Moringa Oleifera Lam.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del tiempo y temperatura sobre la perdida de humedad (PH) y el contenido de proteína cruda (PC) en hojas de Moringa oleifera (moringa). Se evaluaron nueve tratamientos obtenidos de la combinación de dos factores de estudio: temperatura (40, 50 y 60 °C) y tiempo (48, 60 y 72 h) de deshidratación en estufas de circulación de aire forzado. En la cuales se introdujeron nueve muestras de moringa (250 g), para posteriormente retirar tres muestras de cada estufa a las 48, 60 y 72 h. Los datos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial (3×3). El tiempo y temperatura, afectaron (p≤0.05) positiva y negativamente a la PH y contenido de PC, respectivamente. Todas las combinaciones de tiempo y temperatura permitieron obtener porcentajes de humedad por debajo de 13 %, a excepción de 40 °C por 48 h. Las hojas de moringa presentaron contenidos de PC que oscilaron entre 25.6 y 31.5 %. Cuando la temperatura se incrementó de 40 a 60 °C, la PC se redujo 3.6 % (p≤0.05); mientras que, al aumentar el tiempo deshidratado de 48 a 72 h, la PC disminuyo 1.9 % (p≤0.05). Utilizar la temperatura de 40 °C y tiempo de secado de 60 y 72 h permitió conservar mayor contenido de proteína cruda (29 %) en las hojas de moringa.

The experiment entitled “Effect of different blanching methods on physical and colour characteristics of Moringa oleifera L. dry leaf powder” was carried out at the Department of Postharvest Technology, ACHF, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat. There were three treatments viz. T1 – Microwave blanching, T2 – Hot water blanching and T3 – No blanching. After blanching tray drying (60C for 10 hrs) was done to prepare dry powder of M. oleifera leaf. Different blanching methods had different effects on various aspects of M. oleifera dry leaf powder. Recovery (13.8%), Overall shrinkage (23 %) and Ash content (10.51%) were found highest while moisture content (8.39%) found lowest under T1. Rehydration ratio (4.79) was found highest under T2. Colour propertiesi.e. L, a and b value of colour were found highest under T1.

Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant widely used in folkloric medicine of Africa and Asia for the treatment of ailments such as ulcer, wound, inflammation, heart problem, cancer, stroke, obesity, anaemia and liver damage. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds were investigated using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen chemical constituents were identified in the leaf methanolic extract; they are 9-octadecenoic acid (20.89%), L-(+)-ascorbic acid- 2,6-dihexadecanoate(19.66%), 14–methyl-8-hexadecenal (8.11%), 4-hydroxyl-4-methyl-2-pentanone (7.01%), 3-ethyl-2, 4-dimethyl-pentane (6.14%), phytol (4.24%), octadecamethyl-cyclononasiloxane (1.23%), 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid (2.46%), 3, 4-epoxy-ethanone comprising (1.78%), N-(-1-methylethyllidene)-benzene ethanamine (1.54%), 4, 8, 12, 16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide (2.77%), 3-5-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2.55%), 1-hexadecanol (1.23%), 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2 hexadecene-1-ol (1.17%), hexadecanoic acid (2.03%) and 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester-9 octadecenoic acid(1.23%). Five chemical constituents were identified in methanolic seed extract and they are oleic acid (84%), L-(+) - ascorbic acid- 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (9.80%), 9-octadecenoic acid (1.88%), methyl ester-hexadecanoic acid (1.31%) and 9-octadecenamide (0.78%). Results obtained showed that the methanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera has more chemical constituents than the seed with 9-octadecenoic acid (20.8%) as the highest in the leaf and oleic acid (84%) in the seed. These relatively diverse chemical constituents may be responsible for the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds.

