Mountain Biking

Mountain biking in Scotland is the first volume in a series of discussion papers on Understanding and resolving land use conflicts. With an Editorial by Guest Editor Fran Pothecary, Outdoor Access Officer at the Cairngorms National Park Authority,it contains eight articles looking at different aspects of mountain biking, the potential for conflict with other outdoor users and solutions.

Dirt is evoked to signify many important facets of mountain bike culture including its emergence, history and everyday forms of practice and affect. These significations are also drawn upon to frame the sport's (sub)cultural and counter-ideological affiliations. In this article we examine how both the practice of mountain biking and, specifically, mountain bike trail building, raises questions over the object and latent function of dirt, hinting at the way that abjection can, under certain circumstances, be a source of intrigue and pleasure. In doing so, we suggest a re-symbolization of our relationship with dirt via a consideration of the terrestrial.

Hydraulic Brakes Avid (english) technical manual part# 95-5015-011-000 TM_MY08_E

Getting Started Information.......................................................................................................................................................5
Brake Technology Designation ...........................................................................................................................................6
Tools Needed for Service.....................................................................................................................................................7
Hydraulic Disc Brake Lever Overhaul..................................................................................................................................9
CODE 5, Juicy 3, 5, 7, Carbon, Ultimate............................................................................................................................10
CODE.......................................................................................................................................................................................16
Disc Brake Caliper Overhaul...................................................................................................................................................21
Juicy 3, 5, 7, Carbon .............................................................................................................................................................22
Juicy Ultimate.......................................................................................................................................................................25
CODE, CODE 5 .......................................................................................................................................................................29
BB7..........................................................................................................................................................................................33
Hydraulic Disc Brake Hose Length Adjustment & Bleeding..................................................................................39
Juicy 3, 5, 7, Ultimate, Carbon - CODE, CODE 5..............................................................................................................40
Disc Brake Pad Replacement..................................................................................................................................................45
Juicy 3, 5, 7, Carbon, Ultimate............................................................................................................................................46
CODE, CODE 5 .......................................................................................................................................................................47
BB7..........................................................................................................................................................................................48

This paper concerns the co-constitution of citizens and environments, and how the association of outdoor spaces produced as particular ‘natures’ with particular performative norms produces distinct spatialities of inclusion and exclusion. These issues are explored in relation to the moral geographies of outdoor access, whereby the realisation of citizen entitlements to perform outdoor activity depend on the spatial production of norms, practices and identities in relation to various ‘natures’. Using mountain biking as an example, the paper explores how particular subjectivities become placed in the ‘nature domesticated’ of purpose-built trail centres and displaced from the ‘nature wild’ of mountains. Trail centres are positioned as places of play, ignorance and recklessness in which mountain bikers can belong, whilst mountains are constituted as places of responsibility, quiet contemplation and seriousness, in which mountain bikers are out of place. Such spatialisation, setting practices of play and responsibility in opposition to each other, is flagged as problematic in relation to the actualisation of citizenship entitlements, and in turn meeting a range of societal goals for health, wellbeing and ecological knowledges. Despite arguments that play is generative (rather than the ‘other’) of responsibility, there is evidence to suggest that such a dichotomy could become more materially realised, with implications for the ability of citizens to access and share space, and to translate their knowledge and experience from one ‘nature’ to another.

