de becas y convenios académicos entre Colombia y Corea del Sur, han sido medios para que estudiantes colombianos interactúen con personas coreanas, creando nuevas redes y coyunturas para el intercambio cultural. Su condición de población flotante dentro de la categoría de migrantes les permite vivir experiencias nuevas y únicas. No obstante, sus vivencias son igual de relevantes para construcción de la imagen de los coreanos alrededor del mundo, así como también de su rol en la inclusión de los estudiantes como parte vital de la experiencia migratoria en Corea. Sus privilegios y desventajas en la vida cotidiana son reflejo de la concepción de occidente y del extranjero que tienen los coreanos. Las enormes diferencias entre los migrantes de cada continente muestran las inequidades aún prevalentes de las tradiciones confucianas y del impacto de invasiones extranjeras a través de los siglos a la península.  El proyecto de investigación aglomeró todas estas experiencias por medio de relatos de viaje, otorgándole prioridad máxima a individuos extranjeros en plena exposición a la vida coreana, permitiendo narrar una estancia de seis meses en imágenes traducidas al papel.  Que pretende dar a conocer en detalle esas prácticas para que otros agentes se aproximen al fenómeno que es estudiar en Corea.

Статья основана на неопубликованных материалах из Архива внешней политики
Российской империи. В работе исследуется деятельность русских сотрудников школьных инспекций – одной из самых эффективных структур Императорского православного палестинского общества (ИППО) на Ближнем Востоке. Методика исследования имеет междисциплинарный, историкопсихологический характер: история определенных структур (сирийских школьных инспекций) описывается с точки зрения психологической мотивации сотрудников. Расширение деятельности инспекций, достигнутое благодаря энтузиазму отдельных людей, было поддержано институциональными основами в нужный момент. Наиболее значимыми группами сотрудников в составе инспекций стали выпускники Казанской духовной академии и различных педагогических институтов. Почти все сотрудники инспекций в большей или меньшей степени сумели добиться
успеха. За этими достижениями стояла трудная работа, требовавшая от русских служащих честолюбия, сообразительности, осмысленности и умения решать самые разные проблемы в малознакомой для них обстановке. Личностные устремления сотрудников имели не меньшее значение, чем финансовая и правовая обеспеченность и возможность создать семью. Исследование
мотивации и реальных достижений сотрудников инспекций позволяет получить обильный эмпирический материал о повседневной деятельности русских на Ближнем Востоке в течение продолжительного времени: оценить человеческий капитал, вложенный в этот проект. В инспекциях Императорского православного палестинского общества получили возможность проявить себя люди самого разного склада: стратеги, идеалисты, карьеристы, ученые, литераторы. Различные мотивации сотрудников способствовали вариативности и гибкости в деятельности учебных заведений ИППО – важного слагаемого их успеха на Ближнем Востоке.

The article is based on unpublished materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The research examines the activities of Russian employees of school inspectorates-one of the most significant structures the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) in the Middle East. The research methodology has an interdisciplinary nature-historical and psychological. The history of certain structures (Syrian school inspectorates) is described in terms of the psychological motivation of employees. The successful activity of inspectorates, achieved through the enthusiasm of individuals, was supported by the institutional foundations at the right time. Graduates of theological academies and pedagogical institutes were the most significant groups of employees of inspectorates. Almost all Russian employees were more or less successful. These achievements were reached thanks to the ambitions, intelligence and hard working of the employees who were able to solve a variety of problems in an unfamiliar environment. The employees's personal aspirations were as well important as financial and legal security and the ability to create a family. The study of the motivation of these people and their real achievements allow us to obtain abundant empirical material about activities of Russians in the Middle East for a long time and evaluate the human capital that was invested in this project. In the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society Russian employees were able to prove themselves as strategists, idealists, careerists, scientists, writers. Various employees' motivations promoted the variability and flexibility in the activities of IOPS educational institutions as an important component of their success in the Middle East.

