NWFP

SUMMARY As forest products from Cameroon and DR Congo are commercialised, a value chain is created from harvesters, processors, and retailers to consumers worldwide. In contrast to dominant narratives focusing on regulations and customs, these chains are actually governed by dynamic, multiple arrangements regulating access to resources and markets. New institutions have been created, led by project-related civil society organisations and enterprises. These increasingly take on roles traditionally the reserve of governments. In some chains, the state performs its duties, in others not. Customary authorities, projects, non-government organisations and market institutions fill some voids. Often actors with little voice in formal governance create their own messy, bricolaged arrangements, and governance based on 'exclusiveness' produces some of the most sustainable chains and livelihoods in the long term. The different governance arrangements and combinations affect the livelihoods of those involved in chains, forests and their sustainability in different ways, both positively and negatively.

Changement des arrangements de gestion: chaînes de valeur des NTFP dans le bassin congolais Alors que les produits en provenance du Cameroun et de la République Démocratique du Congo sont commercialisés, une chaîne de valeurs est créée à l'échelle mondiale, depuis les agriculteurs récoltants, les processeurs et les commerçants, jusqu'aux consommateurs. En contraste avec les narrations dominantes se concentrant sur les règles et les taxes, ces chaînes sont gérées pratiquement par de arrangements multiples et dynamiques régularisant l'accès aux ressources et aux marchés. De nouvelles institutions ont été créées, conduites par des entreprises et des organisations de société civiles liées aux projets. Ces dernières prennent de plus en plus des rôles auparavant réservés aux gouvernements. Dans certaines chaînes, l'état remplit ses rôles, mais pas dans d'autres. Les autorités habituelles, les projets, les organisations non-gouvernementales et les institutions de marché parent à certaines des carences. Souvent, les acteurs ayant peu de portée dans la gestion formelle créent leur propres arrangements et gestion, souvent dissipés et bricolés à la va-vite, basés sur l'`exclusivité`de certains produits, résultant en certaines des chaines et des revenus les plus durables à long-terme. Les différents arrangements et combinaisons de gestion affectent les revenus des personnes impliquées dans les chaînes, les forêts et leur durabilité de diverses façons, positives et négatives.

Cambios en las reglas de gobernanza: cadenas de valor de PFNM en la cuenca del Congo
A medida que se comercializan los productos forestales del Camerún y de la República Democrática del Congo, se crean cadenas de valor entre los recolectores, procesadores, minoristas y los consumidores de todo el mundo. En contraste con las narrativas predominantes, centradas en las regulaciones y costumbres, estas cadenas están en realidad gobernadas por una variedad de reglas dinámicas que regulan el acceso a los recursos y los mercados. Se han creado nuevas instituciones, lideradas por organizaciones de la sociedad civil y empresas relacionadas con los proyectos. Éstas asumen cada vez más algunos de los roles que tradicionalmente estaban reservados a los gobiernos. En algunas cadenas, el Estado desempeña sus funciones, pero en otras no lo hace. En tales casos, las autoridades tradicionales, los proyectos, las organizaciones no gubernamentales y las instituciones del mercado suplen estas carencias. A menudo, los actores con poca presencia en la gobernanza formal crean por si mismos sus propias reglas no estructuradas, y la gobernanza basada en la 'exclusividad' produce algunas de las cadenas y medios de vida más sostenibles a largo plazo. Las diferentes reglas y combinaciones de gobernanza afectan de forma diferente los medios de vida de quienes participan en las cadenas y están involucrados en los bosques y su sostenibilidad, tanto de manera positiva como negativa.

AN ALIZAI AT KABUL SAVED PESHAWAR FOR THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY IN 1857

SON OF THE BRITISH COMPANY’S AGENT (AMBASSADOR) AT KABUL WHO SAVED PESHAWAR IN 1857
October 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24772.55680
Project: MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H Amin

"As distinguished from a litigation, a differend would be a case of conflict, between (at least) two parties, that cannot be equitably resolved for lack of a rule of judgement applicable to both arguments" (Lyotard). This paper looks at colonial/liberal jurisprudence and fairness in the British Empire as itself a kind of violence towards other frames of justice, in effect attempting to define even the norms for how disputes should be couched. I argue that in effect colonial archaeology in India parallels the colonial administration's attempts to craft a "traditional" rubric of law and reason that would suit liberalism's own "decentralizing" tendencies towards multiple, plural spheres of jurisprudence.

SHOULD THE BRITISH COLONIAL PROJECT BE OUR HERITAGE? It is sad that the act of bravery done by a section of the British army for the British masters at Saragarhi (September 12, 1897) is presented and celebrated as an act of valour by the 'Sikhs'. This particular regiment was not fighting for freedom of the country or for establishing a 'Sikh Raj' but for subjugating NWFP for the British Empire. The British historiographers presented this war as fight between Sikhs and Muslims which we continue to tout. The same rulers mobilized Hindu/Muslim chieftains to defeat Sikh armies in THE two Anglo-Sikh wars. Unfortunately the armed forces of Independent India too continue celebrating this British heritage as its own.

The discussion of socio-economic transformation in peripheral regions - among which remote high mountain areas occupy a prominent position - often centres around the project of modernization and its impact on regional development, i.e., the introduction of motorized vehicle transport on tarred surface roads and subsequent growth-related effects in infrastructure extension and commercial enterprises. Consequently, according to this concept development efforts in these regions are initiated from outside. It takes external interventions to mo¬dernize backward and stagnant "traditional" societies.
The analysis of historical developments and transformations in the Inner Asian interface shows us that trans-mountainous trade links across the Hindukush have played varying roles prior to the closure of international boundaries and the introduction of modern traffic infrastructure. Trade via the Hindukush connected the southern foothills and lowlands of the subcontinent with the urban oases of Central Asia. Certain principalities participated in long-distance exchange directly and indirectly as highland entrepots. In this context the Chitral route in conjunction with the Wakhan route played an important role placing Chitral bazaar in the centre of gravity in a trade triangle.
The effects of trans-montane trade via Chitral are investigated from the internal and external perspective. The com¬position of trade commodities, the local extraction of tolls from travellers and the provision of porterage for traders are presented on the basis of historical evidence from archival sources as well as colonial con¬siderations related to international exchange and interference in trade patterns. Thus, the uneven structure of participation in trans-montane trade is emphasized on. Finally, under the changed circumstances of present-day Central Asia the prospects of future trade links along traditional lines are briefly highlighted.