En países tropicales de América, plantas exóticas como Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), han sido escasamente evaluadas a pesar de poseer diversos atributos agro-ecológicos para la ganadería. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar a M. oleifera, como una especie arbórea con alto potencial para la ganadería ecológica en las zonas tropicales de México y en Latinoamérica. Los resultados encontrados indican que esta especie es de rápido crecimiento, posee una alta producción de biomasa fresca (hasta 25.8 t ha1 año1), comparado con otras especies arbóreas forrajeras. Sus hojas son ricas en proteína (18 %) y bajas en fibra (32.0 %), lo cual permite tener incrementos en la producción animal.
Adicionalmente, en condiciones de campo M. oleifera puede asociarse con diversos microorganismos del suelo que
contribuyen a mejorar la eficiencia de absorción de nutrimentos del suelo. También, sus hojas poseen una rápida tasa de
descomposición (85.3 %) y liberación de N al suelo (89.0 %) en cuatro semanas de incubación, lo que podría contribuir a mejorar las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo. Las características del rápido crecimiento, alta producción de biomasa, buena calidad nutricional del forraje de M. oleifera, demuestran que es un árbol con alto potencial para la ganadería ecológica y que puede contribuir a la conservación de los suelos en las zonas tropicales.

The antioxidant activity of plant materials is affected by post-harvest treatments. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of steam blanching and two (solar and electric) drying methods on physicochemical composition, antioxidant activity (AOA) and rehydration properties of Moringa oleifera leaves. Fresh and blanched leaves of M. oleifera were dried by indirect solar-drying (≈35 ± 3°C, 12 h) and hot air electric drying (50°C, 5 h), and milled into flour (particle size ≤ 500 µm). Fresh, blanched and dried leaves were analyzed for their nutrient and phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity (Total Reducing Power (TRP) and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity) as well as rehydration properties (water absorption capacity (WAC) and water solubility index (WSI). Macronutrients content of M. oleifera leaves were unaffected by blanching and drying. Irrespective of drying method, drying had a significant negative effect (p < 0.05) on phytochemical contents, TRP and DPPH scavenging activity of M. oleifera leaves. Blanching prior to drying, however, dimmed the negative effect of the latter. Blanched leaves exhibited higher carotenoids content, TRP and WAC compared to unblanched leaves; whereas blanching caused a decrease in DPPH scavenging activity, vitamin C and WSI. This study highlights that fresh and blanched Moringa oleifera leaves are more suiTableas a source of dietary antioxidants than dry leaves.

A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Soils and Water Sci. Dept., Fac. of Agric., AL-Azhar Univ., Assiut, Egypt. The experiment was performed during the summer season of 2015 to evaluate the effect of different biofertilizer types on vegetative growth and yield of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.). The experiment was a factorial design based of Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with three replications. The treatments were five biofertilizers (Bio-N, Bio-P, Bio-K, Bio-Mix and Bio-T.S), Greenpower (Vinasse+Soyabean amino acids) and check treatment (Full recommended dose of minerals NPK fertilizers). Four individual plants were selected randomly from each plot, then the pants were separated into their growth parameters, and air-dried weights were recorded. Plants were harvested after 3 months of cultivation in the first cut and after three months later in the second one. The studie parameters were plant height, number of branch per plant, stem diameter, plant dry weight, leaves dry weight per plant, stems dry weight plant-1 , dressing leaves ratio, dry leaves yield and mineral contents (N, P, K and Ca % in leaves dry) were recorded as well as soil properties (O.M, E.C, pH, C.E.C and available-N, P, K, and Ca). The tested biofertilizers increased most of the teasted parameters. The highest values of plant height (156.67 cm), number of branch plant-1 (18.87), stem diameter (16.17 mm), plant dry weight (121.63 g), leaves dry weight plant-1 (47.81g), stems dry weight plant-1 (73.83 g), yield leaves dry (1.912 kg/plot) were recorded in the plants amended with Bio-Mix (mixed of commercial biofertilizers; Microbine, Phosphorine and Potassiumag). On the other hand, the highest dressing leaves ratio (41.47%) was obtained with application of Bio-N (Microbine). All the treatments increased leaf N, P, K and Ca compared to check treatment. Finaly, this study recommend that the application of Bio-Mix at the rate of 20 g/plot is the best treatment for producing high quality and increased yield and its components of Moringa oleifera under Upper Egyptian conditions.

