Kidnapping

Introduction Nigerians are highly religious people. The Gallup International (2012) ranked Nigeria as the second most religious country in the world, based on a survey that shows that 93 per cent of her population tended to be religious. Religion plays an important role in the politics, economy and security of Nigeria as a nation. The Nigerian politicians understand this position and are obediently observing a non-writing code of a Christian-Muslim ticket in a political contest. This arrangement has gone a long way to reduce religious tension in the federation. Nigeria has witnessed a series of religious conflicts since the 1980s. There are frequent incidents of Christian-Muslim conflicts, and recently Islamic fundamentalists are proliferating in Nigeria. Certain religious doctrines and rituals are often manipulated to encourage violent conflict. A recent example is the campaign of terror in the Lake Chad region by the Nigerian based Islamist Boko Haram, which has killed over 23,000...

Kidnapping, originally considered a problem for the super wealthy, has quickly spread to epidemic proportions among the relative poor, especially among clandestine international migrants. This article examines how people’s relationship to the US–Mexico border shapes their vulnerability to kidnapping. Moreover, through one long ethnographic vignette and survey data of deportees’ experiences with kidnapping, this article explores how the border helps produce and shape kidnapping. By exploring the
border as topological, based on the relationships created through clandestine migration and deportation, we can see how kidnapping operates to produce certain, highly varied subjectivities. Moreover, this article explores the contours of sexuality and masculinity for a feminist geopolitical take on some of the darkest chapters of the war on drugs in Mexico.

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According to the poet Elias Canetti, "All the things one has forgotten / scream for help in dreams." To the ancient Egyptians they were prophecies, and in world folklore they have often marked visitations from the dead. For Freud they were expressions of "wish fulfillment," and for Jung, symbolic representations of mythical archetypes. Although there is still much disagreement about the significance and function of dreams, they seem to serve as a barometer of current mind and body states.

In this volume, Deirdre Barrett brings together the study of dreams and the psychology of trauma. She has called on a distinguished group of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers--among them Rosalind Cartwright, Robert J. Lifton, and Oliver Sacks--to consider how trauma shapes dreaming and what the dreaming mind might reveal about trauma. The book focuses on catastrophic events, such as combat, political torture, natural disasters, and rape. The lasting effects of childhood trauma, such as sexual abuse or severe burns, on personality formation, the nature of memories of early trauma, and the development of defenses related to amnesia and dissociation are all considered. The book also takes up trauma and adult dreams, including Vietnam veterans and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Holocaust survivors and perpetrators, rape victims, and firestorm survivors. Finally, this volume concludes with a look at the potential "traumas of normal life," such as divorce, bereavement, and life-threatening illness, and the role of dreams in working through normal grief and loss.

Taken together, these diverse perspectives illuminate the universal and the particular effects of traumatic experience. For physicians and clinicians, determining the etiology of nightmares offers valuable diagnostic and therapeutic insights for individual treatment. This book provides a way of juxtaposing the research in the separate fields of trauma and dreams, and learning from their discoveries.

Anita Biressi examines the historical origins and development of true crime and its evolution into distinctive contemporary forms. Embracing a range of non-fiction accounts including true crime books and magazines, law and order television, and popular journalism, Biressi traces how they harness and explore current concerns about law and order, crime and punishment, and personal vulnerability.

Preface
Acknowledgements
PART ONE: TRUE CRIME: ISSUES, HISTORIES, CONTEXTS
Introduction
'True Stories Only'
Histories of True Crime Discourses of Law and Order in Modern Britain
PART TWO: TRUE CRIME: STORIES, BODIES, CRIMINALS
Crime Magazine Stories: From American Idiom to an English Vernacular
Period True Crime: History from Below?
Daring to Know: Looking at the Body in the New True Crime Magazine
Figure in a Landscape: The Dangerous Individual in Criminal Biography
Bibliography
Index

En este documento se hizo un análisis de contexto y un diagnóstico del comportamiento de la extorsión en el departamento del Meta para el año 2013.
Este documento incluye un panorama general del conflicto armado, la revisión de indicadores de violencia que incluyen los delitos de secuestro y extorsión, utilizando fuentes oficiales y no oficiales.
Para el abordaje y caracterización del delito de extorsión, se incluyen dos enfoques: el análisis de las fuentes y datos oficiales; y el análisis de una encuesta de percepción y victimización que visibiliza el impacto del delito más allá de la realidad estadística.