The Pacific Northwest is home to some of the best mountain biking terrain in the world. Over the past ten years the sport has grown worldwide, in the process contributing significantly to local economies in the Sea to Sky region (North Vancouver, Squamish, Whistler, and Pemberton). The growth of the sport has also developed several mountain biking sub-disciplines marked by the aims of the activity, equipment, attire, gender performance, and relation to musical genre and usage. The aim of this presentation is to begin to map the field of music and mountain biking. Each connections between music and mountain biking involves performing and mediating relations with other people and the surrounding world. Several music/biking encounters could be investigated, and here I aim to locate some of these encounters and make some initial comments about themes for further investigation. One site of investigation is mountain biking films. Popular videos on pinkbike.com, a heavily trafficked mountain biking website now headquartered in Squamish, feature music ranging from high energy guitar based music to ambient electronic to folk music to Bon Iver to orchestral music. In each case, the music influences the formal elements of the film, as well as the relations presented between bicycle, mountain and forest, viewer, and featured rider or product. Readers of pinkbike.com are also highly engaged, and often some of the strongest opinions about a posted video respond to the sound/music. One popular video series entitled ‘Raw 100’ claims to present footage without effects or music, but features carefully edited field recordings that are edited to create seamless continuity in multi-camera or multi-take video editing. Another area to investigate is music while biking. Here context and positionality influences which sounds are desirable. For one rider music amplifies the experience or motivates exercise, but for another music interferes with the idea of escaping urban life. Sometimes sounds of particular bicycle parts are re-cast not as mechanical sounds but as sounds at one with the natural world. Others fetishize the sounds of particular bicycle components (such as Hope hubs) in manner parallel to the fetishization of the sound of Harley Davidson motorcycles. Yet at the same time the sounds of bikes are positioned in stark contrast to motorized vehicles such as dirt bikes, often taking the view that non-motorized vehicles facilitate a closer relationship with the landscape. Sounds made by bikes and their riders —whether mechanical sounds from the bicycle, music through speakers, or a singing bike rider —also play an often intentional signalling of human presence to others in the forest in hopes of reducing encounters with bears and cougars. Each inquiry into music and mountain biking opens into wider questions of how music participates in activity, leisure, concepts of the built world, and relations with others and the surrounding landscape.

Od 2000. godine Hrvatska narodna banka različitim inačicama prigodne optjecajne kovanice od 25 kn obilježava recentna zbivanja. Dvanaestom inačicom kovanice od 25 kn, 2016. godine, Hrvatska narodna banka, kao i proizvođač kovanice, Hrvatski novčarski zavod zakoračili su u oblikovnom i tehnološkom pogledu u novo doba, digitalno doba. Iskok u novo doba označen je potpunom izmjenom naličja kovanice, a cjelokupno likovno rješenje implementiralo je nove mogućnosti virtualnog oblikovanja primjenom 3D programskih aplikacija i izrade alata za kovanje pomoću uređaja za graviranje laserom.

Brent Lott-Mountains Bike Riding Enthusiast My name is Brent Lott and I am a Registered Representative at MHL Investments. Mountain biking has been my hobby ever since I was old enough to sit on a bike. The fans of mountain biking are well known as thrill-seekers, and although most of us enjoy the beautiful landscapes that stand in their way, adrenaline is something this sport offers in spades. Brent Lott-Thrill-Seekers The first bike my parents got me, back when I was a kid, made me fell in love with them. Since I was often losing and misplacing stuff, my parents painted my name, Brent Lott, on the side of the bike, and I still have it to this day!

“Mountain biking is not a luxurious choice but I think it is a necessity of the human spirit.”

Over the last few years, mountain biking has become one of the most popular outdoor recreational activity. According to the Outdoor Industry Foundation, nearly 40 million people in the U.S. go on biking with their best mountain bike every year. Living in a society where obesity, heart disease, and diabetes are on the rise, mountain biking is like a drug-free antidepressant for us.

Novice, intermediate and advanced baseball hitters followed a 7–week training programme, in which they received either behavioural training or decision training. Participants in the behavioural training group received simple-to-complex instruction, variable practice and an abundance of feedback throughout the acquisition period; the decision training group received complex instruction, variable practice and reduced delayed feedback. As predicted, the intermediate and advanced hitters who received decision training hit at a lower level (%) during acquisition but at a higher level during a transfer test in week 7. Novices in the behavioural training group were better than novices in the decision training group over both acquisition and transfer trials.

Through research that was conducted with mountain bike trail builders, this article explores the processes by which socio-natures or ‘emergent ecologies’ are formed through the assemblage of trail building, mountain bike riding and matter. In moving conversations about ‘Nature’ beyond essentialist readings and dualistic thinking, we consider how ecological sensibilities are reflected in the complex, lived realities of the trail building community. Specifically, we draw on Morton’s (2017) notion of the ‘symbiotic real’ to examine how participants connect with a range of objects and non-humans, revealing a ‘spectral’ existence in which they take pleasure in building material features that are only partially of their creation. Such ‘tuning’ to the symbiotic real was manifest in the ongoing battle that the trail builders maintained with water. This battle not only emphasized the fragility of their trail construction but also the temporal significance of the environments that these creations were rendered in/with. In conclusion, we argue that these findings present an ecological awareness that views nature as neither static, inert or fixed, but instead, as a temporal ‘nowness’, formed from the ambiguity of being in and with nature. Ecologically, this provides a unique form of orientation that re-establishes the ambiguity between humans and nature, without privileging the former. It is set against this ecological (un)awareness that we believe a re-orientation can be made to our understandings of leisure, the Anthropocene and the nature-culture dyad.