Moringa oleifera Lam. es una planta que ha adquirido gran importancia en México como cultivo forrajero y con fines medicinales. Sin embargo, es necesario evaluar prácticas de manejo agronómico para incrementar su rendimiento y calidad. En este trabajo se evalúo el efecto de la fertilización orgánica y la poda sobre el crecimiento vegetativo de M. oleifera. El estudio se realizó en la zona centro del estado de Veracruz. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos: 1) suelo de la región (testigo), 2) bocashi (de estiércol de ganado) + suelo y 3) lombricomposta (de pulpa de café y bagazo de caña) + suelo. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con ocho repeticiones por tratamiento. Durante 20 semanas se monitorearon plantas provenientes de semillas, de cuatro años de edad, sembradas a una densidad de 1 m x 1 m con un promedio de diámetro a la altura del pecho de 6.25 cm. Al inicio de la investigación las plantas se podaron a una altura de 1.5 m. Se realizaron dos aplicaciones (cada cuatro meses) de cuatro kilogramos de abono orgánico por planta. Las variables evaluadas se monitorearon cada 15 días: número de rebrotes
por planta, largo de los rebrotes, número de hojas por rama, área foliar y contenido de clorofila. Se realizaron análisis químicos de los tres tratamientos para
determinar el pH y el contenido de N, P, K disponible, así como porcentaje de materia orgánica (MO). Para determinar los efectos de los tratamientos sobre las
variables evaluadas se realizó un análisis de varianza con nivel de significancia de α= 0.05. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis multivariable con el método de
componentes principales Varimax. Los resultados indicaron que existe una diferencia significativa (P=0.03) en el contenido de clorofila, siendo mayor en el
tratamiento de la lombricomposta. En las demás variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tratamientos (P<0.05). El análisis de componentes principales indicó una correlación positiva entre el N, P, K y MO con el largo de los rebrotes, el número de hojas por rama y la clorofila, y una correlación negativa con el valor del pH y las variables antes mencionadas. Se concluye que el mejor abono orgánico fue la lombricomposta, ya que generó el mayor crecimiento vegetativo y nutrición de las plantas.

Context: Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera) is one of the medicinal plants used as traditional medicine for the treatment of the variety of diseases including cancer. Recently, extensive research has been conducted on leaf extracts of M. oleifera to evaluate their potential cytotoxic effects. Several studies have reported anti proliferative activity of water and alcoholic extracts of leaf, bark and seed of M. oleifera on some cancer cell line, including HepG2 liver cancer cell, A549 lung cancer cell, Caco-2 colon cancer cell, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of n-hexane fraction of M. oleifera (hMO) leaves on T47D breast cancer cells.

Methods: The M. oleifera leaves were extracted using ethanol, then fractionated with n-hexane. The cytotoxic activity was determined using MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were analyzed using flow-cytometry and expression of Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 were analyzed using immunocytochemistry.

Results: Based on preliminary MTT assay, T47D treated with hMO demonstrated a medium cytotoxic effect and inhibited cell proliferation with an IC50 value of 235.58 µg/mL. Detection of apoptosis showed that hMO induced apoptosis mediated cell death in slow manner. In addition, hMO was also induce cell cycle arrest on G0-G1 and G2-M phase. Immunocytochemistry assay showed that the hMO decreased expression of anti-apoptosis protein, Bcl-2, and cell cycle regulator protein, cyclin D1, in concentration dependent manner.