Por favor pedir copia del documento directamente a la Fundación País Libre.

This is a  revised version (winter 2022) of the restored Laius and Chrysippus myth, first published in 2002 in my book “Lovers’ Legends.” This version (with further stylistic adjustments in 2023) is inspired by the Phoenissae fragment from Euripides, and restores to the story what I now recognize as the main function of this myth: in general it condemns the akrasia of Laius, and in particular his buggery of Chrysippus. 

"Akrasia" we could render as "lack of self-control," or even more damning, knowing what is the morally right course of action but intentionally doing what is morally wrong. Laius tells us as much in this myth, in his own words. “I know what I am doing, but nature forces me.”

The story also depicts the Greek belief that, unlike all the ethical lovers of boys before his time, Laius was the first man or god to (as the Greeks viewed it) desecrate and dishonor a boy by having anal intercourse with him, a violation that was known in antiquity as "the crime of Laius."

In the previously restoration, the boy Chrysippus was murdered by his brothers. In this version, he takes his own life. It is not that I as an author have changed my mind. Rather, I as a restorer of the myth who bases himself on combining ancient fragments, have realized that I had mistakenly incorporated a fragment discordant with the story line detailed above. In antiquity, mythographers would frequently elaborate their own versions of this or that myth, creating different story lines to serve different literary or moral purposes. Thus in restoring a myth we need to ensure we are using only such fragments as are consistent with the version we are presenting. Else all we have is a hodge-podge!

The Greek myths of masculine love were composed by men who practiced ethical pederasty with boys. By means of these mythical parables they communicated to their audience the norms of proper behavior in love affairs between men and boys. Mostly the myths depict, sometimes by irony, sometimes by tragedy, what must be avoided. Of the myths depicting hybristic erastai who abuse their beloveds, this is the story that most explicitly condemns the buggery of boys.

The theme of a boy who prefers death to degradation is not unique to the myth of Laius and Chrysippus. There is a historical anecdote from around 300 BC about Democles of Athens, a young boy in the early bloom of adolescence, who was known as “Democles the Handsome.” Many men in the city propositioned him, by means of “prayers or gifts or threats.” The boy, because of his “modesty and virtue,” wanted to have nothing to do with the indecent proposals. He avoided public spaces, and started frequenting a private bathhouse. 

King Demetrios Poliorcetes had heard about the boy’s fame, and had been informed of the boy’s plans. He cornered the boy in the bathhouse, intending to force himself upon the youth. Democles, seeing that he had no way out and no one to appeal to for help, took off the lid of the boiling water cauldron and jumped in, choosing painful death over dishonor.

The term ‘protective mothers’ is used in the literature on child abuse to refer to women who take proactive steps to protect their children from abuse and violence. Protective mothers who take children overseas to bring violence or abuse to an end are increasingly finding themselves the subject of a petition under the Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (the Hague Convention). The Hague Convention was formulated in the late 1970s prior to widespread recognition of the role of abuse and violence in separation and divorce. It requires the prompt return of children taken from one signatory country to another with only narrow and limited exceptions. This paper argues that the Hague Convention has the effect of trivialising domestic violence and child abuse and perpetuating stereotypes of protective mothers as mentally ill and malicious. One website for protective mothers calls this experience ‘getting Hagued’.  This paper will examine how the Hague Convention has misunderstood the gendered nature of international child abduction before going on to analyse the impact of ‘getting Hagued’ in two important Australian cases of international child abduction.