The Crossroads III – A Stranger in the House. Foreigners in Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern Societies of the Bronze Age conference has been held at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University (Prague) between September 10 and 13, 2018. The main objective of the conference was to enhance our understanding of “foreignness” in ancient societies between the end of the Chalcolithic period and the end of the Late Bronze Age. This book collects some of the twenty most significant contributions presented at the conference. Some authors decided to approach the discussion from a theoretical perspective, or to present and discuss theoretical frameworks that could be used to explore at least some elements underlying the concept of “foreignness”. Others investigated sociocultural dimension involved in the presence of foreigners, or in their interactions with local communities. Cases from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and the Levant, covering the whole of the Bronze Age have been discussed. The wide range of perspectives, and their combination within the frame of the conference often stimulated that multidisciplinary dialogue that was the primary aim of this third edition of Crossroads.

The place of foreigners in Plato's thought remains understudied despite the prevalence of foreign characters, myths, and practices throughout his dialogues. Attending to this gap in the scholarly literature, this dissertation challenges conventional depictions of Plato as hostile to diversity by showing that Plato makes a compelling case for why we should engage with foreigners: the epistemological benefits of cross-cultural engagement. Through exegetical readings of the Republic, Laws, Phaedrus, and Menexenus, I argue that Plato finds cross-cultural dialogue epistemologically beneficial owing to its ability to provoke us to philosophize together, an activity at once conducive to the quest for wisdom and generative of friendship. Put simply, conversations with foreigners perform the same role as the Socratic gadfly of stinging us into consciousness. This finding has major implications for the field of political theory and, specifically, for the role of the new subfield commonly referred to as comparative political theory. By demonstrating the centrality of cross-cultural dialogue to Plato's conception of political theory, this dissertation suggests that comparative political theory is not a deviation from the tradition of Western political theory, but a restoration of it. As such, reinvigorating the practice of political theory as a comparative enterprise may be more crucial than most political theorists think.

Note: This dissertation was revised and published as a book. It is recommended that you read the book instead (titled Plato's Caves: The Liberating Sting of Cultural Diversity). https://global.oup.com/academic/product/platos-caves-9780190936983?cc=us&lang=en&#

Warszawa czasów „realnego socjalizmu” nie kojarzy się raczej z wielokulturowością i narodowościową egzotyką. Tymczasem – mimo wszystkich ograniczeń ideologicznych, materialnych i cywilizacyjnych – stolica Polski potrafiła przyciągać niezwykle barwne i różnorodne grupy obywateli obcych państw: od sowieckich robotników, przez afrykańskich studentów, amerykańskich dziennikarzy i japońskich działaczy związkowych, po uchodźców z NRD, brytyjskich szpiegów i… arabskich terrorystów. Publikacja zbiorowa „Cudzoziemcy w Warszawie 1945–1989. Studia i materiały” stawia sobie za cel opisanie tej fascynującej, acz mało znanej problematyki.
Główną zaletą książek stanowiących zbiór artykułów napisanych przez szersze grono autorów jest zgromadzenie w jednym tomie bardzo zróżnicowanej tematyki i wyjątkowego bogactwa punktów widzenia, niemożliwych do osiągnięcia w wydawnictwach monograficznych czy kompilacjach tekstów pochodzących wyłącznie z jednego kraju czy ośrodka badawczego. Intelektualną podstawę książki stanowi rozmaitość ujęć metodologicznych – zarówno z dziedziny historii, jak i socjologii czy antropologii – jak również bogactwo zbiorów archiwalnych rozsianych w różnych krajach, a także kolekcja opracowań sporządzona co najmniej w kilku językach. Studia i materiały tego typu oferują ponadto bardzo szeroką perspektywę badawczą, swobodnie przekraczającą granice Polski i horyzonty metodologiczne pojedynczej osoby czy środowiska.
Inspiracją dla publikacji jest międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa, zorganizowana w kwietniu 2012 r. przez Oddziałowe Biuro Edukacji Publicznej Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Warszawie w Centrum Edukacyjnym IPN im. Janusza Kurtyki. Książka nie stanowi jednak tylko i wyłącznie pokonferencyjnej kompilacji. Jej układ różni się od koncepcji konferencji, część wygłoszonych tam referatów nie znalazła się w pracy, dołączono za to do niej wątki, które na kwietniowych obradach nie zostały poruszone.
W związku z różnorodnością tematów, a także bogactwem problematyki obecności cudzoziemców w komunistycznej Warszawie, bardzo trudno było znaleźć klucz, za pomocą którego udałoby się ułożyć artykuły w koherentną całość. Mimo tych trudności podjęto próbę zbudowania konstrukcji problemowej, opartej na tematycznych rozdziałach, uwzględniających również porządek chronologiczny.