Conclusions: hMO has properties to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest on T47D cells. hMO has a potential compound to be explored and developed as a chemo preventive agent for breast cancer. These results provide evidence for anticancer activity of M. oleifera leaves extract since it cause growth inhibition, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

Background

Moringa oleifera (MO) and M. stenopetala (MS) (family Moringaceae; order Brassicales) are multipurpose tree/shrub species. They thrive under marginal environmental conditions and produce nutritious edible parts. The aim of this study was to determine the mineral composition of different parts of MO and MS growing in their natural environments and their potential role in alleviating human mineral micronutrient deficiencies (MND) in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

Edible parts of MO (n = 146) and MS (n = 50), co-occurring cereals/vegetables and soils (n = 95) underneath their canopy were sampled from localities in southern Ethiopia and Kenya. The concentrations of seven mineral elements, namely, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iodine (I), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) in edible parts and soils were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Results

In Ethiopian crops, MS leaves contained the highest median concentrations of all elements except Cu and Zn, which were greater in Enset (a.k.a., false banana). In Kenya, Mo flowers and MS leaves had the highest median Se concentration of 1.56 mg kg-1 and 3.96 mg kg-1, respectively. The median concentration of Se in MS leaves was 7-fold, 10-fold, 23-fold, 117-fold and 147-fold more than that in brassica leaves, amaranth leaves, baobab fruits, sorghum grain and maize grain, respectively. The median Se concentration was 78-fold and 98-fold greater in MO seeds than in sorghum and maize grain, respectively. There was a strong relationship between soil total Se and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)-extractable Se, and Se concentration in the leaves of MO and MS.

Conclusion

This study confirms previous studies that Moringa is a good source of several of the measured mineral nutrients, and it includes the first wide assessment of Se and I concentrations in edible parts of MO and MS grown in various localities. Increasing the consumption of MO and MS, especially the leaves as a fresh vegetable or in powdered form, could reduce the prevalence of MNDs, most notably Se deficiency.

The management of hypertension poses a challenge in both the developing and developed countries. However, the disease is more prevalent in the developing countries where poverty, illiteracy and poor nutrition combine to exacerbate the condition. The study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo hypotensive properties of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) seeds. The oscillographic technique was employed on guinea pig ileum and a live cat to evaluate the antihypertensive properties of the extract. In the in vitro relaxation studies, the extract induced contraction on the ileum in a dose-dependent manner; extract doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg mL-1 induced responses (mm) of 2.32 ± 0.46, 4.50 ± 0.46 and 7.52 ± 0.56 respectively, compared to the control value of 1.42 ± 0.42 induced by 2µg/ml of acetylcholine. In the in vivo studies, the extract significantly reduced the mean arterial blood pressure (mm Hg) of an anaesthesized normotensive cat from a control value of 116 ± 6.33 (when normal saline was administered) to 80 ± 3.30, 50 ± 3.70 ± 3.10 and 52 ± 6.60 at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg ml-1 respectively. These findings corroborate the use of M. oleifera seed as an antihypertensive agent in ethno-medicine.

The effect of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica using ethanol as solvent on tannery waste water treatment was investigated for a period of five days and their phytochemical constituents were analyzed. All the extracts were found to be efficient in the clarification and sedimentation of total solids in the tannery waste water sample. On the 5th day, sample treated with 10 ml of extract showed higher reduction of electrical conductivity, pH, chloride, sulfate along with dissolved oxygen. The significant reduction of these pollution indicating parameters of the tannery effluent indicated its high applicability to treat the tannery wastes along with other waste water treatment in near future. This is the first report of decontamination of tannery waste water by Aza-dirachta indica leaf extract.