In September 1901 the American methodist missionary Ellen Stone and her companion Katerina Cilka were kindnapped in Ottoman Macedonia by the rebel group of Jane Sandanski and released in February 1902 after a high ransom had been paid. This incident stands at the crossroad of important historical developments leading to the end of the Ottoman empire and is a perfect starting point to develop a manifold picture of the situation in the last Turkish territories in Europe around 1900. Furthermore, the „Miss Stone Affair“ turned into a major transnational media event which, by the sensatonalist covering, contributed to the consolidation of a rather negative image of the Balkans in the Western public.

This paper describes the act of a child kidnapping and the impact it can have on the child, family, and even the therapist. Once the child is found they will go through a very intense therapy treatment and continue on with the healing process. It is imperative to receive immediate help from a therapist once released to help a person get back to the way things were. During any trauma, a person will be changed forever.

The institution of kidnapping sailors to sail under-manned outgoing ships from San Francisco harbor began during the Gold Rush and continued until federal legislation passed in 1915. The text discusses the conditions shipboard which led to shanghaiing, the procedures of shanghaiing, and the organization of the sailors and subsequent federal legislation passed to eradicate the practice.

The concept of kidnapping and the worrisome challenges, effects and eventual consequences it portends to any growing economy like Nigeria and the world over has been a subject matter of serious concern to both policy makers, government, political leaders as well as all stakeholders interested in the socioeconomic advancement of any given nation. Most literature attributes its pervasiveness to unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and other problems besetting mankind. On this premise, we formed the basis for this study. Extant literature were consulted and overhauled all aimed at getting to a concise critique of this social scourge/malady. The researchers explored the subject matter as it concerns Nigeria where kidnapping has dramatically become an unavoidable source of livelihood/organized business to a lot of people particularly the teeming youth. The paper traced the root of kidnapping in Nigeria to the clamor for oil resource control by the aborigines of the oil producing Niger Delta region who resorted to hostage taking, hijacking and kidnapping of oil workers to challenge government's hegemonic control over oil resources. Robert K. Merton's Strain Theory was employed as a theoretical framework to interrogate how contradictions within Nigeria's social structure and cultural values create deviance. At the end, various recommendations were advanced to aid policy makers, the government and concerned institutions on possible ways of bringing this social problem to its minimal level, one of which is that government at all levels should formulate and effectively implement policies and strategies aimed at addressing the root causes of kidnapping such as poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation and political and economic marginalization.

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping; rather it sought to examine its causes in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; and to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated. Using secondary qualitative, the study found that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups of the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of " Boko Haram " terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers for ransom from political opponents; and pove...

Di me n s i ó n , c o n t e x t o y t e s t i mo n i o s d e l a e x p e r i e n c i a d e l a mi g r a c i ó n e n t r á n s i t o p o r Mé x i c o. C u a d e r n o s o b r e s e c u e s t r o d e mi g r a n t e s. Di me n s i ó n , c o n t e x t o y t e s t i mo n i o s d e l a e x p e r i e n c i a d e l a mi g r a c i ó n e n t r á n s i t o p o r Mé x i c o .

This study interrogates the threat of kidnapping for ritual in Nigeria, a subject that has not received sufficient academic attention, and its socio-political and economic underpinnings have largely been overlooked in state responses. Relying on available public data, this article examines the phenomenon and its motivations and implications for security, and the efficacy of state responses, and possible ways forward.

As a former host of thousands of university students from a score of Arab countries, post-communist Romania can tap into a pool of sympathetic Middle Eastern citizens. These privileged relations were put to good use after three Romanian journalists were kidnapped while on an assignment in Baghdad in early 2005. The Romanian secret intelligence services were able to successfully negotiate their release in a relatively short period of time.