"En la perspectiva de la historia de América, y en el contexto más amplio de la historia atlántica, el estudio de los procesos políticos y sociales que antecedieron las revoluciones de Independencia cobra especial significado en el tiempo largo. En un espacio muy concurrido –el “Mediterráneo del Caribe”– la circulación –oficial o no– de los hombres y de las ideas en una coyuntura de reformulación y luego de quiebra del pacto imperial, merece un análisis más profundo de sus distintos actores sociales y especialmente de sus márgenes. En ese crisol de intereses imperiales tanto mercantiles como estratégicos, la presencia de los extranjeros, considerados como portadores de ideas perniciosas y de revoluciones políticas, despertó en efecto no pocos temores y hasta miedos que la historia de las representaciones y sensibilidades nos permite evidenciar, analizar, y también relativizar en este ensayo.

From the Spanish American historical point of view, and in the broader context of the Atlantic history,
the study of political and social processes that preceded the Independence revolutions is quite significant
in the long run. In a crowded space –the “Mediterranean (side) of the Caribbean”– the circulation
–whether official or not– of men and ideas in a period of reformulation and breaking of imperial links,
deserves a more in-depth analysis of social actors and especially of the diverse fringes of colonial society.
In this melting pot of imperial interests (mercantile and strategic as well), the presence of foreigners,
considered as propagandists of pernicious ideas and political revolutions, aroused fears that the history
of representations and sensibilities allows us to see more clearly, to analyze, and to relativize in this
essay."

Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography, 23, 44-59. https://doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-12198
This article analyses how food, recipes, and techniques and manners introduced as foreign were integrated in eighteenth-century German cookbooks. Doing so it intends to transfer a methodology recently developed in social history to history of food in order to get a better understanding of how eighteenth-century European societies defined foreignness. It claims that cookbooks should be considered as topographies of the table and presents the Holy Roman Empire as a particularly rich field of study for history of circulation in the early modern world.

https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/cromohs/article/view/12198/12141?fbclid=IwAR1hkXfX6giTNv0swfKOOMyqYnLOVT-RMNCaMrNinQNzyULzQO82ruAMW5I

The independence movements of the First Republic in New Granada (1810-1815) included foreigner citizens, hired to train cadets, to organize military academies and battalions, or to serve as officers. There was an important group formed by French people, characterized
by fleeting success, its rivalry with Simón Bolívar, and whose members died in battle or escaped when Pablo Morillo armies arrived

The case studied in this chapter deals with the social sphere located between
the official cosmopolitanism promoted by the court and rivalries and tensions
characteristic of professional corporations. The critical reappraisal of interactions
between foreigners and local elites nuances the opposition between aristocratic
cosmopolitanism and nascent nationalism—an opposition that informs
social and cultural histories of the Russian nobility (Greenfeld 1990). How did
Russian nobles feel about their foreign peers who had to leave their country
and to abandon property (and rent), and who came to Russia to enjoy ranks,
pensions, and honors dispensed by the imperial court? Did the local elite pride
itself on its new capacity as the host offering refuge to those who, until recently,
pretended to be the role model of the civilized world? These questions will guide
my essay in the social history of perceptions of Europeans among Russian elites.

