Moravia

De saint Wenceslas à la Sainte couronne de Hongrie, du bouclier de la foi aux invasions mongoles et aux croisades de Prusse, les motifs qui ont forgé l’imaginaire collectif des habitants de l’ancien « bloc de l’Est » et leur servent aujourd’hui de références identitaires jusque dans les plus hautes sphères de l’État et de la diplomatie remontent pour l’essentiel au Moyen Âge. Impossible de comprendre l’évolution actuelle de ces pays sans disposer de ces clés de compréhension. Né de ce constat, ce livre – qui tient à la fois du dictionnaire et de l’essai collectif – embrasse l’ensemble géographique couvert par les duchés puis royaumes de Bohême, Moravie, Hongrie et Pologne – le noyau dur de l’Europe centrale en tant que région historique – sur plus de huit siècles. Neuf chapitres introductifs éclairent les principales facettes de cet espace-temps, sans masquer pour autant ses zones d’ombre. Près de 500 notices font ensuite le point, à la lumière des dernières recherches scientifiques, sur les notions (de « nation » à « multiculturalisme »), les courants idéologiques (du « hussitisme » au « sarmatisme »), les symboles, processus, événements, groupes et personnages réels ou mythiques (des Roms aux Roumains, d’Attila à Dracula) qui le caractérisent ou lui sont associés.

Confié à une centaine d’auteurs issus pour la plupart des pays concernés, le travail a été coordonné par Marie-Madeleine de Cevins, en collaboration avec Enikő Csukovits (Institut d’Histoire de Budapest), Olivier Marin (Université Sorbonne – Paris Nord), Martin Nejedlý (Université Charles de Prague) et Przemysław Wiszewski (Université de Wrocław).

In the German-language collection Maase devar Adonai written by Rabbi Abraham Neuda (1812–1854), which contains sermons that were mostly delivered in his home synagogue in Loštice, the marriage of the young couple mentioned only under the initials of their names stands out. Although it is a formally and content-wise conventional, supra-confessional eulogy, its uniqueness lies primarily in the historical context. The sermon was delivered in Olomouc on May 31, 1842, at a time when this royal city was still closed to the Jewish population. The study, based on the analysis of Neuda's homiletics and the identification of the main protagonists of the sermon, contributes to the understanding of the complexity of the emancipation of Moravian Jews. The fate of the newlyweds and their immediate family members, who belonged to several dozen concessionaires with a temporary permit to stay in Olomouc, is illustrated by the dramatic circumstances of the spring of 1848, which culminated in their lynching. In addition, the text itself is evidence of the gradual application of moderate reform principles in the hitherto traditional environment of Moravian Jewry.

On Etymology of the Extinct Suburb Name Gošikl in Olomouc. The Gošikl was a small suburban settlement located about 0.5 km south-west of the city of Olomouc, along the main road leading to Brno. The first written account of the name Gošikl (as Gozchich), not quite certain and etymologically unclear, is in a deed from 1256. Other accounts of the name Gošikl appear from the 15th to the 18th century. This paper offers an etymology that considers the former establisher's or owner's personal name as a very frequent and probable motivation of any place name. The author assumes that the name Gošikl could contain the hypocorism created to some frequent medieval German name such as Gottfried, Gottschalk or Gotthard. Hypocoristic variants of these names are recognizable in the place names like Goschenreith or Goschenhof, documented in Austria and Bavaria, i.e. in the area from which the German colonists came to Moravia (and to Olomouc). By the author's opinion, the name Gošikl originated from the Middle High German *Goschenîchel or *Goscheneichel „Gosch's, i.e. Gottfried's or Gottschalk's oak“. As an parallel of the name Gošikl, the author mentions the name Šunychl (<*ze der schonen îchel „at the nice oak“), former name of the city of Bohumín in Moravian-Silesian Region.