Text of conference keynote
We are surrounded by portrayals of wellness, from ‘Instagram influencers’ to diets to travel to activities aimed to fulfill human potential. In the context of wellness, the things we do expand into lifestyles and identities. The growth of outdoor recreation provides one example. In this presentation I focus on mountain biking, and in particular the ways that mountain biking is presented through musical multimedia. I argue that mountain biking films are co-constitutive of mountain biking experience. In other words, these films both reflect and inform the experiences of viewers. Here I examine the sonic elements of three film segments: Lifecycles (2010), Mother Earth (2018), and Return to Earth (2019). These films are indebted to Romantic ideals of nature and authenticity, yet these films and their music also portray athletic mastery at odds with such ideals. The sonic landscape of the films contributes to these tensions, yet music is often used to cover over tensions with the idealization of an escape from the everyday. Throughout the presentation, I argue that the analysis of mountain biking musical multimedia provides ways to reflect upon the tensions within contemporary concepts of wellness.

Fifteen Forest Service Supervisors, each managing one Eastern Region land holding of the Forest Service, were identified and solicited to participate in the study through Donna Hepp, Director of Recreation, Wilderness Heritage, USDA Forest Service Eastern Region. Following a pre-notification indicating the researcher’s interest in conducting the study by Ms. Hepp, each Forest Service Supervisor identified to participate in the study received via US mail (a) a personalized cover letter indicating participant identification procedures, confidentiality procedures, and information pertinent to the study’s purpose; (b) a copy of the survey questionnaire; and (c) a coded pre-addressed and pre-stamped envelop for survey questionnaire return. An initial and follow-up mailing that included electronic distribution of the survey questionnaire yielded 15 responses for a response rate of 100%. One survey questionnaire was removed from the study due to a response indicating the landholding was a classified as a National Tallgrass Prairie restricted to foot traffic only, providing a useable response rate of 93%. Data analysis for the study was done using SPSS statistical computer software.
Instrumentation
The survey questionnaire was developed based on a 1993 survey designed by Deborah Chavez that was used to examine mountain biking issues and actions nationally within the Forest Service. Since many of the objectives of this study were similar to the Chavez study, the researchers’s requested, and were granted, Dr. Chavez’s permission to duplicate and modify the original survey used in 1993 for the current study. The only major difference between the original survey questionnaire used in the 1993 Chavez study was the addition of a two-part question that asked respondents to indicate the percentage of trails in their forest that met the five trail classifications established by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1980) as identified by Smith, Austin, and Kennedy (2001).

Inventory and evaluation of geomorphological conditions from Bistrița Ardeleană Gorge for practicing recreational sport activities. Bistrița Ardeleană Gorge is a geomorphological subunit located in the eastern part of Bistrița-Năsăud County, in the Bistrita Bârgăului commune and on the Bistrița Ardeleană River, at the border between Călimani Volcanic Plateau (Dealul Negru-Poiana Cofii) and Bârgău Mountains (Bridirei Ridge-Dealul Pietrei-Ariniş). Normal and periglacial modeling exerted on volcanic agglomerates from here has generated spectacular landforms represented by residual slopes, residual ridges and rock formations (walls, towers, poles, apostles). By their configuration and geomorphometry parameters (height, width, slope, energy, fragmentation) these landforms has a great potential for engaging in recreational activities like hiking, scrambling, ghyll scrambling, gorge walking, rock hopping, rock climbing, rappelling, via ferrata, tyrolean traverse, canyoning and mountain bik...