El secuestro de la Corte Suprema de Justicia se posicionó como uno de los principales eventos mediáticos de 1993 y ocasionó una
serie de reacciones por diferentes actores sociales del país: suspensión de huelgas, marchas, eventos religiosos, la suspensión
de actividades universitarias, entre otros. Pero fue la publicación de campos pagados el principal medio por el cual la sociedad
costarricense se solidarizó con las víctimas del plagio y por el cual se plantearon ciertas críticas a la identidad nacional, esto
debido a que los miembros del Comando de la Muerte -grupo secuestrador- tenían un origen criollo. A partir de la captura de
los secuestradores por medio de una elaborada e incruenta estrategia policial, los discursos presentes en los campos pagados
variaron y felicitaron a las autoridades gubernamentales empezando a reproducir aspectos básicos de la identidad nacional
costarricense, fortaleciendo la imagen que días atrás había sido fuertemente cuestionada.

The fourth republic has witness serious challenges ranging from communal ethnic and religious violence. The situation has witness a dangerous scenario with the emergence of Boko Haram, terrorism, banditry and kidnapping in various geo-political zones of the country. In all the violent and security challenges, youth has been the common fodder in the hands of politicians or religious zealots in tormenting trouble in the country. The idea is premised on the high rate of unemployment among the youth which is a fallout of the faulty educational system that has renders Nigeria youth unemployable in the labour market. The economic predicament of the Nigerian youth has made them ruthless in crimes. The paper asserts that between terrorists, bandits and kidnappers, there is very little difference as one set of activities apparently service the other and has significant impact on education system in the4 country.

The spate of anti-kidnapping laws in some parts of the country stipulating death penalty for the offence of kidnapping is a swift and desperate response by the elites to what appears to be a threat to human liberty despite sanctions against the offence in the Criminal Code, Penal Code and other Statutes. The questions that come to mind are: why is kidnapping especially kidnapping for ransom (KFR) becoming an industry; a booming business proving unable to curb. What has driven the culprits into this indecent and immoral act? This project takes a look at the issues and challenges that has triggered or caused kidnapping in Nigeria together with the factors that impedes its curtailment. The project examines the provisions of the Constitution, Statutes and the anti-kidnapping laws of the various states to find out whether Capital Punishment is an effective antidote to the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria or whether there lies another remedy. To curb the menace effectively, the issue of effective enforcement, illicit possession of firearms and certain socio-economic challenges must be addressed. Therefore, because the offence of Kidnapping in Nigeria is motivated by various factors and as such a broad topic, this project examines kidnapping in Nigeria and focuses on finding solutions to ending the menace in Nigeria. The project consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 is a general overview of kidnapping in Nigeria.  It deals with the nature and phenomenon of kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria. It discusses the history and the strategies involved in kidnapping for ransom. It unravels the causes of kidnapping using theoretical explanations. Chapter 2 deals with the legal framework and elements of the offence. It examines the provisions of the Criminal Code, the Penal Code, various statutes and State laws. In identifying the elements of the offence, it reviews case laws from different jurisdictions of the Anglo-American Common Law tradition. Chapter 3 examines the efficacy of penal sanctions. It examines the propriety of some State’s approach in making the offence a capital one despite calls by local and international conventions in doing away with capital punishment as a means of sanction. Recommendations and conclusion of the work is provided in chapter 4.

This article deals with the topic of kidnapping women for marriage in Kyrgyzstan. The basis for the text was ethnographic research conducted in Kyrgyzstan in summer of 2005. I undertake an analysis of chosen aspects of this controversial custom: its proceedings, violence, temporal dimension and collectiveness. This practice, common in today’s Kyrgyzstan, although judged negatively by a decisive fraction of Kyrgyz women, is an accepted form of marriage.
Kidnapping of women/girls is a very diverse occurrence, ascribed with different meanings and motivations. It takes on many forms – from forced kidnapping of a girl seen for the very first time, to a scheduled meeting with a fiancée, who is then taken to the groom’s home – in this latter case kidnappings may serve as means to avoid parents’ disapproval of marriage. It is a dramatic event, which radically changes the lives of its participants.