The Atlantic ports of Andalusia were privileged centres to develop foreign merchant’s commercial interests, as a huge bibliography and a consolidated tradition of studies has established. The present paper focuses on a matter that has not been equally and conveniently deepened, the degree of social mobility of the Italian nations –Genoese, Florentines and Venetians– established within the urban societies of the Crown of Castile at the end of the middle ages. Considered as nations in the medieval sense of the term, we first determine the importance of economic success to enable the insertion in the local élites, the urban oligarchies that controlled economical and political power resources, and determined the contacts with the Castilian nobility and the Crown. In second place, we take into consideration the instruments to measure social ascent. Third and last, from the data gathered we try to establish if group dynamics can be identified inside Italian communities, or if we are facing isolated and exceptional cases. The comparative perspective resulting offers a complex picture in which the Genoese community was the only foreign nation to achieve an effective process to integrate in upper social networks of the territory.

The dissertation "Comparative Analysis of the Naturalization Process in Selected Countries of the European Union (Greece, Italy, Germany)", supervised by Christos Saritzoglou, Head of the Department of Naturalization of Expatriates, of the Ministry of Interior's Citizenship Directorate, as a final essay for the National School of Public Administration and Local Government, displays the basic issues of the naturalization process in three selected countries as Member States of the European Union. It focuses in Greece, Italy and Germany. It presents and compares the legal framework and the administrative procedures of the naturalization procedure of the three countries in question. Each country will be studied individually in order to understand the administrative process of naturalization by documenting the legislative framework of the nationality of each country. The aim of the work is to present good practices and concerns about the implementation of the legislative framework and the possibility of applying good practices to the Greek administration. The method of the comparative approach centers on the similarities and differences between Italy and Germany with Greece in the context of the administrative procedures of naturalization. In particular, the administrative practices of Italy and Germany could be the administrative choices of the Greek administration with regard to the adaptation of administrative procedures for naturalization using the telematic system for the computerization of the naturalization process as applied in Italy, and the introduction of the question bank for the naturalization test, as implemented by the German administration. In addition, the choice of Italy and Germany focuses on the population of foreigners who are naturalized. In Greece and Italy, as evidenced by the 2017 statistics, which are mentioned in each country, the majority of the foreigners that are naturalized are from Albania, while the example of Germany is also of great interest due to the vast number of Greeks who reside in Germany and was naturalized in 2017. The methodology used to write this subject is that of the bibliographic review. The development of the subject contributes to the understanding of the naturalization procedure, since it is part of the immigration policy of each state. The purpose of the essay is to draw some findings on European legal realities today, since the naturalization process involves a significant part of the immigrant population and state authorities of the three countries. In addition, another purpose is to monitor the processes and conditions of naturalization and the way they are modeled on parallel naturalization systems, that implement national integration policies for immigrants through
6
naturalization. With regard to research questions, these are worded below: 1. What are the discriminations that exist in the categories of applicants by country through the naturalization procedure?
2. What are the naturalization procedures and what are the conditions asked? 3. What are the similarities and differences between states, as found by comparative analysis?
Keywords: naturalization, foreigner, citizenship, Greece, Italy, Germany.

In 1780, the well-known publicist and publisher from Berlin, Friedrich Nicolai, noticed that in the Viennese suburb called Leopoldstadt:

‘one meets many Turkish men. They live in the City around the Fleischmarkt, where they also have warehouses for their goods. However, they come here in part for business, and in part because the nearby bridge conveniently has a coffeehouse. It looks eccentric that some go dressed half Turkish and half German’.