Memory, Yoga and Mountain Bikes
The mound of the Warsaw Uprising is located in lower Mokotów in Warsaw, more or less on the border of Siekierki and Czerniaków. Before the first world war the area was of industrial character - among others, the famous “Lilpop Factory” was located there” [Th e full name was „Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein Industrial Company”]. In the 1930’s the modernization of these areas started – a tram line was built there and the social housing development began. Despite these investments the neighbourhood remained famous for the tough boys, mighty girls and casual atmosphere, the memory of which remained in the poetry and prose of the bard and bon vivant Stanisław Grzesiuk. Stanisław Grzesiuk, in his book “Barefoot, but in the spurs” [„Boso, ale w ostrogach”] describes his district as follows: „The people living in the street are workers from factories, builders and unskilled workers hired for the public works. […] On Saturday evenings and on Sundays in many fl ats one can here some drunk singing in turns with rows which usually end up beating someone. Every now and then somebody is badly beaten or stabbed with a knife, and either he pulls through or goes to meet the Maker, and the murderer to prison – if the police can catch him. “Ratting is forbidden” – that is the main point of the code of honour in the district”, for Polish text see S. Grzesiuk, Boso, ale w ostrogach, Warszawa 1982, p. 8]. During the World War II, the vicinity of Czerniakowska street was mostly destroyed – the fi rst bombs in September 1939 were dropped there and fierce battles during the Warsaw Uprising also took place there. After the war, in spite of being modernized during the period of social realism and later capitalism, the atmosphere of the old days as if remained there and for many years the neighbourhood had had a bad reputation of not being safe. Nowadays the pre-war character of that place is evoked by the songs of Czerniakowska Band and an inscription on one of the blocks: “Barefoot, but in the spurs” [„Boso, ale w ostrogach”].

Sport participants invest a considerable amount of effort and time to actively participate in sporting events. Hosting a successful sport event, will not only provide a memorable, worth-while experience for participants, but will also attract, retain and grow participation. This paper identifies the critical success factors (CSFs) of hosting sport events, specific to mountain bike sport events, through an analysis of the perceptions of committed participants at the 2014 First National Bank Wines-2-Whales Mountain Bike Events (FNB W2W MTB Events). An online survey was conducted during participant registration, and a total of 244 questionnaires were administered. This was used to analyse the perceptions and explore the way in which participants evaluate the event. A factor analysis identified four factors: Competitive Advantage Elements, Basic services, Route-visual components and Monetary attractiveness. Of these factors, Basic services were considered the most important CSF that con...

Mountain biking in Scotland is the first volume in a series of discussion papers on Understanding and resolving land use conflicts. With an Editorial by Guest Editor Fran Pothecary, Outdoor Access Officer at the Cairngorms National Park Authority,it contains eight articles looking at different aspects of mountain biking, the potential for conflict with other outdoor users and solutions.

This article draws upon the work of Timothy Morton and Slavoj Žižek in order to critically examine how mountain bike trail builders orientated themselves within nature relations. Beginning with a discussion of the key ontological differences between Morton’s object-oriented ontology and Žižek’s blend of Hegelian- Lacanianism, we explore how Morton’s dark ecology and Žižek’s account of the radical contingency of nature, can offer parallel paths to achieving an ecological awareness that neither idealises nor mythologises nature, but instead, acknowledges its strange (Morton) and contingent (Žižek) form. Empirically, we support this theoretical approach in interviews with twenty mountain bike trail builders. These interviews depicted an approach to trail building that was ambivalently formed in/with the contingency of nature. In doing so, the trail builders acted with a sense of temporal awareness that accepted the radical openness of nature, presenting a ‘symbolic framework’ that was amiable to nature’s ambivalent, strange and contingent form. In conclusion, we argue that we should not lose sight of the ambivalences and strange surprises that emanate from our collective and unpredictable attempts to symbolize nature and that such knowledge can coincide with Morton’s ‘dark ecology’ – an ecological awareness that remains radically open to our ecological existence.

There is no other challenging, nor to the nature, thrilling and Adrienne is rushing game than mountain biking. The sheer aura of the game makes us feel like a superhuman. It creates lifelong friendships and unforgettable memories. It makes being in awe of the nature and feel a connection towards it. But winters are fun kill for mountain bike riders. Snow makes their best mountain bikes lying idle in the corner. But no more now, because we present to you the top winter mountain biking destination in the world. Where you can unleash your adventurous spirit and enjoy the ultimate adventure.