Kidnapping and hostage taking activities have geometrically increased across the world, taking different forms. These activities for money and other reasons have contributed immensely to the state of insecurity of average Nigerian from within and outside the territory. It is on this note that this paper addresses the trends of kidnapping and hostage taking in Nigeria, its causes, implications and how best to arrest the worrisome situation. Relevant existing body of knowledge were reviewed according to the objectives of the paper. The research design for the paper was explanatory in nature where rational choice theory, routine activity theory and situational crime prevention were adopted to buttress the understanding of the subject matter. Based on the reviewed literature, it was found that the trend of kidnapping and hostage taking in the 21st century Nigeria is on the "high" side thereby needing urgent attention from all stakeholders; Nigerian government, non-governmental organisations, private bodies and all citizens. It is, therefore, recommended that increased effort to fight kidnapping and hostage taking should be made possible by the Nigerian government. This would make the risk of involving in kidnapping related activities higher than the expected benefit; to deter offenders and potential ones from committing such act. Also, capturing the geographical boundary of Nigeria with sophisticated gadget will help reduce the chances of being a victim of kidnapping. These strategies would make kidnapping unattractive to the motivated offender since the opportunity to commit such crime no longer exists.

Italy has a long history of struggle against terrorism. At least since the mid-1970s, it has developed a national counterterrorism (CT) strategy, combining a range of different tactics and tools. Over the decades Italy has had to respond to many forms of violence: ethno-nationalist, right-wing, left-wing, anarchist, and jihadist. It is worth noting that right-wing, left-wing, and anarchist terrorism represented an indigenous phenomenon, even if many of these armed groups had significant connections abroad. On the contrary, ethno-nationalistic terrorism in the 1960s was perceived as inspired and supported by foreign forces, and jihadist terrorism is now a transnational threat.
This chapter outlines the evolution of Italy’s CT policy, from a social
science perspective. It distinguishes two major phases. In the first phase (from the 1960s to the 1980s), during the time of the so-called First Republic at the national level and the Cold War at the international level, the country dealt with separatist violent incidents and, above all, with a long and intense campaign of right-wing and left-wing terrorism, during the Anni di piombo (Years of Lead). In the second phase (from the 1990s to the present day), at the time of the Second Republic and in the post-Cold War era, Italy has had to face new challenges, especially from jihadist extremism.