Biodiesels, which are made from various crops, as well as animal fat, are renewable, bio-degradable, and non-toxic and are eco-friendly compared with fossil fuels. Currently, there are more than 350 oil-bearing crops identified as potential sources for biodiesel production. In this study, the potential of biodiesel obtained from a non-edible oil source (Moringa oleifera) was explored and compared with that of palm biodiesel and diesel fuel. The physico-chemical properties of M. oleifera methyl ester were determined, and the properties of 5% and 10% (by volume) blends thereof (MB5 and MB10, respectively) were compared with those of palm-oil blends (PB5 and PB10) and diesel fuel (B0). The performance of these fuels was assessed in a multi-cylinder diesel engine at various engine speeds and under the full-load condition whereas emissions were assessed under the both full-load and half load condition. The properties of palm and M. oleifera biodiesels and their blends meet the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Engine performance test results indicated that the PB5 and the MB5 fuels produced slightly lower brake powers and higher brake specific fuel consumption values compared to diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds examined. Engine emission results indicated that the PB5, MB5, PB10 and MB10 fuels reduced the average emissions of carbon monoxide by 13.17%, 5.37%, 17.36%, and 10.60%, respectively, and reduced those of hydrocarbons by 14.47%, 3.94%, 18.42%, and 9.21%, respectively. However, the PB5, MB5, PB10, and MB10 fuels slightly increased nitric oxide emissions by 1.96%, 3.99%, 3.38%, and 8.46%, respectively, and increased carbon dioxide emissions by 5.60%, 2.25%, 11.73%, and 4.96%, respectively, compared to the emissions induced by B0. M. oleifera oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production, and the performance of MB5 and MB10 biodiesel is comparable to that of PB5 and PB10 biodiesel and diesel fuel. Because the MB5 and MB10 fuels produce lower exhaust emissions than diesel fuel, these fuels can replace diesel fuel in unmodified engines to reduce the global energy demand and exhaust emissions to the environment.

The experiment entitled “Effect of different blanching methods on physical and colour characteristics of Moringa oleifera L. dry leaf powder” was carried out at the Department of Postharvest Technology, ACHF, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat. There were three treatments viz. T1 – Microwave blanching, T2 – Hot water blanching and T3 – No blanching. After blanching tray drying (60oC for 10 hrs) was done to prepare dry powder of M. oleifera leaf. Different blanching methods had different effects on various aspects of M. oleifera dry leaf powder. Recovery (13.8%), Overall shrinkage (23 %) and Ash content (10.51%) were found highest while moisture content (8.39%) found lowest under T1. Rehydration ratio (4.79) was found highest under T2. Colour propertiesi.e. L, a and b value of colour were found highest under T1.

Anticancer potential of Moringa oleifera L. extracts have been well established. However, there are no reports on the isolated molecules/fractions from these extracts which are responsible for the anticancer/cytotoxic activity. Thus, in the present study, we explored the same. The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of the M. oleifera leaves and 15 fractions (F1 to F15) of ethyl acetate extract were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity using Hep-2 cell lines and Dalton's lymphoma ascites model in mice, respectively. Among the tested samples, the F1 fraction showed potential cytotoxic effect in Hep-2 cell lines with a CTC 50 value of 12.5 ± 0.5 µg/ml. In vivo studies with the doses 5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o. demonstrated significant reduction in body weight and increased the mean survival time compared to the control group. These results were also comparable to the standard, 5-Fluorouracil, treated animals. We have also successfully isolated and characterized the anticancer fraction, F1 from the leaves of M. oleifera L.

This study evaluated the efficiency of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation and filtration processes using the combination of natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) and synthetic coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) for water treatment. Raw water was obtained from the Pirapó River Basin, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. Coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation assays were carried out in a Jar Test. A two-layer rapid filter filled with sand and anthracite was used in the filtration stage. Water quality and therefore the efficiency of the process were determined by means of the analysis of physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters, including the determination of floc size and zeta potential. The utilization of MO contributed to the reduction of the required demand of synthetic coagulant PAC. The association of coagulants, with 80%/20% or 60%/40% of MO/PAC, ensured an improvement of water quality parameters, such as apparent color, turbidity and UV254nm, as well a...