The eccentricity in the eye of the Prussian traveller meets the surprise that we sometimes express in the face of the religious and cultural diversity of the early modern metropolis, and this in turn questions deeply a present world obsessed by its cultural identities. Although we tend to reify otherness, studying the Ottoman population in eighteenth-century Vienna paves the way to another understanding of cosmopolitanism dynamics. It forces us to move the focus of history of foreigners away from cultural issues to an examination of the overlapping and crisscrossing administrative, social and urban dimensions of the pragmatic process of social integration.
L’Orient à Vienne is first a history of the Austrian enlightenment. Throughout the eighteenth century the reorganisation of the management of Oriental affairs benefited a new political elite involved in – and taking advantage of – the profound reform of the monarchy and supporting enlightened absolutism at the same time. However, this elite progressively spread out into several rival clienteles, which competed to control the management of Turkish trade and diplomacy, because of the influence it had on the government and the personal enrichment it generated. The Oriental Academy, established in 1754 to train young scholars in Turkish, Arabic and Persian and to serve in the Administration in the Ottoman Empire – as interpreters, chancellors and diplomats – was actually nothing but the incubator of the Chancellor’s creatures. The history of Oriental knowledge fits in with a socio-political history of the administration and was not restricted to artificial national boundaries. Indeed, the emergence of this elite was based on deep economic, social and political connections with Ottoman society and especially with Ottoman subjects in Vienna, as the Conscription of the Turks and Turkish of 1767 testifies.
Although historians used to identify and divide them into distinct nations and diasporas – overstressing their ethnic/religious/cultural features –, Muslim, Sephardic, Armenian and Greek merchants actually proceeded along similar paths of life and similar practices in the city. They were a population, more than a community, that represented about one per cent of the city’s inhabitants in 1775 since, far from being exclusively populated by merchants, it was composed of diverse economic actors, from janissaries to cooks, and was gender diverse, since children represented the biggest component. Studying merchants draws a new economic and social geography of the Austrian monarchy wide open to the Ottoman Empire, and it presents Vienna as a hub between Turkey, the Holy Roman Empire, Central Europe and the Adriatic Sea. Plus, Ottoman trading companies were transcontinental, religiously plural and they constantly interacted with local merchants, administrators and diplomats.
Indeed, the familiarity of Ottoman merchants with the Viennese political elite and its clients played a significant role in reorienting Austrian commercial policy in favour of the Ottoman merchants and in strengthening the authority of the administration over the city. Ottomans gave the Emperor the excuse to liberalize Viennese trade, thus far controlled by a bourgeoisie granted with economic and political privileges. Plus, Ottomans symbolically lived under the protection of the administration, set up in buildings and blocks owned by the administrators of trade and diplomats, strategically located in the old merchant area of the city, where they could find both housing and warehousing. They became members of the elite urban kinship. Being an Ottoman became so appealing that it guaranteed the social integration of the subjects of the Sultan and made more valuable their legal and economic condition, rather than being an “Imperial and Royal subject” of the Habsburg monarch. Moreover, while they were tied with the Viennese administrative elite, the Ottoman merchants systematically reaffirmed their belonging to the Ottoman Empire symbolically by joining the corteges of the envoys of the Grand Seigneur, or in claiming their political identity in case of litigation. Indeed, just as the merchants did, Ottoman diplomats also bonded with the reforming Austrian elite and the aristocracy in the common purpose of securing and promoting Ottoman trade in Central Europe and, in this way, strengthened their respective economic and political clientele in both Vienna and Istanbul.
Austrian administrators, Ottoman merchants and ambassadors formed a milieu, an urban geography that calls for a reinterpretation of the history of eighteenth-century Vienna and a deconstruction of diaspora patterns. The installation of the Ottomans in the city didn’t depend at all on some community logic but on the function of the urban space, where they imbedded themselves and their economic activity. Using such a presence as a contrasting medium reveals the economic heart of the city and allows us to observe its workings. Before everything, it enables us to understand that Vienna was a very attractive city port on the Ottoman trading route, presenting a logic of settling and blending quite similar to Venice, Livorno or Smyrna, usually much more emphasized in the historiography. This calls for an opening up of Mediterranean history and a questioning of the common idea of a decline of cross-cultural trade during the eighteenth century. This meets the new history of an opened, fluid and vibrant Central Europe. It undermines the prejudices of both our post-Soviet and post-9/11 conception of what is Europe.
Finally, this study tempers the role played by the cultural dimension in the globalised world and warns against overstressing ethno-religious features in national politics and in everyday life. It breaks with the sacralisation of differences and calls for a reorientation of the focus of the social sciences on the economic and social logic that generates the social bonding and blending, even in a cross-cultural context.