Gujarat High Court on Wednesday ruled that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 is a  secular law which specifically deals with the problem of child marriages. t is also held that the provisions of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 being a “Special Act” and being a subsequent legislation, to this extent and in case there is any conflict, will override the provisions of Muslim Personal Law, Hindu Marriage Act or for that matter any personal law. Religion of the contracting party does not matter.
Expressing his anguish over the marriage of the minor Muslim girl with a man 12 years elder to her, Justice Pardiwala observed, “This, in my view, is nothing, but the lack of maturity, understanding and education on the part of the girl. Sixteen years is not an age for a girl to get marries….Keeping this in mind those who have not allowed to change the Muslim Personal Law have done a great disservice to the community. At the same time, it is also true that as the social condition in the nation and throughout the world continues to change, the reality of life is, that even without a code of personal law of Muslim insofar as marriage is concerned, child marriage is going into oblivion.”
The Court was hearing a petition filed by the accused under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, praying for quashing of an FIR filed against him under Section 366 (Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her mar­riage, etc.) and Section 363 (punishment for kidnapping). He was also charged with an offence under Section 18 of the Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.
The FIR had alleged that the accused had kidnapped the 16 year old daughter of the informant. It stated that the two were in love and that the accused kidnapped her from her lawful guardians.
The accused, on the other hand, had argued that the girl had left her parental home on her own volition and had decided to get married to the accused. Accordingly, Nikah was performed and the duo was staying together as lawfully wedded husband and wife.
The accused had contended that the two are governed by their personal law i.e. Mohammedan Law, according to which, a  Muslim girl, who is above 15 years of age or has attained puberty, is at liberty to marry even if the parents don’t consent to it.
The accused relied on the decision of the High Court in the case of Mujamil Abdulsattar Mansuri vs. State of Gujarat (Criminal Miscellaneous Application No. 19811 of 2013), submitting that the continuation of investigation by the police would be nothing, but an abuse of process of law. The facts of this case were almost identical to the facts in issue. In Mujamil Abdulsattar’s case, the High Court had held that the prescription of marriageable age has no application for girls belonging to the Mohammedan community as they are governed by the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937. The Court in that case had however, not considered the effect of the PCM Act.
The State had contended that the decision of the Court in Mujamil Abdulsattar’s case needed to be re-looked in the light of the conflict between the Personal Muslim law and the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006. Additional Public Prosecutor K.L. Pandya submitted that the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 is a special Act and it does not distinguish between the accused according to his community. He hence submitted that the Act would have application to people belonging to all religions and regions, except for the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
He further submitted that the consequences of committing an offence under the PCM Act cannot be avoided on the ground of belonging to a particular religion. He relied on the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Shabana Bano v. Imran Khan, (2009) 12 SCC 62, wherein it was held that a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to claim maintenance from her husband under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C., even after expiry of the iddat period so long as she does not remarry.
Considering Shabana Bano’s case, the State submitted that the decision in Mujamil Abdulsattar’s case is not good law.
He consequently submitted that the marriage was in violation of the PCM Act as the girl is a minor, being below the age of 18 years. In such circumstances, it was prayed that the FIR should not be quashed and the Police should be permitted to complete the investigation.
The Court found merit in the State’s argument that a statute can always extinguish the customary law and the customary rights. The Court referred to the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Radhakishan Laxminarayan Toshniwal v. Shridhar Ramchandra Alshi and Others, 1960 AIR (SC) 1368, wherein it was held that Mohammedan law of transfer of property cannot override the statutory law.
The general proposition of law that a special enactment on a subject would prevail against the general principles, was laid down in the case of JK Cotton Spinning and Weaving Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors., 1961 AIR (SC) 1170.
The Court further relied on a judgment of the Karnataka High Court in the case of Seema Begaum v. State of Karnataka, Writ Petition No. 75889of 2013. Karnataka HC in that case had held in clear terms that “no India citizen on the ground of his belonging to a particular religion can claim immunity from the application of the PCM Act.”
A judgment by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court in M. Mohamed Abbas v. The Chief Secretary, Government of Tamil Nadu, Writ Petition No. 3133 of 2015 was also referred to by the Court. Madras High Court had held that the provisions of the PCM act are in no way against the religious rights guaranteed under Articles 25 and 29 of the Constitution of India.

The objective of this work is to analyze the impact of violence, crime, kidnapping and extreme poverty on the academic performance and mental health of high school and undergraduate students in public schools and colleges located in Port-au-Prince (Haiti). It is a qualitative research of a deductive type and a semi-structured interview to collect the data and draw the pertinent conclusions. The results show a proportion of undergraduate students in very difficult socioeconomic situations, and with fear of being kidnapped when going to school, due to violent acts. Likewise, high school students have expressed their fear of being violated, which causes various psychological disorders. It was concluded that poverty and violent events harm inclusive and continuous education, school performance, collective well-being and the tranquility of students, and the general population.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto de la violencia, el crimen, los secuestros y la pobreza extrema en el rendimiento académico y la salud mental de los alumnos de bachillerato y de licenciatura de las escuelas y facultades públicas ubicadas en Puerto Príncipe (Haití). Es una investigación cualitativa de tipo deductivo y entrevista semi-estructurada para recolectar los datos y sacar las conclusiones pertinentes. Los resulta-dos evidencian una proporción de estudiantes de licenciatura en situaciones socioeconómicas muy difíciles, y con miedo a ser secuestrados al momento de ir a la escuela, por los actos violentos. Asimismo, los alumnos de bachillerato han expresado su temor a ser violenta-dos, lo que provoca diversos trastornos psicológicos. Se concluyó que la pobreza y los sucesos violentos perjudican la educación inclusiva y continua, el rendimiento escolar, el bienestar colectivo y la tranquilidad de los estudiantes, y la población en general.