Moringa oleifera Lam, a highly valuable food commodity that has wonderful range of medicinal uses and possessing high nutritional value. A pot study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of compost and N:P:K (21:17:17) on growth and antioxidative activities of moringa under greenhouse conditions. Compost and N:P:K fertilizers were applied separately and in combination including control (no fertilizer), 100 g Compost, 2 g NPK, 2 g+100 g (NPK+ Compost), 4 g +200 g (NPK+ Compost) and 6 g+300 g (NPK+ Compost). It was found that when moringa plants were fertilized with 2 g of NPK, it produced maximum plant height (44.79 cm), stem girth (6.33 mm), leaf score (342.40), number of branches (16.07) and crude protein (9.76 mg/g dry weight) contents. Carbohydrate, phenolics, flavonoids (291.25, 16.61, 2.019 mg/g dry weight) respectively were recorded in highest quantity in 100 g compost treated plant. The compost (100 g) treated plants also displayed promising antioxidant activities in terms of the IC50 and ICo.5 values. Therefore, it is concluded that the compost and NPK treatments can effectively improve the vegetative growth, biochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of moringa plant.

The Moringa oleifera is an arboreal species that has generated an increasing interest of its use in the feeding of ruminants in Mexico by its high protein content. Given this situation, the objective of this review was to analyze the information based on the scientific knowledge of Moringa oleifera, on its nutritional properties and use as fodder. There is a study carried out in Nicaragua where dry leaves of Moringa were found to have 170.0 to 260.8 g kg-1 crude protein MS (PC), 321.2 to 521.0 g kg -1 MS of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 223.5 a 361.0 g kg-1 MS acid detergent fiber (FDA). On the other hand, several investigations have found that when using Moringa as a supplement in amounts up to 500 g DM in the basal sheep diet, we obtained 117.97 g animal-1 day-1 of daily gain of weight (GDP) Which is higher than that obtained by grazing on Panicum maximum prairies (30.85 g animal-1 day-1). In goats, increases in the GDP of 55 g animal-1 dia-1 with a range between 78 and 86 g animal-1 dia-1 have been obtained, supplementing 20 to 50% of the basal diet with Moringa. In this context, it is concluded that the use of Moringa as a supplement in the feeding of small ruminants, efficiently the production systems, being able to be a profitable option for small producers.

La Moringa oleifera es una especie arbórea que ha generado un creciente interés de su utilización en la alimentación de rumiantes en México por su alto contenido proteico. Ante esta situación, el objeto de esta revisión fue analizar la información fundamentada en el conocimiento científico de Moringa oleifera, sobre sus propiedades nutricionales y utilización como forraje. Existe un estudio realizado en Nicaragua donde se encontró que las hojas secas de Moringa poseen de 170.0 a 260.8 g kg-1 MS de proteína cruda (PC), 321.2 a 521.0 g kg-1 MS de fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y 223.5 a 361.0 g kg-1 MS de fibra detergente acida (FDA). Por otro lado, existen diversas investigaciones donde se ha encontrado que al utilizar Moringa como suplemento en cantidades de hasta 500 g de MS en la dieta basal de ovinos, se obtuvo 117.97 g animal-1 dia-1 de ganancia diaria de peso (GDP) la cual es superior a la obtenida mediante pastoreo en praderas de Panicum maximum (30.85 g animal-1 dia-1). En caprinos, se han obtenido incrementos en la GDP de 55 g animal-1 dia-1 con un rango entre 78 y 86 g animal-1 dia-1, suplementando de 20 a 50% de la dieta basal con Moringa. En este contexto, se concluye que la utilización de Moringa como suplemento en la alimentación de pequeños rumiantes, eficientiza los sistemas de producción, pudiendo ser una opción rentable para pequeños productores.

This study evaluated the efficiency of coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation and filtration processes using the combination of natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) and synthetic coagulant aluminum polychloride (PAC) for water treatment. Raw water was obtained from the Pirapó River Basin, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. Coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation assays were carried out in a Jar Test. A two-layer rapid filter filled with sand and anthracite was used in the filtration stage. Water quality and therefore the efficiency of the process were determined by means of the analysis of physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters, including the determination of floc size and zeta potential. The utilization of MO contributed to the reduction of the required demand of synthetic coagulant PAC. The association of coagulants, with 80%/20% or 60%/40% of MO/PAC, ensured an improvement of water quality parameters, such as apparent color, turbidity and UV254nm, as well a...