„Vampir“, Kriminalität, Peinliches Gerichtswesen und Henkerhandwerk
in Eibenschi􀄵 (Ivan􀂲ice) im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert
Daniel Wojtucki
Das Kriminalgerichtswesen in den einzelnen mährischen Gemeinden unterlag im Lauf der Jahrhunderte
einer ganzen Reihe von Veränderungen, die Thema vieler Monographien und Fachartikel
sind. Die Peinliche Gerichtsbarkeit ha􀄴 en nicht nur Städte und Marktß ecken, sondern auch Dörfer.
Eibenschi􀄵 (Ivan􀂲ice), südwestlich der königlichen Stadt Brünn (Brno) gelegen, ha􀄴 e bereits vor 1350
sein Gericht. Ursprünglich unterstand es dem Recht des Marktß eckens Möni􀄵 (M􀂻nín) und ging nach
dem Jahr 1350 in den Breich des Brünner Rechts über, wohin man sich mit Gesuchen um Rechtsbelehrungen
wandte.
In den Jahren 1617 und 1618 war in dem Marktß ecken der Fall eines „Vampirs“ zu lösen. Es ging um
einen auf dem Friedhof beigese􀄵 ten Bürger, der zu Lebzeiten einen guten Ruf ha􀄴 e, aber nach seinem
Tod die Stadtbewohner zu beunruhigen begann. Die gefährliche Leiche mußte auf Befehl des Stadtrats
der Henker liquidieren.
Der Mangel an Gerichts- und Kriminalbüchern ist der Grund dafür, daß wir nicht gründlicher die
Entwicklung der Kriminalität in Eibenschi􀄵 und Umgebung verfolgen können. Wir verfügen nur über
Informationen zu einzelnen Kriminalfällen. Man kann hier nicht von einer allgemeinen Kriminalität
sprechen, sondern von gewöhnlichen Übertretungen, oft wegen emotionaler Raufereien oder Alkoholkonsums.
Bisweilen endeten solche Exzesse tödlich und wurden dann als kriminelle Tat gewertet.
Laut schriftlichen Quellen standen in Eibenschi􀄵 zwei Galgen – ein steinerner östlich der Stadt, ein
zweiter aus Holz auf der Anhöhe nördlich, rechts der Straße nach Neßlowi􀄵 (Neslovice). Die Lokalisierung
des Steingalgens wurde durch archäologische Untersuchungen in den Jahren 2017–2018 bestätigt.
Ein interessanter Fund ist eine in der Umgebung des Galgens entdeckte Münze aus dem Jahr 1631. Wir
wissen nicht, wann der Steingalgen und andere Strafeinrichtungen in Eibenschi􀄵 demontiert wurden.
Das dortige Gericht verlor 1756 die Möglichkeit, Halsgerichtsfälle abzuurteilen und zu bestrafen und
diese Angelegenheiten gingen an Mährisch Kromau (Moravský Krumlov) und später an Znaim (Znojmo)
über. Am Eibenschi􀄵 er Hauptpla􀄵 vor dem Rathaus stand ein Pranger. Bis heute beÞ ndet sich im
Pß aster an der Ecke des Palackypla􀄵 es (Palackého nám􀂻stí) eine Markierung seines Standorts.
Die Eibenschi􀄵 er Verwaltung ha􀄴 e in verschiedenen historischen Zeiten, jedoch nicht immer, einen
eigenen Henker. Aus den teilweise erhaltenen Rechnungen geht hervor, das der „Meister“ zu normalen
Aufgaben in der Stadt herangezogen wurde, besonders im sanitären Bereich. In einigen Bänden der
Rechnungsbücher gibt es mehrere Angaben zu seiner Tätigkeit beim Vollzug der Gerechtigkeit.

Onomastics or Onomatology involves the study of our surnames. The evolution of “tribal” surnames from Europe and other continents was taught to me through a long oral tradition that my family’s male ancestors kept alive. Many aspects of these lessons remained vague and confusing until I began to explore pre-Pythagorean sources of music, mathematics, and general philosophy.

The nature of the Hutterite diaspora explains why the sect was so efficient a transmitter of techniques. In the face of persecution, the Anabaptists mastered space by settling in colonies and devising resilient networks in order to rescue fellow believers. Along with these networks, circa 20,000 refugees arrived in Moravia, who brought skills related to various crafts. Theories of exile and migration explain how the Hutterites could develop elaborate tactics: the strong flow of migrants ensured their steady number, while the internal cohesion made them prosper despite being in a war zone. Survival was a dour experiment; nevertheless, they coped with the aggressive environment without assimilating. Cohesion implied rigid control; paradoxically, these regulations pushed for innovation: potters specialized in vessels whose elaboration surpassed the Italian originals. This set the value of their wares and conquered high markets.

The roots of the Anabaptist ceramics go back to Italy, but this connection is not a simple one. This chapter will build on technology transfer theories to demonstrate that the Moravian communities acquired the technique through a complex diffusion. The process started with the Anabaptist population in Faenza, an important Italian maiolica centre. After a mass expulsion in 1569, they sought refuge in northern Italy and followed the Anabaptists’ migratory fluxes towards Eastern Europe. When production started in Moravia, the obvious Italian design was combined with German elements, just as the exile population was a mix of Italians, Tyroleans and South-Germans. Alongside, Ottoman features began to blend into the design. The Anabaptist wares differed from the indigenous pottery; nevertheless, with the rustification of the distinctive features, their influence survived to this day in the local folk ceramics. How Anabaptist ceramics acquired typical features is more than a direct transfer; the process involves acculturation and followed a complex diffusion pattern.