This qualitative research study examines the experiences of immigrant women crossing the U.S./Mexico border and the proliferation of "drop houses" in Arizona as a new phenomenon, one that is often marked by kidnappings and sexual assault. Little research has been published on the violence women face on their journey, and the drop houses have almost completely escaped scholarly analysis. We argue that the drop houses must be seen as a consequence of a "state of emergency" declared by policy makers that led to changes in U.S. national and local immigration policies that fueled what we call a "chain reaction of violence."

IN THE WORLD OF 300 BC a story was published that would become part of Greek and Roman culture, and still be talked about five hundred years later. Then the story would be completely lost and forgotten, only to come back to life, assembled from half a dozen ancient fragments, almost two thousand years later. This is that story. It will pull you out of the modern world and carry you back to ancient Greece. Just like today, it was a place where democracy struggled against tyranny. Unlike today, it was a place where love between males was restricted not only by age, but also by what the lovers did with each other. Those who broke the rules often paid with their lives. All this, and more, is woven into this tale. Don’t say you have not been warned!

The myth of Archias and Actaeon is a lost story from the time of Alexander the Great, a subtle political satire that warns us to beware the abuses of the rich and powerful. Archias is the wealthy young ruler of Corinth, a spoiled child of privilege, greedy and cruel. His personage is based on the seventh century leader of the ruling family of Corinth, the Bacchiads, who oppressed the population and were toppled and exiled in a popular uprising.

HOW TO DECODE THE MESSAGE OF THE MYTH
Archias is a hybristes. In antiquity the word hybris had more than one meaning. In the sense used here, hybristes describes a man who mounts boys, an act repugnant to civilized Greeks. Fittingly, Archias dies at the hands of an ex-boyfriend, Telephus, (here “Shineafar”). This phenomenon, of boys who had been penetrated by their lovers seeking revenge for the dishonor, is a common one in ancient Greece.

Actaeon, the new eromenos that Archias pursues, is famed for his sophrosyne, meaning self-awareness and moderation. The Greeks held sophrosyne to be the polar opposite of hybris, so the myth explores the conflict between wisdom and folly.

The names in this tale hold another key to its meaning. Ever since Homer’s time, the name Actaeon was associated with the mythic hunter who was torn apart by dogs. This new Actaeon is likewise torn apart, this time by a band of the rich and powerful. Thus, by naming the hero “Actaeon” the anonymous author of the tale warns us that to be ruled by a gang of the super-wealthy is to be ruled by vicious dogs.

Aeschylus is Actaeon’s legitimate erastes, or lover. His name, meaning “shame” in Greek, is rendered here as “Scruples.” His function in the story is as a foil for Archias. He reminds us that legitimate lovers were those men whose sense of shame did not allow them to behave dishonorably, and that the rich and powerful often are shameless.

WHY HASN’T ANYONE DARED TELL THIS MYTH?
There are about half a dozen or so ancient texts that talk about this myth. None tells the myth in full. Each one gives us a bit of information. Only when all are put together does the story live again. But these old texts are not hidden. Anyone could have done this work, of putting this myth together again. Why didn’t anyone do it? 

Has no one in modern times restored this myth till now, fearing it depicts the immoral lust of a man for a teenage boy? That would be both understandable and ironic. Understandable, because for much of modern history the love between males has been taboo. Ironic, because the myth shows how important moral behavior was for the Greeks, in government as well as in love.

This paper presents an overview of the project Mobile Solutions to the Mexican Kidnapping Epidemic (MAKE): Beyond Elite Counter-Measures towards Citizen-Led Innovation. This initiative has charted the shifting topography of the Mexican kidnapping epidemic and examined various ‘mobile solutions’ that have emerged to counter it. The purpose of this research intervention has been to shed new light on this illicit industry and its effects, to provide a deeper understanding of kidnapping that informs and innovates citizen-led responses.