Review:

Journal of Modern History: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688817

Journal of Early Modern History: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/15700658

Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine: https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-histoire-moderne-et-contemporaine.htm

Bulletin critique des Annales islamologiques: http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bcai/31/

Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung : http://ejournals.duncker-humblot.de/toc/zhf/44/2

This article examines the professional experience of foreign women academics working across geographic boundaries in today’s neoliberal academia characterised by liquidity. Framed within an intersectional perspective, we use the concept of the ‘double-stranger’ to examine data stemming from 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with scholars at different stages of their career in the social sciences. This paper advances understandings of academic careers theoretically by identifying a temporal and hierarchical dynamic in the intersection of two categories of difference (gender and foreignness) that constitute a position of simultaneous belonging and non-belonging for foreign women academics; and empirically through a qualitative investigation that explores three areas in which academic professional experiences are mobilised for double-strangers: (1) transnational career moves; (2) productivity and performance in today’s neoliberal academia; and (3) self-induced estrangement as a form of resistance.

ABSTRACT: Globalization has created irremediable transformations and changes by applying its own described ethos in every fields of our life. In this new world order, cities has became the spaces in which the changes and transformations take place. Today, cities and the living spaces have became the part of the spatial organization of the international production, trade and finance facilities which have not depend on any boundaries. The developments on the information and transportation technologies  have caused the increase in the market scale also. In this period which there is no longer pyhsical boundaries at all, a rapid shift to world citizenship has been experienced. Now, people can invest other than their origin countries and also prefer to live in different countries. Recently, Trabzon has also became a one of the new settlements for foreigners. In our country, Trabzon has became one of the important cities which is prefered by the people who has certain socio-economic power especially from Arab countries who have not only touristic purposes but also living purposes by gaining residences.
In this study, it is aimed to examine the impacts of the people coming from Arab countries increasingly in recent years, to housing market and housing zone arrangements in Trabzon. The impacts of globalization on housing zones will be scrutinized specific to Trabzon. By meeting with the housing market actors in Trabzon, impacts of the housing demand of foreign customers on housing supply will be examined. Besides, impacts of the foreigners on local housing market and the position of the local residents to these circumtances will be evaluated. As a result, the opportunities and the threaths generated in the near future by the rapid and artificial progress on housing market in a medium scale city like Trabzon will be discussed.
Key Words: Globalisation, Foreigners, Housing Market, Housing Zone Design

During the eighteenth century, foreigners living in Spain reached a position that has only recently begun to be explained in all its complexity. Contemptuously regarded by nineteenth-century Spanish historiography as an extremely 'extranjerizante' period of foreign interference, the French, Italian or British influence on Spanish politics and court has continued to occupy an important role in the modern historiographical debate. By extending our object of study to other professions beyond the high politics of the court, it is possible to follow a continuity of Habsburg policies on foreigners, but also a strengthening of its position under the Bourbon regime. This contribution examines this 'new' position in two key areas of eighteenth century Spain: trade and the army. The importance of foreigners in both of them confirms the need to move from a traditional historiographical view of foreigners as 'external' elements to the Spanish society, to a greater integration into its structures.

This paper compares criminal courtroom interpretation in present-day Toronto with eighteenthcentury London. Eighteenth-century London, like Toronto, was home to a large immigrant population, and faced similar challenges. This article argues that expedience was the most important factor in shaping eighteenth-century criminal courtroom interpretation. The right to an interpreter is now a constitutional and common law right. Modern defendants enjoy greater protections, such as the developments of the presumption of innocence, the law of evidence, and the right to legal counsel. However, the attitudes of many Anglophone trial participants remain unchanged and negatively affect defendants who use interpreters.

Istanbul's Great War: Public Order, Crime and Punishment in the Ottoman Capital, 1914-1918 is a study of the social and economic life in an imperial capital at a time when the first total war of history swept through Europe, hitting the entire Ottoman Empire up to its borderlands in the Arab Peninsula. The book focuses on the impact of wartime conditions on life in a city of nearly a million citizens, with a specific emphasis on public order, crime and punishment. The author, Deniz Dölek-Sever, takes us through a six-chapter panorama of four years of hardship in the Ottoman capital during the war, analyzing various aspects of public order, crime and punishment as experienced daily by both Muslim and non-Muslim inhabitants of Istanbul, and as perceived by the state. In doing so, her study uncovers inner workings of state officials’ policies on public order and crime. Tracing instruments of surveillance and control and various crime categories, and making extensive use of primary sources, the work provides a unique understanding of public order and crime, as well as practices of punishment in a period when the Committee of Union and Progress reigned over the political life of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul's Great War is an attempt to bring a fresh approach to the current literature on wartime Ottoman Empire.

After a long discussion in which the foreign sophist Hippias proves unable to define the beautiful, Plato's Hippias Major ends with Socrates proclaiming he has benefitted from their conversation for he now understands the proverb 'beautiful things are difficult.' To make sense of this puzzling conclusion, I argue that we must connect Socrates' claim to have 'benefitted' from conversing with Hippias to the dialogue's opening discussion on why it would be 'more beneficial' for the Spartans to allow Hippias to educate them. Investigating this link, it becomes clear that the dialogue aims to critique the Spartan ban on foreign education.

The Irish-born Lieutenant General Alejandro O'Reilly (1723-1794) is one of the most controversial figures of Eighteenth-Century Spain. Already at the time he was branded as a mercenary, a parvenu and the king's favorite. Historiography added to his name adjectives like Bloody O'Reilly or General desastre. Over the years this reputation has not been accompanied by a better understanding of his figure. This contribution examines his early years of training, since his departure from Ireland in the early 1730's to enter with two of his brothers in the royal army, until his return to Madrid in 1760 after participating as a military observer in Central Europe. These are unknown years, but they are essential to explain the different instruments that allowed O'Reilly to become the 'king's agent', as its own merits, kinship, friendship, patronage, fellowship and professional endogamy. O'Reilly's career allows us to approach to a characteristic professional profile of Bourbon Spain, that is, the senior officials of foreign origin who occuppied the highest military ranks and political positions in the eighteenth-Century Spanish Empire.

The present paper studies the context of learning Thai as a second language at Chiang Mai University. Chiang Mai is the northernmost province of Thailand. At the myriad, international students came to learn Thai as their second language. Numerous courses have been opened in institutions for foreigners to study Thai. At present, learning the Thai language as a second language became popular for international students. The necessity of learning Thai for international students is a pre-requisite criterion before taking up their major study area. However, such students lack in communication skills, and the desire to improve their skills in the Thai language

The semantic load of the terms designating foreigners, displaced persons and immigrants in biblical texts evolves over time and depends on the historical contingencies of judahite society. The legal treatment of these people and even popular views about them also change over time. This study aims to clarify the relationship between the social reference and biblical meaning of these terms in each stage of the Pentateuch composition process.

Dans les textes bibliques, la valeur sémantique des termes désignant les étrangers, les personnes déplacées et les immigrants évolue diachroniquement et dépend des contingences historiques de la société de Juda. Le traitement juridique de ces personnes, voire la perception populaire qui les concerne, change aussi au fil du temps. Cette étude entend préciser la relation entre l’arrière-plan social et la signification biblique de ces mots à chaque étape du processus de composition du Pentateuque.

In this paper, I use Heidegger's _Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister"_ and
Derrida's _Of Hospitality_ and _Rogues_ to examine the argument that
the foreigner-guest is essential for our ability to be-at-home, and I
conclude with an argument that it is cosmopolitan political settings
that provide us the politically healthiest home environment. Section
I introduces Socrates' argument from the Crito that our experience
of self-identical self-possession is not our given nature, but that
our ability to be ourselves comes from making a home in the laws.
Section II draws on Heidegger and Derrida to argue that this very
effort to be ourselves, to be at home, requires nonetheless that we
answer to the other: the alien is not something to which we can be
indifferent. Section III cashes out the implications of these analyses
in an argument for our irreducible ethnocentricity, and, drawing on
Derrida's _Rogues_, considers how the political imperative of hospitality
can be interpreted in this context. Section IV, finally, argues that
it is cosmopolitan political settings that offer us the healthiest
environment for cultivating the political habits of plasticity that
are essential to our multicultural political world. I conclude that it
is precisely such existentially healthy homemaking that ultimately
captures the essential spirit of Socrates' own approach to making his
home in the laws.