Studie byla roku 1981 publikována v časopise Antropologie - International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution (Ročník 19, číslo 2) / The study was published in 1981 in the journal Anthropology - International Journal of Human Diversity and Evolution ( Volume 19, Issue 2).

In 1997, a rescue archaeological project was carried out in Hnojice, situated on the village square. The excavation trench gradually broke through 19 settlement objects dating from the late Stone Age, the Iron Age, the early Middle Ages up to the Modern Times. One object (No. 12) can be dated to the Postmedieval period. Besides ordinary kitchenware and tableware, several fragments of stove tiles were recovered. The article deals with the evaluation of these recovered objects, on the basis of analogies dating to the time interval from the second half of the 16th to the first half of the 17th century. With a certain degree of caution, it can be admitted that the recovered items can relate to 1627 when the whole of the village Hnojice was destroyed by fire.
Keywords: Moravia, Hnojice, village, rescue excavation, the Early Modern Period, pottery, stove tiles.

The topic of this study is early modern purgatory, considered particularly from the perspective of the last wills and testaments of 17th and 18th c. citizens. The first part of the text is devoted to the discourse on purgatory in Bohemia and Moravia (literary tradition, homiletics), while the other part focuses on changing attitudes of the burghers of south Moravian royal town Brno towards requiem masses, i. e. towards mass bequests in last wills. The author draws attention to a continuity in popularity of mass bequests even during the enlightenment period, which is usually envisaged as decline of such a practice.

Studie byla publikována roku 1994 v časopisu Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. E, Řada archeologicko-klasická, vol. 43, iss. E39 / The study was published in 1994 in the Journal of the Acta of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Brno. E, Archaeological-Classical Series, vol. 43, iss. E39.

Studie byla publikována roku 1971v časopisu Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. E, Řada archeologicko-klasická, vol. 20, iss. E16 / The study was published in 1971 in the Journal of the Acta of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Brno. E, Archaeological-Classical Series, vol. 20, iss. E16

Studie byla publikována roku 1960 v Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. C, Řada historická, vol. 9, iss. C7 / The study was published in 1960 in the Proceedings of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Brno. C, Historical Series, vol. 9, iss. C7.

The article focuses on a set of 19 Loštice goblets from the collection of the former District Regional Museum
of Litovel. These come mainly from a production centre at Loštice; less represented are findings obtained directly
at the town of Litovel and today’s town area of Litovel, Unčovice. What is especially interesting in the presented
set is flowed items from Loštice and a miniature Loštice goblet with three lips from Litovel.

The study was published in the Proceedings of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Brno. E, Series archeological classic. 1994, Vol. 43, no. E 39.
*
Die Studie wurde in den Proceedings der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Brno veröffentlicht. E Series archäologische classic. 1994 Vol. 43, Nr. E 39.

Proceedings of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Brno. U Series archeological classic. 1985 vol. 34, iss. E 30.
*
Proceedings der Fakultät für Philosophie der Universität Brno. U-Serie archäologische classic. 1985 Vol. 34, iss. E 30.

The study was published in the Proceedings of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Brno. E, Series archeological classic. 1979 vol. 28, iss. E 24
*
Die Studie wurde in den Proceedings der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Brno veröffentlicht. E Series archäologische classic. 1979 Vol. 28, iss. E 24

The work was published in 1970 in the journal Proceedings of the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Brno. E, Series archeological classic. 1970, vol. 19, iss. E 15.

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Das Werk wurde im Jahr 1970 in der Zeitschrift Proceedings der Fakultät für Philosophie der Universität Brno veröffentlicht. E Series archäologische classic. 1970, vol. 19, iss. E 15.

An extensive archaeological surface survey was carried out in the river basin of Únanovka in the Znojmo district in recent years, during which also the Únanov - "Padělky" site was studied in detail in the autumn of 2012. This site, although discovered shortly after World War II, has not yet examined and the results properly published. Surface survey has yielded many archaeological finds, mainly pottery fragments and quantity of knapped and polished stone industry. Based on the analysis of the found material it was determined the site was settled mainly during the Neolithic period, specifically in times of cultures with Linear, Stroke-ornamented and Moravian Painted Ware. Besides the Neolithic there were also artifacts of other periods of human history found here. Due to the presence of all major Neolithic cultures the Únanov - "Padělky" site can be considered a crucial Neolithic archaeological site in the micro-regional context.