The project has two aims. First, to engage with activists, victims and their families to explore the potential of citizen-led counter-kidnapping. Second, to track the complex mobilities triggered by kidnapping, examining those ‘mobile solutions’ that have emerged in response to it. Aware that activist-citizens are developing their own strategies to address this threat, this initiative not only sets out to document and to understand their approaches but also to explore how everyday practices and technologies can be adapted into them. It spotlights how kidnapping both reiterates and exacerbates social and security inequalities, our analysing the strategies deployed by elites and subalterns, as well as the transborder and migratory effects of kidnapping.

The key research question at the core of this project is: how do you counter kidnapping when you cannot access private solutions or rely on the state? Answering this question, we are working to develop a portfolio of counter-kidnapping resources that build community resilience and strengthen civic action against this pervasive threat to Mexican society. Working collectively with civic-action groups, victims groups, human rights defenders and technology specialists, this initiative is currently co-producing a counter-kidnapping toolkit that we will make available to ordinary Mexican citizens.

This project is designed to not just build counter-kidnapping capacity in Mexico from the perspective of citizen-led innovation. Its ultimate aim is to leave a legacy of empowered Mexican citizens who will continue to collectively confront this threat, bringing forward much needed social change, and contributing to more sustainable security across Mexican society.

This initiative echoes ongoing Latin American debates about how social justice can be achieved ‘from below”, as well as how security can be achieved in states of impunity. In the realm of counter-kidnapping policy interventions, we are conscious of the ‘hard’ policy transfers of military tactics and security expertise that are flowing from Colombia to Mexico in relation to kidnapping. However, this project sets out to open new channels for ‘soft’ transfers; to facilitate and forge connections between civic activists that hold the potential to catalyse and inspire innovative counter-kidnapping approaches that are both citizen-led but also tailored to context.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer el perfil cognitivo con relación a las estrategias de afrontamiento, de 17 personas que hubieran vivido una experiencia de secuestro, que presentaran características del Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático, y que fueran residentes del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (Colombia). Las estrategias de afrontamiento se  evaluaron con una versión modificada del instrumento Ways of Coping, los trastornos mentales a través de la entrevista M.I.N.I., y la información sociodemográfica y características del secuestro, a través de un cuestionario desarrollado para tal fin.

This work reconstructs the careers of policemen that are carrying out a sentence for kidnapping at the penitentiary of Santa Martha in Mexico City from the perspective of their interrupted itinerary as police officers. The interviews reveal a police culture ba- sed on four elements that articulate the meaning of social relationships both within the institution and with citizens: distrust, authoritarianism, discretionally and negotiation. These elements allow us to identify the common and normalized ethos of an institution which abuses power to sustain and perpetuate itself, even though if sometimes this im- plies sacrificing some of its officers as propitiatory victims for the sake of public opinion.

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping; rather it sought to examine its causes in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; and to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated. Using secondary qualitative, the study found that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups of the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of " Boko Haram " terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers for ransom from political opponents; and pove...

Kidnapping is a serious crime and has potential for transforming into other felonious offenses, such as physical violence, financial victimisation, and murder. This paper did not focus only on the consequences of kidnapping; rather it sought to examine its causes in Nigeria. Thus, the objectives of the study are: to examine the nexus between terrorism and kidnapping; to investigate the mutual reinforcement between corruption and kidnapping; and to find out if kidnapping and poverty are correlated. Using secondary qualitative, the study found that kidnapping has been taking place in Nigeria due to the activities of insurgent groups of the Niger Delta region, but it increased with the emergence of " Boko Haram " terrorism in the Northeastern Nigeria; corruption is not strongly related to kidnapping, but they have indirect connection whereby youth political thugs served corrupt political leaders and turned out to become kidnappers for ransom from political opponents; and pove...