Establishment of three species of oleaginous under association. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of three species of oleaginous: Jatropha curcas (Linn), Ricinus communis (Linn) and Moringa oleifera (Lam) in the establishment phase. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Colegio Postgraduados, Campus Veracruz, in Mexico from 2013 to 2014. A completely randomized design was used and ten plants of each species were randomly sampled; plant height, stem and the primary branch diameter, the projection of the crown and pests and diseases problems were evaluated. Descriptive statistics (average) was used. Jatropha and Moringa had a growth spurt (20 cm) between 45 and 60 days of evaluation, while Ricinus growth was slower (10 cm) and its height was lower than reported in the literature. The variables of the stem and the primary branch diameter as well as the crown projection of J. curcas and M. oleifera had little variability; Ricinus plants were affected by pests and pathogens; however, the insects found were not the same in the species tested. Moringa was the species that had the highest value in most of the variables evaluated and Jatropha had a morphological pattern similar to that found in monoculture systems. For Ricinus, the association was not favourable due to the effect of shade and the severe attack of pathogens.

The study was conducted to evaluate the physico-chemical, microbial and organoleptic qualities of cooked ground buffalo meat (GBM), treated with, 1, 1.5 and 2% levels of aqueous solution of crude extract of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. The meat samples treated with 1.5% crude extract of drumstick leaves significantly (P < 0.05) improved meat pH and water holding capacity (WHC) and lowered cooking loss and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value as compared to control and other treated samples. Microbial load in terms of Total Plate Count (TPC) was found to be decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in treated samples. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability scores between the treated meat samples.

The present experiment was carried out at Dryland Horticulture Farm, Sirsod, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. All the treatments were randomized within whole experiment at once. Observations of the characters under study of drumstick plants were recorded. The five randomly selected plants from each treatment for observations were undertaken. The data was recorded as per the standard procedure and analyzed statistically as per design. Days taken to first seedling emergence were counted. It was recorded daily when the first foliage leaf appeared. Germination was visually monitored through the counting of germinated seedlings after every seven days and then was finalized at 25 days. The minimum days taken to germination (4.28) was taken under seed soaked in the solution of 10ppm GA3 for 24 hours (T4) followed by seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 solution for 48 hours (T8) (4.72), seed soaked in 7.5ppm GA3 for 24 hours (T3) (4.88), seed soaked in 7.5ppm GA3 for 48 hours (T7) (5.08) while maximum days for emergence (5.91) was taken by seed soaked in normal water for 48 hours (T5) followed by seed soaked in normal water for 24 hours (T1) (5.85), which was at par with each other. There was no significant difference recorded between seed soaked in 5ppm GA3 concentration for 24 and 48 hours. Results also indicated that the seed soaked in different concentrations of GA3 for 24 hours was found superior over seed soaked in the same concentrations of GA3 for 48 hours. The days taken to 50% germination were significantly influenced with different treatments. Minimum days (5.88) taken to 50% germination were counted with seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 for 24 hours (T4) followed by seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 for 48 hours (T8) (5.92), seed soaked in 7.5ppm GA3 for 24 (T3) and 48 hours (T7) (6.27 and 6.38), respectively. However, there was no significant difference between seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 for 24 and 48 hours. Maximum days taken to 50% germination were counted with seed soaked in normal water for 48 (T5) and 24 hours (T1) (8.33 and 8.17), respectively which was at par with each other. the different seed soaking treatments were significantly affected to germination percentage of drumstick. The seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours (T4) was exhibited maximum germination percentage (70.83%) followed by seed soaked in 10ppm GA3 for 48 hours (T8) (67.12%) and seed soaked in 7.5ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours (T3) (66.82%) which was at par with each other. Whereas, minimum germination percentage (52.32%) was noted with seed soaked in normal water for 48 hours (T5) followed by seed soaked in normal water for 24 hours (T1) (55.77%).

Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a plant known for having high antioxidant potency, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective etc. and many more activities. Besides these, Moringaceae has the potential for attenuating the male sexual dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species/ROS were increased in cryptorchidism and therefore cause infertility by damaging sperm DNA and germ cell apoptosis. There was an increase in heat shock proteins (HSP) in cells, which is affected by heat shock. In the present study, the antioxidant effects of two different doses of M. oleifera Lam Extract (MOLE) on experimentally induced cryptorchid testes of rats was investigated. Forty two male rats (16 days old) were divided into four groups: a normal control group, a cryptorchidism-induced control group and two cryptorchidism-induced groups treated orally with either 400 or 800 mg/kg MOLE for 2 weeks. Our study showed that there were ruptures from interstitial spaces, separation of the germ cells from basal membrane, falling of the germ cells into the lumen, perivascular fibrosis, oedema, increased level of HSP70, apoptosis, malondialdehyde (MDA) and decrease in the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) after the cryptorchidism. We found that pathological damages, oxidative stress, expression of the HSP70 and germ cell apoptosis were decreased in treated groups with MOLE. In brief, we can say that aqueous extract of M. oleifera reduces the oxidative stress in a unilateral cryptorchidism induced rats, and it might attenuate histopathological damages, HSP expression and germ cell apoptosis.

Context: The COVID-19 outbreak is caused by the transmission and infection of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019. It has led many countries to implement lockdown policies to prevent the viral spreading. Problems arise in a COVID-19 patient because of viral infection that leads to a systemic response in the immune system, specifically due to cytokine storm. Moreover, the antiviral drugs that have not been found. Indonesia had a variety of traditional medicines, such as is ‘jamu’. It consists of a mixture of natural ingredients such as Moringa oleifera Lam. and Curcuma longa L.

Aims: To identify the activity of dual inhibitors as antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents from herbal combination compounds.

Methods: Sample was collected from PubChem (NCBI, USA) and Protein Data Bank (PDB), then drug-likeness analysis using Lipinski rule of five in SCFBIO web server and bioactive probability analysis of bioactive compounds were conducted by PASS web server. Furthermore, the blind docking method was performed using PyRx 0.8 software to determine the binding activity and molecular interaction by PoseView web server and PyMol software v2.4.1 (Schrödinger, Inc, USA).

Results: Cryptochlorogenic acid and curcumin have been computationally proven as dual inhibitors for antivirals by inhibiting Mpro SARS-CoV-2 and as anti-inflammatory through inhibition of NFKB1 activity. However, the results are merely computational so that it must be validated through a wet lab research.

Conclusions: The combination of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Curcuma longa L. is predicted to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity through dual inhibitor mechanism played by cryptochlorogenic acid and curcumin.

Ionizing radiation generates reactive oxygen species that induce
oxidative stress, which generates free radicals, which associated with
many degenerative diseases.  The present study has been designed to
evaluate the ameliorative role of aqueous  moringa oleifera leaf
extract (MO) against γ-radiation (IRR)-induced oxidative stress in
hepatic and renal tissues in rats. Twenty four male albino rats were
divided into four groups, (1) control group injected with the vehicle,
(2) MO treated group, (3)  IRR group, (4)MO/ IRR treated group.
Biochemical and ultra  structural examinations were utilized for
evaluation of the oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
IRR (6Gy) caused a significant increase in liver and kidney
malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitrate/nitrite (NO (x)) levels and
significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)
activities and glutathione (GSH) content. The activities of alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and
the levels  of urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum were increased.
Administration of MO (300 mg/kg, i.p.) for 15 days prior to IRR
ameliorated the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by IRR.
Ultra structural examination of liver and kidney tissues confirmed the
biochemical data. The present results revealed that MO has a
protective effect against IRR-induced hepatotoxicity and
nephrotoxicity  through its free radical  scavenging activity and
enhancement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms.